The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Constipation ¹

Added text ² adapted from the MD Anderson Cancer Center practice consensus algorithm for the prevention and management of opioid-induced constipation.

Added a caution ³ to administer opioid antagonists only if other drugs have failed.

Diarrhea ⁴

Added text ⁵ on probiotics (cited de Vrese et al. as reference 32, Johnston et al. as reference 34, Pillai et al. as reference 35, Huertas-Ceballos et al. as reference 36, Alfaleh et al. as reference 37, Karimi et al. as reference 38, Butterworth et al. as reference 39, and Delia et al. as reference 40).