General Information About Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Incidence and Mortality
Related Summaries

Estimated new cases and deaths from soft tissue sarcoma in the United States in 2011:[1]

• New cases: 10,980.
• Deaths: 3,920.

Note: Some citations in the text of this section are followed by a level of evidence. The PDQ editorial boards use a formal ranking system to help the reader judge the strength of evidence linked to the reported results of a therapeutic strategy. (Refer to the PDQ summary on Levels of Evidence ¹ for more information.)

Soft tissue sarcomas are malignant tumors that may arise in any of the mesodermal tissues of the extremities (50%), trunk and retroperitoneum (40%), or head and neck (10%). Soft tissue sarcomas occur with greater frequency in patients with the following:[2]

• Basal cell syndrome.
• Gardner syndrome.
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome (p53 mutations).
• Tuberous sclerosis.
• von Recklinghausen disease (neurofibromatosis).
• Werner syndrome

Soft tissue sarcomas may be heterogeneous, so adequate tissue should be obtained via either core-needle or incisional biopsy for microscopic examination to determine histologic type and tumor grade. Careful planning of the initial biopsy is important to avoid compromising subsequent curative resection. Since the selection of treatment is determined by the grade of the tumor, it is essential to have a careful review of the biopsy tissue by a pathologist who is experienced in diagnosing sarcomas. Complete staging and treatment planning by a multidisciplinary team of cancer specialists is required to determine the optimal treatment for patients with this disease.

In most cases, a combined modality approach of preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy is used, rather than the radical surgical procedures that were used in the past. The role of chemotherapy is less well defined. Because of the evolving nature of the state of the art in the treatment of this disease, all patients with such lesions should be included in a clinical trial whenever possible.

The prognosis for patients with adult soft tissue sarcomas depends on several factors, including:[3-5]

• The patient’s age.
• The size, histologic grade, and stage of the tumor.

Factors associated with a poorer prognosis include:[6]

• Age older than 60 years.
• Tumors larger than 5 cm.
• High-grade histology.

While low-grade tumors are usually curable by surgery alone, higher-grade sarcomas (as determined by the mitotic index and by the presence of hemorrhage and necrosis) are associated with higher local-treatment failure rates and increased metastatic potential.[7] When feasible, wide margin function-sparing surgical excision is the cornerstone of effective treatment, with the goal of preservation of a functional extremity.[8,9] This may be facilitated by soft tissue reconstructive surgery.[10] Mohs surgical technique may be considered as an alternative to wide surgical excision for small, well-differentiated sarcomas when cosmetic results are considered to be very important, as margins can be assured with minimal normal tissue removal.[2,11] High-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities can often be effectively treated while preserving the limb with combined-modality treatment consisting of preoperative or postoperative radiation therapy to reduce local recurrence. A phase II trial (SWOG-9119 ²) of neoadjuvant therapy with DOX/DTIC/IFF was conducted for poor prognosis soft tissue sarcoma.[8,12-19] In adults, local control of high-grade soft tissue sarcomas of the trunk and the head and neck can be achieved with surgery, often in combination with radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy.[20]

Effective treatment of retroperitoneal sarcomas requires removal of all gross disease while sparing adjacent viscera not invaded by tumor. The prognosis for patients with high-grade retroperitoneal sarcomas is less favorable than for patients with tumors at other sites, partly because of the difficulty in completely resecting these tumors and the limitations placed on high-dose radiation therapy.[2,21]

Several prospective randomized trials have been unable to confirm conclusively whether doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy benefits adults with resectable soft tissue sarcomas. The majority of these studies accrued small numbers of patients and did not demonstrate a metastasis-free survival or an overall survival (OS) benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy.[20] A small study of adjuvant chemotherapy showed a positive impact in disease-free survival and OS in patients treated with postoperative chemotherapy.[22] There was wide interstudy variability among the numerous trials, including differences in therapeutic regimens, drug doses, sample size, tumor site, and histologic grade. A quantitative meta-analysis of updated data from 1,568 individual patients from 14 trials of doxorubicin-based adjuvant therapy showed an absolute benefit from adjuvant therapy of 6% for local relapse-free interval (95% confidence interval [CI], 1–10), 10% for distant relapse-free interval (95% CI, 5–15), and 10% for recurrence-free survival (95% CI, 5–15); however, there was no OS benefit at 10 years.[23][Level of evidence: 1iiDii] Patients with high-grade tumors (grades 3 or 4) larger than 5 cm in diameter have the greatest tendency for disease to metastasize and are eligible for prospective clinical trials of adjuvant chemotherapy.

