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The table below summarizes the available evidence on the risks and benefits of hormone therapy. Included are all randomized trials and meta-analyses looking at disease incidence or mortality. Inclusion of observational trials was dependent on size: case-control studies with 500 or more cases of the disease and cohort studies with at least 2,000 women are included here.

The year noted is when the study results were published. The name following the title of the study is the last name of the first author on the publication.

E = estrogen; P = progestin

Year	Study	Study Type	Participants	Hormones	Results	Other Notes
1987	Framingham Heart Study, Kiel	Cohort	2,873	E	Ever-use reduces hip fractures 35%; use within 2 years reduced hip fractures 66%	Majority of women used estrogen
1990	Naessen	Cohort	23,246	E, E+ P	21% reduction in hip fractures	No distinction between E and E + P
1999	Hoidrup	Cohort	6,159	E, E + P	Reduction in hip fractures, but not statistically significant	Greater effect seen with E + P than E alone
1999	Grodstein (A)	Cohort	9,236	E, E + P	35% reduction in hip fractures with E alone; 36% reduction with E + P
2001	Torgerson	Meta-analysis of randomized trials	22 studies including 8,774 women	E, E + P	27% reduction in non-vertebral fractures	Greater effect (35% reduction) among women beginning hormone use before age 60; No distinction made between E vs. E + P
2002	Women's Health Initiative	Randomized	16,608	E + P	33% reduction in hip fractures; 24% reduction in total fractures	Average follow-up 5.2 years