Standard Treatment Options
Treatment Options Under Clinical Evaluation

For recurrent or refractory B-lineage non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) or lymphoblastic lymphoma, survival is generally 10% to 20%.[1-5] For recurrent or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma, as many as 60% of patients can achieve long-term survival.[3] There is no current standard treatment option for patients with recurrent or progressive disease. The first goal is to try to control the disease. A Children’s Cancer Group study (CCG-5912) was able to achieve complete remission in 40% of NHL patients.[6] Radiation therapy may have a role in treating patients who have not had a complete response to therapy. If remission can be achieved, high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation are usually pursued. The benefit of autologous versus allogeneic stem cell transplantation is unclear.[3,7-11] All patients with primary refractory or relapsed NHL should be considered for clinical trials.

• Allogeneic or autologous bone marrow transplantation.[3,7-11]



• DECAL: dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin, cytarabine, and L-asparaginase.[6]



• ICE: ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide.[12,13]

• ANHL0121:[14] Rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide (mature B-cell only). This trial (COG-ANHL0121) is closed to new patient accrual.

Information about ongoing clinical trials is available from the NCI Web site.

References

1. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Perkins SL, et al.: Burkitt's and Burkitt-like lymphoma in children and adolescents: a review of the Children's Cancer Group experience. Br J Haematol 120 (4): 660-70, 2003.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
2. Atra A, Gerrard M, Hobson R, et al.: Outcome of relapsed or refractory childhood B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma treated with the UKCCSG 9003/9002 protocols. Br J Haematol 112 (4): 965-8, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
3. Attarbaschi A, Dworzak M, Steiner M, et al.: Outcome of children with primary resistant or relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mature B-cell leukemia after intensive first-line treatment: a population-based analysis of the Austrian Cooperative Study Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 (1): 70-6, 2005.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
4. Cairo MS, Sposto R, Hoover-Regan M, et al.: Childhood and adolescent large-cell lymphoma (LCL): a review of the Children's Cancer Group experience. Am J Hematol 72 (1): 53-63, 2003.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
5. Cairo MS, Gerrard M, Sposto R, et al.: Results of a randomized international study of high-risk central nervous system B non-Hodgkin lymphoma and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents. Blood 109 (7): 2736-43, 2007.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
6. Kobrinsky NL, Sposto R, Shah NR, et al.: Outcomes of treatment of children and adolescents with recurrent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease with dexamethasone, etoposide, cisplatin, cytarabine, and l-asparaginase, maintenance chemotherapy, and transplantation: Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-5912. J Clin Oncol 19 (9): 2390-6, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
7. Levine JE, Harris RE, Loberiza FR Jr, et al.: A comparison of allogeneic and autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoblastic lymphoma. Blood 101 (7): 2476-82, 2003.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
8. Ladenstein R, Pearce R, Hartmann O, et al.: High-dose chemotherapy with autologous bone marrow rescue in children with poor-risk Burkitt's lymphoma: a report from the European Lymphoma Bone Marrow Transplantation Registry. Blood 90 (8): 2921-30, 1997.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
9. Sandlund JT, Bowman L, Heslop HE, et al.: Intensive chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem-cell support for children with recurrent or refractory NHL. Cytotherapy 4 (3): 253-8, 2002.  [PUBMED Abstract]
   
   
10. Gordon BG, Warkentin PI, Weisenburger DD, et al.: Bone marrow transplantation for peripheral T-cell lymphoma in children and adolescents. Blood 80 (11): 2938-42, 1992.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
11. Woessmann W, Peters C, Lenhard M, et al.: Allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation in relapsed or refractory anaplastic large cell lymphoma of children and adolescents--a Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster group report. Br J Haematol 133 (2): 176-82, 2006.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
12. Cairo MS, Shen V, Krailo MD, et al.: Prospective randomized trial between two doses of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor after ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide in children with recurrent or refractory solid tumors: a children's cancer group report. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 23 (1): 30-8, 2001.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
13. Kung FH, Harris MB, Krischer JP: Ifosfamide/carboplatin/etoposide (ICE), an effective salvaging therapy for recurrent malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma of childhood: a Pediatric Oncology Group phase II study. Med Pediatr Oncol 32 (3): 225-6, 1999.  [PUBMED Abstract]
    
    
14. Griffin TC, Children's Oncology Group: Phase II Study of Ifosfamide, Carboplatin, and Etoposide Combined With Rituximab in Pediatric Patients With Recurrent or Refractory B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma or Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, COG-ANHL0121, Clinical trial, Completed.  [PDQ Clinical Trial]
    
    

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