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Cancer Genetics Overview (PDQ®)

Health Professional Version
Last Modified: 02/01/2012

Genetic Resources

Health care providers who deliver genetic services, including genetic counseling, can be located through local, regional, and national professional genetics organizations; through the NCI Web site Cancer Genetics Services Directory 1; and through the GeneTests 2 Web site. Providers of cancer genetic services are not limited to one specialty and include medical geneticists, genetic counselors, advanced practice genetics nurses, oncologists (medical, radiation, or surgical), other surgeons, internists, family practitioners, and mental health professionals. A cancer genetics health care provider will assist in constructing and evaluating a pedigree, eliciting and evaluating personal and family medical histories, and calculating and providing information about cancer risk and/or probability of a mutation being associated with cancer in the family. In addition, if a genetic test is available, these providers can assist in pretest counseling, laboratory selection, informed consent, test interpretation, posttest counseling, and follow-up. Please see the Table of Links at the end of this summary in printable view for the Genetic Resources URLs.

Table 1. Clinical Genetics Information
Resource Description 
GeneTests 2 Information for health professionals about hundreds of genetic tests and the laboratories performing those tests.
Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENet) 4 Network for sharing population-based human genome epidemiologic information.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 5 Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.

Table 2. Clinical Management Information
Resource Description 
Clinical Practice Guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) 7 Clinical practice guidelines developed by expert panels for risk assessment, testing, and counseling of individuals with various inherited conditions, including some cancers, or individuals with a high risk of developing these conditions.
Clinical Practice Guidelines from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 8 Clinical practice guidelines developed by expert panels for specific clinical situations (disease-oriented) or use of approved medical products, procedures, or tests (modality-oriented).
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Guidelines 9 Clinical practice guidelines developed by expert panels that detail the sequential management decisions and interventions for the malignant cancers that affect 97% of all patients with cancer. In addition, separate guidelines relate to major prevention and screening topics, and another set of pathways focuses on the major supportive care areas.
National Guideline Clearinghouse from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 10 A public resource for evidence-based clinical practice guidelines.

Table 3. Consumer/Client: General Information
Resource Description 
Cancer Genetics Services Directory (National Cancer Institute [NCI]) 1 Directory lists professionals who provide cancer genetics services (cancer risk assessment, genetic counseling, genetic susceptibility testing, and others).
Dictionary of Genetics Terms (NCI) 12 Definitions of more than 150 terms related to genetics.
The DNA Files 13 Series of 14 1-hour public radio documentaries and related information.
Dolan DNA Learning Center 14 Variety of educational resources, including an interactive DNA timeline.
Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE) 15 Support and information to individuals and families affected by hereditary breast and ovarian cancer through a toll-free help line, message boards, chat rooms, and support groups.
Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (National Human Genome Research Institute [NHGRI]): 16 Information service for the general public, including patients and their families as well as health care professionals and biomedical researchers.
Genetic Science Learning Center (The University of Utah) 17 Information about basic genetics, genetic disorders, genetics in society, and several thematic units.
Genetics Education Center 18 Material for educators.
Genetics Home Reference (National Library of Medicine) 19 Consumer information about genetic conditions and the genes or chromosomes responsible for those conditions.
Talking Glossary of Genetics Terms (NHGRI) 20 Contains definitions of more than 200 terms related to genetics and a quiz to test your knowledge of genetic terminology. Many terms also have images, animations, and descriptions by specialists in the field of genetics.
Understanding Cancer Series (NCI) 21 Primers on cancer genomics, genetic testing, genome-wide profiling, and other topics.
Understanding the Human Genome Project (NHGRI) 22 An education kit that includes a dynamic timeline, a 3-D computer-animated video on basic molecular biology, and other classroom activities.

