Stage Information for Vulvar Cancer

TNM Definitions
AJCC Stage Groupings

Note: The American Joint Committee on Cancer has recently published a new edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, which includes revisions to the staging for this disease. The PDQ Adult Treatment Editorial Board, which is responsible for maintaining this summary, is currently reviewing the new staging to determine the changes that need to be made in the summary. In addition to updating this Stage Information section, additional changes may need to be made to other parts of this summary to ensure that it is up-to-date. The changes will be made as soon as possible.

The diagnosis of vulvar cancer is made by biopsy, which can often be done on an outpatient basis. The patient may be examined under anesthesia. Cystoscopy, proctoscopy, x-ray examination of the lungs, and intravenous urography as needed, are used for staging purposes. Suspected bladder or rectal involvement must be confirmed by biopsy.

Stages are defined by the Federation Internationale de Gynecologie et Obstetrique (FIGO) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer’s (AJCC) TNM classifications.[1] The definitions of the T categories correspond to the stages accepted by the FIGO, and both systems are included for comparison. Staging is on a surgical rather than a clinical basis. The 1988 FIGO staging system provides far better discrimination of survival between stages than the 1970 FIGO clinical staging system.[2]

TNM Categories/FIGO Stages

Primary tumor (T)

• TX: Primary tumor cannot be assessed
• T0: No evidence of primary tumor
• Tis/0: Carcinoma in situ (preinvasive carcinoma)
• T1/I: Tumor confined to the vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension
  • T1a/IA: Tumor confined to the vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, and with stromal invasion no greater than 1 mm.
  • T1b/IB: Tumor confined to the vulva or vulva and perineum, 2 cm or less in greatest dimension, and with stromal invasion greater than 1 mm.
• T2/II: Tumor confined to the vulva or vulva and perineum, more than 2 cm in greatest dimension
• T3/III: Tumor of any size with contiguous spread to the lower urethra and/or vagina or anus
• T4/IVA: Tumor invades any of the following: upper urethra, bladder mucosa, rectal mucosa, or is fixed to the pubic bone

   [Note: The depth of invasion is defined as the measurement of the tumor from the epithelial–stromal junction of the adjacent most superficial dermal papilla to the deepest point of invasion.]

Regional lymph nodes (N)

• NX: Regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
• N0: No regional lymph node metastasis
• N1/III: Unilateral regional lymph node metastasis
• N2/IVA: Bilateral regional lymph node metastasis

Every effort should be made to determine the site and laterality of lymph node metastases. However, if “regional lymph node metastases, NOS” is the final diagnosis, then the patient should be staged as N1.

Distant metastasis (M)

• MX: Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
• M0: No distant metastasis
• M1/IVB: Distant metastasis (including pelvic lymph node metastasis)

Stage 0

• Tis, N0, M0

Stage I

• T1, N0, M0

Stage IA

• T1a, N0, M0

Stage IB

• T1b, N0, M0

Stage II

• T2, N0, M0

Stage III

• T1, N1, M0
• T2, N1, M0
• T3, N0, M0
• T3, N1, M0

Stage IVA

• T1, N2, M0
• T2, N2, M0
• T3, N2, M0
• T4, any N, M0

Stage IVB

• Any T, any N, M1

References

1. Vulva. In: American Joint Committee on Cancer.: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 6th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2002, pp 243-9. 
   
   
2. Hopkins MP, Reid GC, Johnston CM, et al.: A comparison of staging systems for squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Gynecol Oncol 47 (1): 34-7, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]