With distant metastases (stage IV), surgery with curative intent is possible for patients selected for optimal underlying biologic behavior (i.e., patients with a limited number of metastases, with a long disease-free interval, and with slow clinical growth) with pulmonary metastases who have undergone or are undergoing complete resection of the primary tumor.[24-26] Doxorubicin alone or with dacarbazine is considered the best chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced sarcoma.[27-29] A randomized trial of 340 patients with advanced sarcoma showed a higher response rate (32% vs. 17%, P < .002) and longer time-to-progression (6 months vs. 4 months, P < .02) for doxorubicin, dacarbazine, ifosfamide, and mesna (MAID) versus doxorubicin and dacarbazine alone.[30][Level of evidence: 1iiDiii] The increased response rate of the MAID regimen may be justified in preoperative management of younger patients with borderline resectability, but the increased toxic effects argue against its use in older patients.[30]

Complete surgical resection is often difficult for sarcomas of the retroperitoneum because of their large size before detection and anatomic location.[31,32] Prospective randomized trials have not shown improved survival with preoperative or postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for this subgroup.[23]

Note: Other PDQ summaries containing information about soft tissue sarcoma include:

• Childhood Soft Tissue Sarcoma Treatment ³
• Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors Treatment ⁴
• Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors Treatment ⁵
• Kaposi Sarcoma Treatment ⁶
• Uterine Sarcoma Treatment ⁷

References

1. American Cancer Society.: Cancer Facts and Figures 2011. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society, 2011. Also available online ⁸. Last accessed December 1, 2011. 
   
   
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9. Geer RJ, Woodruff J, Casper ES, et al.: Management of small soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity in adults. Arch Surg 127 (11): 1285-9, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
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18. Pollack A, Zagars GK, Goswitz MS, et al.: Preoperative vs. postoperative radiotherapy in the treatment of soft tissue sarcomas: a matter of presentation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 42 (3): 563-72, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
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21. Lewis JJ, Leung D, Woodruff JM, et al.: Retroperitoneal soft-tissue sarcoma: analysis of 500 patients treated and followed at a single institution. Ann Surg 228 (3): 355-65, 1998.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
22. Frustaci S, Gherlinzoni F, De Paoli A, et al.: Adjuvant chemotherapy for adult soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities and girdles: results of the Italian randomized cooperative trial. J Clin Oncol 19 (5): 1238-47, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
23. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data. Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration. Lancet 350 (9092): 1647-54, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
24. van Geel AN, Pastorino U, Jauch KW, et al.: Surgical treatment of lung metastases: The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group study of 255 patients. Cancer 77 (4): 675-82, 1996.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
25. Casson AG, Putnam JB, Natarajan G, et al.: Five-year survival after pulmonary metastasectomy for adult soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer 69 (3): 662-8, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
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27. Santoro A, Tursz T, Mouridsen H, et al.: Doxorubicin versus CYVADIC versus doxorubicin plus ifosfamide in first-line treatment of advanced soft tissue sarcomas: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. J Clin Oncol 13 (7): 1537-45, 1995.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
28. Zalupski M, Metch B, Balcerzak S, et al.: Phase III comparison of doxorubicin and dacarbazine given by bolus versus infusion in patients with soft-tissue sarcomas: a Southwest Oncology Group study. J Natl Cancer Inst 83 (13): 926-32, 1991.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
29. Borden EC, Amato DA, Rosenbaum C, et al.: Randomized comparison of three adriamycin regimens for metastatic soft tissue sarcomas. J Clin Oncol 5 (6): 840-50, 1987.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
30. Antman K, Crowley J, Balcerzak SP, et al.: An intergroup phase III randomized study of doxorubicin and dacarbazine with or without ifosfamide and mesna in advanced soft tissue and bone sarcomas. J Clin Oncol 11 (7): 1276-85, 1993.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
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