Table 4. Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI), Policy, and Legislation Information
Resource Description 
bioethics.net 24 Links to articles on genetics and bioethics.
Bioethics Resources on the Web 25 Links to bioethics resources.
DNA Patent Database 26 Searchable database of U.S. DNA-based patents and patent applications issued by the U.S. Patent and Patent Applications Trademark Office.
Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues (U.S. Department of Energy) 27 Information, articles, and links on a wide range of genetics issues.
Genethics.ca 28 Information on the social, ethical, and policy issues associated with genetic and genomic knowledge and technology.
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) of 2008 (National Human Genome Research Institute [NHGRI]) 29 Fact sheet that describes genetic discrimination and GINA for the public.
GINA: An Overview (Coalition for Genetic Fairness) 30 Describes GINA’s protections, including a history of the legislation, key examples, and definitions.
GINA of 2008 Information for Researchers and Health Care Professionals (NHGRI) 31 Fact sheet that describes GINA for researchers and health professionals.
Genetics and Public Policy Center 32 Information on public policy related to human genetic technologies for the public, media, and policy makers.
Genome Technology and Reproduction: Values and Public Policy and Communities of Color and Genetics Policy Project 33 Two subprojects combined to form a 5-year project designed to provide policy recommendations based on public perceptions and responses to the explosion of genetic information and technology.
HumGen International 34 Comprehensive international database on the legal, social, and ethical aspects of human genetics.
National Conference of State Legislatures Genetic Technologies Project 35 Resources on a variety of genetics public policy and related issues for state legislators, legislative staff, and other policy makers.
National Information Resource on Ethics and Human Genetics (Georgetown University) 36 Links to resources and databases on ethics and human genetics. Also includes annotated bibliographies 37 on various genetics and ethics issues.
National Society of Genetic Counselors Code of Ethics 38 A statement to clarify and guide the ethical conduct of genetic counselors.
Policy and Legislation Database (NHGRI) 39 Searchable database of federal and state laws/statutes, federal legislative materials, and federal administrative and executive materials about privacy of genetic information/confidentiality; informed consent; insurance and employment discrimination; genetic testing and counseling; and commercialization and patenting.
THOMAS Legislative Information (The Library of Congress) 40 Searchable database of U.S. legislation (current and previous Congresses).
Your Genes, Your Choices: Exploring the Issues Raised by Genetic Research 41 Description of the Human Genome Project, the science behind it, and the ethical, legal, and social issues raised by the project.

Table 5. Family History Tools
Resource Description 
Family Health History (Genetic Alliance) 43 Tips for collecting family history information and links to resources.
Family History Public Health Initiative (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) 44 Web site devoted to using family history to promote health.
Family Medical History (American Medical Association) 45 Tools for gathering family history and links to resources.
My Family Health Portrait (U.S. Surgeon General) 46 Web-based family history tool.
Your Family History (National Society of Genetic Counselors) 47 Information on collecting a family health history.

Table 6. Genome Research Information
Resource Description 
BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; SARS = Severe acute respiratory syndrome; SNPs = single nucleotide polymorphisms; UCSC = University of California, Santa Cruz
BLAST Search (part of the Ensembl Project; see below) 49 Search protein or DNA sequence against metazoan genomes.
The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project (CGAP) 50 Access to all CGAP data and biological resources.
CancerGenes 51 Combines gene lists annotated by experts with information from key public databases such as Entrez Gene 52, COSMIC 53, and iHOP 54.
Cancer Genome Workbench (CGWB) 55 Integrates clinical tumor mutation profiles with the reference human genome to improve the accuracy of mutation identification.
Chromosomal Variation in Man 56 Searchable database of literature citations on chromosomal variants and anomalies.
Ensembl (Joint software project between the European Bioinformatics Institute and the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute) 57 Data sets resulting from an automated genome analysis and annotation process.
Genome Channel 58 Java viewers for human genome data.
Genome Sequencing Center: Homo sapiens Maps 59 Links to clone and accession maps of the human genome.
International HapMap Project 60 A variety of ways to query for SNPs in the human genome.
Leiden Open Variation Database 61 A flexible, free tool for gene-centered collection, curation, and display of DNA variation.
KMcancerDB 62 Human gene mutation database with graphical display of molecular information for cancer-related genes.
National Center for Biotechnology Information: Genomic Biology 63 Views of chromosomes, maps, and loci; links to other NCBI resources.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 5 Catalog of human genes and genetic disorders.
UCSC Genome Bioinformatics 64 Reference sequence for the human and C. elegans genomes and working drafts for the mouse, rat, Fugu, Drosophila, C. briggsae, yeast, and SARS genomes.

