The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Purpose of This PDQ Summary ¹

Added text ² to state that some reference citations are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation that are intended to help readers assess the strength of evidence supporting specific interventions or approaches.

General Information ³

Added Incidence and Molecular Determinants ⁴ as a new subsection.

Treatment Option Overview ⁵

Added Kothbauer and Zacharoulis et al. as references 5 and 6 ⁶, respectively.

Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Childhood Ependymoma ⁷

Added text ⁸ to state that some reference citations are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation that are intended to help readers assess the strength of evidence supporting specific interventions or approaches.

Added Bagley et al. as reference 4 ⁹.

Added list title ¹⁰ "Ependymoma (WHO Grade II) and Anaplastic (WHO Grade III)."

Added text ¹¹ to state that there is no evidence that myeloablative chemotherapy improves the outcome for patients with totally resected, nondisseminated ependymoma (cited Zacharoulis et al. as reference 6).

Added text ¹¹ to state that surgery alone may be an appropriate treatment option for intradural spinal cord ependymomas (cited Volpp et al. as reference 9) [Level of evidence: 3iiiDi].

Added text ¹² to state the outcome for patients with residual tumor after resection within the spnal canal may be better than that for subtotally resected patients (cited Wahab et al. as reference 11).

Added text ¹³ about myxopapillary ependymoma, including the fact that many practitioners now favor the use of irradiation following surgical resection of the primary mass for treatment (cited Akyurek et al. as reference 19).

Added text ¹⁴ to state that the COG trial COG-ACNSO121 is now closed to accrual and analysis is pending.