The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Head and Neck Cancers

Added text to state that newer techniques such as endoscopic sinus surgery radiosurgery, and proton-beam therapy may play a role in the management of this tumor.

Thoracic Cancers

Added Uzun et al. as reference 53.

Abdominal Cancers

Added Erdman et al. as reference 46.

Added text to state that some patients may present with gastrointestinal stromal cell tumor (GIST) as the first manifestation of Carney triad and for this reason, a diagnosis of Carney triad should be considered in pediatric patients presenting with GIST (cited Agaram et al. as reference 65).

Other Rare Childhood Cancers

Added text to state that Hirschsprung disease has been associated with the development of neuroendocrine tumors such as medullary thyroid carcinoma. RET germline inactivating mutations have been detected in up to 50% of patients with familial Hirschsprung disease. Cosegregation of Hirschsprung disease and medullary thyroid carcinoma phenotype is infrequently reported, but these individuals usually have a mutation in RET exon 10 and screening is recommended (cited Skaba et al. as reference 17).

Added text to state that head and neck manifestations are not uncommon in the Carney complex (cited Ryan et al. as reference 18).

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