Table 7. Health Professional Practice and Genetic Education Information
Resource Description 
Centre for Education in Medical Genetics 66 Develops, provides, and evaluates genetics education opportunities and resources.
Centre for Genetics Education 67 Education and service resources for patients and professionals.
Dolan DNA Learning Center 14 Interactive multimedia genetics education resources.
Essentials of Genetic and Genomic Nursing: Competencies, Curricula Guidelines, and Outcome Indicators, 2nd edition 68 Establishes minimum basis to prepare the nursing workforce to deliver competent genetic and genomic-focused nursing care.
Evaluation of Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention (EGAPP) 69 Provides an evidence-based review of genetic tests and other genomic applications that are in transition from research to clinical and public health practice in the United States.
Genetics & Your Practice 70 Online modules for health care professionals designed for exploration of a topic rather than a sequential presentation of material. Includes fact sheets and sample clinical forms. Free registration required for access
Genetics and Social Science: Expanding Translational Research 71 A free, online education program designed to provide social and behavioral scientists with sufficient genetics background to support the integration of genetics concepts in their own research and allow for collaborative studies with geneticists.
Genetics Education Center 18 Online center for educators interested in human genetics and the Human Genome Project.
Genetics Education Program for Nurses (GEPN) 72 Sample genetics nursing course syllabi and other genetics educational opportunities and resources for nurses.
Genetics/Genomics Competency Center for Education (G2C2) 73 A repository of genetics/genomics education resources for nursing and physician assistant educators.
Genetics in Clinical Practice: A Team Approach 74 Interactive virtual genetics clinic with case scenarios and case discussions. Target audience is primary care professionals.
Genetics in Primary Care 75 Training program curriculum materials.
Genomic Applications in Practice and Prevention Network (GAPPNet) 76 A collaborative initiative that aims to bring together stakeholders in order to accelerate and streamline effective and responsible use of validated and useful genomic knowledge and applications, such as genetic tests, technologies, and family history, into clinical and public health practice.
Medical School Core Curriculum in Genetics 77 Medical school course competencies, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that should be covered in a genetics curriculum developed by the Association of Professors of Human and Medical Genetics and the American Society of Human Genetics.
National Coalition for Health Professional Education in Genetics (NCHPEG) 78 Core competencies in genetics 79 and reviews of education programs. Descriptions of available instructional resources, courses, and institutes.
Six Weeks to Genomic Awareness 80 Webcast of six lessons in genomics for public health professionals.

Table 8. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)
Resource Description 
Genetic Testing and Screening in the Age of Genomic Medicine. New York State Task Force on Life and the Law. 82 Includes general and state-specific information in a bulleted report.
Pharmacogenetics: Ethical Issues. Nuffield Council on Bioethics. 83 Includes a section discussing the use of pharmacogenetics in clinical trials.
Protecting Human Research Subjects Institutional Review Board Guidebook, Chapter V, Section H: Human Genetic Research. Office for Human Research Protections. 84 Discusses many issues that continue to challenge IRBs investigators, and policy makers today.

Table 9. Professional Organizations: Genetics
Resource Description 
American Board of Genetic Counseling (ABGC) 86 Information about certification of genetic counselors.
American Board of Medical Genetics (ABMG) 87 Information about medical genetic training programs and certification of geneticists.
American College of Medical Genetics (ACMG) 88 Resources, policy statements, and practice guidelines about medical genetics.
American Society for Human Genetics (ASHG) 89 Resources, projects, and policies concerning human genetics.
Genetics Nursing Credentialing Commission (GNCC) 90 Information about credentialing of genetics nurses.
Genetics Society of America (GSA) 91 Links to teaching Web sites, general educational courses, and journals and publications about genetics.
International Society of Nurses in Genetics (ISONG) 92 Resources to help nurses incorporate new knowledge about human genetics into practice, education, and research.
National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) 93 Information about genetic counseling: practice guidelines, links to genetic counselors, and genetic discrimination resources.

Table 10. Risk Assessment Information
Resource Description 
Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (National Cancer Institute [NCI]) 95 Interactive tool for estimating a woman's risk of developing invasive breast cancer.
Colorectal Cancer Risk Assessment Tool (NCI) 96 Interactive tool for estimating the risk of developing colorectal cancer in a 50- to 85- year old non-Hispanic white man or woman.
Disease Risk Index (Harvard School of Public Health) 97 Personalized estimation of cancer risk and tips for prevention.
Family HealthLink (The Ohio State University Medical Center) 98 Interactive tool that estimates cancer risk by reviewing patterns of cancer in a family.
Melanoma Risk Assessment Tool (NCI) 99 Interactive tool for estimating an individual’s absolute risk of developing melanoma.
MyGenerations 100 Interactive tool that estimates cancer risk by reviewing patterns of cancer in a family.

Table 11. Online Gene Mutation Prediction Programs
Resource Description 
HuGE = Human Genome Epidemiology; MRC = Medical Research Council
HuGE Risk Translator 102 Calculates the predictive value of genetic markers.
MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh 103 Predicts the likelihood of mutations in one of the mismatch repair genes in persons with colon cancer.
The Penn II Risk Model 104 Estimates the probability that an individual has a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation.
PREMM1,2,6 Model: Prediction Model for MLH1, MSH2, and MSH6 Gene Mutations 105 Estimates the probability that an individual carries a mutation in one of the mismatch repair genes.

Table 12. Search Engines Specializing in Genetics and Genomics
Resource Description 
HuGE = Human Genome Epidemiology; SNP = single nucleotide polymorphism
Catalog of Published Genome-Wide Association Studies 107 An online catalog of SNP-trait associations from published genome-wide association studies for use in investigating genomic characteristics of trait/disease-associated SNPs.
National Information Resource on Ethics and Human Genetics (Georgetown University) 108 Search engine for literature on specific issues related to ethics and human genetics.
HuGE Navigator 109 An integrated, searchable knowledge base of genetic associations and human genome epidemiology.

Table 13. United States Government Agencies
Resource Description 
HRSA = Health Resources and Services Administration; NIH = National Institutes of Health
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office of Public Health Genomics 111 Information on how human genomic discoveries can be used to improve health and prevent disease, including links to many resources.
Genetic Modification Clinical Research Information System (GeMCRIS) 112 Information about human gene transfer trials registered with NIH.
National Cancer Institute 113 Summaries of cancer genetics–related information.
National Human Genome Research Institute 114 Research, policy, ethics, education, and training information and resources about genetic and rare diseases.
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) Environmental Genome Project 115 Information on project to improve understanding of human genetic susceptibility to environmental exposures.
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science 116 Genomics educational resources.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 117 Links to publications and materials available for purchase or download from the HRSA Information Center.



Glossary Terms

chromosome (KROH-muh-some)
Discrete physical structures inside a cell nucleus that consist of proteins and DNA organized into genes.
clone
An identical copy of a DNA sequence or entire gene; one or more cells derived from and identical to a single ancestor cell OR to isolate a gene or specific sequence of DNA.
DNA
The molecular basis of heredity; encodes the genetic information responsible for the development and function of an organism and allows for transmission of that genetic information from one generation to the next. The DNA molecule is structured as a double-stranded helix held together by weak hydrogen bonds between purine-pyrimidine nucleotide base pairs: adenine (A) paired with thymine (T), and guanine (G) paired with cytosine (C). Also called deoxyribonucleic acid.
family history (FA-mih-lee HIH-stuh-ree)
The genetic relationships within a family combined with the medical history of individual family members. When represented in diagram form using standardized symbols and terminology, it is usually referred to as a pedigree or family tree. Also called family medical history.
gene (jeen)
The basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome. Each consists of nucleotides arranged in a linear manner. Most genes code for a specific protein or segment of protein leading to a particular characteristic or function.
genetic counseling (jeh-NEH-tik KOWN-suh-ling)
A communication process that seeks to assist affected or at-risk individuals and families in understanding the natural history, disease risks, and mode of transmission of a genetic disorder; to facilitate informed consent for genetic testing when appropriate; to discuss options for risk management and family planning; and to provide for or refer individuals for psychosocial support as needed. The National Society of Genetic Counselors Task Force has also defined the term genetic counseling.
genetic susceptibility (jeh-NEH-tik suh-SEP-tih-BIH-lih-tee)
Increased likelihood or chance of developing a particular disease due to the presence of one or more gene mutations and/or a family history that indicates an increased risk of the disease. Also called genetic predisposition.
informed consent (in-FORMD kun-SENT)
A process of information exchange between a clinician and an individual or their legal proxy designed to facilitate autonomous, informed decision making. The informed consent process for genetic testing should include an explanation of the medical and psychosocial risks, benefits, limitations, and potential implications of genetic analysis, a discussion of privacy, confidentiality, the documentation and handling of genetic test results, as well as options for managing the hereditary disease risk. Also called consent process.
mutation (myoo-TAY-shun)
A change in the usual DNA sequence at a particular gene locus. Mutations (including polymorphisms) can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral in their effect on cell function.
pedigree (PEH-dih-gree)
A graphic illustration of family history.
risk assessment
The quantitative or qualitative assessment of an individual’s risk of carrying a certain gene mutation, or developing a particular disorder, or of having a child with a certain disorder; sometimes done by using mathematical or statistical models incorporating such factors as personal health history, family medical history and ethnic background.

Table of Links

1http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics/directory
2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/GeneTests
3http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le1
4http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/default.htm
5http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim
6http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le2
7http://www.acmg.net/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Practice_Guidelines&Template=/C
M/HTMLDisplay.cfm&ContentID=6430
8http://www.asco.org/ASCOv2/Practice+%26+Guidelines/Guidelines/Clinical+Practice
+Guidelines
9http://www.nccn.org/clinical.asp
10http://www.guidelines.gov
11http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le3
12http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/genetics-terms-alphalist
13http://www.dnafiles.org
14http://www.dnalc.org
15http://www.facingourrisk.org
16http://www.genome.gov/10000409
17http://learn.genetics.utah.edu
18http://www.kumc.edu/gec
19http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov
20http://www.genome.gov/glossary
21http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/understandingcancer
22http://www.genome.gov/Pages/EducationKit
23http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le4
24http://www.bioethics.net/articles.php?viewCat=6
25http://bioethics.od.nih.gov
26http://dnapatents.georgetown.edu
27http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/elsi.shtml
28http://www.genethics.ca
29http://www.genome.gov/10002328
30http://www.geneticfairness.org/ginaresource_overview.html
31http://www.genome.gov/Pages/PolicyEthics/GeneticDiscrimination/GINAInfoDoc.pdf
32http://www.dnapolicy.org
33http://www.sph.umich.edu/genpolicy
34http://www.humgen.umontreal.ca/int
35http://www.ncsl.org/IssuesResearch/Health/GeneticTechnologiesProject/tabid/1452
4/Default.aspx
36http://www11.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/nirehg
37http://www11.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/nirehg/scope.html
38http://www.nsgc.org/Advocacy/NSGCCodeofEthics/tabid/155/Default.aspx
39http://www.genome.gov/PolicyEthics/LegDatabase/pubsearch.cfm
40http://thomas.loc.gov/home/thomas.php
41http://ehrweb.aaas.org/ehr/books/index.html
42http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le5
43http://www.geneticalliance.org/fhh
44http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/famhistory/famhist.htm
45http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-science/genetics-mo
lecular-medicine/family-history.page
46https://familyhistory.hhs.gov/fhh-web/home.action
47http://www.nsgc.org/About/FamilyHistoryTool/tabid/226/Default.aspx
48http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le6
49http://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/blastview
50http://cgap.nci.nih.gov
51http://cbio.mskcc.org/cancergenes
52http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene
53http://www.sanger.ac.uk/genetics/CGP/cosmic
54http://www.ihop-net.org/UniPub/iHOP
55https://cgwb.nci.nih.gov/cgi-bin/hgGateway?org=Human&amp%3bdb=hg18&amp%
3b
56http://www.wiley.com/legacy/products/subject/life/borgaonkar
57http://useast.ensembl.org/index.html
58http://compbio.ornl.gov/channel
59http://genome.wustl.edu/genomes/view/homo_sapiens
60http://snp.cshl.org
61http://www.lovd.nl
62http://mutview.dmb.med.keio.ac.jp/MutationView/jsp/mutview/index.jsp?db=cancer
63http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genomes
64http://genome.cse.ucsc.edu
65http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le7
66http://www.bwhct.nhs.uk/genetics-cemg-home.htm
67http://www.genetics.edu.au/home
68http://www.genome.gov/Pages/Careers/HealthProfessionalEducation/geneticscompete
ncy.pdf
69http://www.egappreviews.org
70http://www.marchofdimes.com/gyponline/index.bm2
71http://www.nchpeg.org/bssr/index.php
72http://www.cincinnatichildrens.org/ed/clinical/gpnf/default.htm
73http://www.g-2-c-2.org
74http://iml.dartmouth.edu/education/cme/Genetics
75http://genes-r-us.uthscsa.edu/resources/genetics/primary_care.htm
76http://www.gappnet.org/gappnet
77http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/genetics/core_curric.htm
78http://www.nchpeg.org
79http://www.nchpeg.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73:c
ore-competencies&catid=38:slideshow
80http://practice.sph.umich.edu/mphtc/site.php?module=courses_one_online_course&a
mp;id=108
81http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le8
82http://www.health.ny.gov/regulations/task_force/reports_publications/screening.
htm
83http://www.nuffieldbioethics.org/sites/default/files/Pharmacogenetics%20Report.
pdf
84http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/archive/irb/irb_chapter5ii.htm
85http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le9
86http://www.abgc.net/Certification/certification.asp
87http://www.abmg.org/pages/training_options.shtml
88http://www.acmg.net//AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home3
89http://www.ashg.org
90http://www.geneticnurse.org
91http://www.genetics-gsa.org
92http://www.isong.org
93http://www.nsgc.org
94http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le10
95http://www.cancer.gov/bcrisktool/Default.aspx
96http://www.cancer.gov/colorectalcancerrisk/colorectal-cancer-risk.aspx
97http://www.diseaseriskindex.harvard.edu/update
98https://familyhealthlink.osumc.edu/Notice.aspx
99http://www.cancer.gov/melanomarisktool
100http://www.northshore.org/genetics/mygenerations
101http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le11
102http://hugenavigator.net/HuGENavigator/checkerComplexStartPage.do
103http://hnpccpredict.hgu.mrc.ac.uk
104https://www.afcri.upenn.edu:8022/itacc/penn2/index.asp
105http://dana-farber.prod.dfcidev.org/pat/cancer/gastrointestinal/crc-calculator/
default.asp
106http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le12
107http://www.genome.gov/gwastudies
108http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/nirehg
109http://hugenavigator.net/HuGENavigator/home.do
110http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/overview/healthprofessional/Tab
le13
111http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/default.htm
112http://www.gemcris.od.nih.gov/Contents/GC_HOME.asp
113http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics
114http://www.genome.gov
115http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/programs/egp
116http://genomics.energy.gov
117http://www.ask.hrsa.gov/search_materials.cfm?type=basic