Atezolizumab with or without Low-Dose Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Advanced Stage Follicular Lymphoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Signed informed consent form (ICF)
• Ability and willingness to comply with the requirements of the study protocol
• Relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma grade 1, 2, or 3A * Relapsed disease is defined as having relapsed after greater than 6 months of prior treatment for follicular lymphoma * Refractory disease is defined as failure to achieve a complete response or relapsed within 6 months of treatment for follicular lymphoma
• Pretreatment biopsy for fresh tumor tissue collection is required * If patient has recently undergone a biopsy and has not received any intercurrent anti-lymphoma therapy, archival tissue can be used
• Stage III/IV disease * Stage II disease is also eligible if disease is not encompassible within a single radiation field, as determined by the radiation oncologist
• At least 1 prior treatment for follicular lymphoma (no restriction to number or type of prior therapies) * Patients treated for transformed diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who have retrograde transformation are eligible provided they have received at least one prior treatment for the follicular lymphoma
• Site of disease amenable to low-dose, local radiotherapy (2 x 2Gy), as recommended by the radiation oncologist
• At least one bi-dimensionally measurable nodal lesion > 1.5 cm in its longest diameter by computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as defined by the Lugano classification
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500 cells/uL * If there is documented bone marrow involvement of follicular lymphoma, ANC must be >= 1000 cells/uL
• Platelet count >= 75,000/uL * If there is documented bone marrow involvement of follicular lymphoma, platelet count must be >= 50,000/uL
• Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL * If there is documented bone marrow involvement of follicular lymphoma, hemoglobin must be >= 8.0 g/dL
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * Patients with known Gilbert disease who have serum bilirubin level =< 3 x ULN may be enrolled
• Aspartate aminotransferase measurement (AST) and alanine aminotransferase measurement (ALT) =< 3.0 x ULN * Patients with liver involvement: AST and/or ALT =< 5 x ULN
• Alkaline phosphatase =< 3 x ULN * Patients with documented liver involvement or bone metastases: alkaline phosphatase =< 5 x ULN
• Serum creatinine =< 1.5 x ULN or creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min on the basis of the Cockcroft-Gault glomerular filtration rate estimation
• For female patients of childbearing potential and male patients with partners of childbearing potential, agreement (by patient and/or partner) to use highly effective form(s) of contraception (i.e., one that results in a low failure rate [< 1% per year] when used consistently and correctly) and to continue its use for 5 months after the last dose of atezolizumab. Women must refrain from donating eggs during this same period * A woman is considered to be of childbearing potential if she is postmenarcheal, has not reached a postmenopausal state (>= 12 continuous months of amenorrhea with no identified cause other than menopause), and is not permanently infertile due to surgery (i.e., removal of ovaries, fallopian tubes, and/or uterus) or another cause as determined by the investigator (e.g., Mullerian agenesis). The definition of childbearing potential may be adapted for alignment with local guidelines or regulations * Examples of contraceptive methods with a failure rate of < 1% per year include bilateral tubal ligation, male sterilization, hormonal contraceptives that inhibit ovulation, hormone-releasing intrauterine devices, and copper intrauterine devices * The reliability of sexual abstinence should be evaluated in relation to the duration of the clinical trial and the preferred and usual lifestyle of the patient. Periodic abstinence (e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, or postovulation methods) and withdrawal are not acceptable methods of contraception. If required per local guidelines or regulations, locally recognized acceptable methods of contraception and information about the reliability of abstinence will be described in the local Informed Consent form
• Eastern cooperative oncology group (ECOG) performance status of 0 or 1
• Willingness to undergo on-treatment biopsies unless not clinically feasible while on treatment

Exclusion Criteria

• Follicular lymphoma grade 3B
• Concurrent aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (e.g., diffuse large B cell lymphoma [DLBCL])
• Any anticancer therapy, including chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, investigational therapy, or radiotherapy, within 3 weeks, or 5 half lives, whichever is shortest, prior to initiation of study treatment; however, the following are allowed: * Hormone-replacement therapy or oral contraceptives * Herbal therapy, provided it is discontinued at least 1 week prior to cycle 1, day 1 * Palliative radiotherapy for bone metastases, provided most recent fraction not given within 2 weeks of cycle 1, day 1 and most recent fraction was not administered to planned area of radiation while on study
• Adverse events (AEs) from prior anticancer therapy that have not resolved to grade =< 1, with exception of alopecia or skin/nail hyperpigmentation
• Bisphosphonate therapy for symptomatic hypercalcemia within 2 weeks of cycle 1, day 1 * Use of bisphosphonate therapy for other reasons (e.g., bone metastasis or osteoporosis) is allowed. Denosumab should not be used while on therapy
• Known clinically significant liver disease, including active viral, alcoholic, or other hepatitis; cirrhosis; fatty liver; and inherited liver disease
• Active central nervous system (CNS) involvement of lymphoma * Patients with a history of CNS involvement of lymphoma are eligible, provided they received treatment greater than 30 days prior to cycle 1 day 1 and there is no evidence of involvement on most recent assessment
• Pregnant or breastfeeding, or intention of becoming pregnant during study treatment or within 5 month after the final dose of study treatment * Women of childbearing potential must have a negative serum pregnancy test result within 14 days prior to initiation of study treatment
• Known hypersensitivity to Chinese hamster ovary cell products, other recombinant human antibodies, or to any component of the atezolizumab formulation
• Inability to comply with study and follow-up procedures
• Active or history of autoimmune disease, including but not limited to myasthenia gravis, myositis, autoimmune hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, vascular thrombosis associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, Wegener’s granulomatosis, Sjogren’s syndrome, Bell’s palsy, Guillain-Barre syndrome, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune thyroid disease, vasculitis, or glomerulonephritis * Patients with a history of autoimmune hypothyroidism on a stable dose of thyroid replacement hormone may be eligible * Patients with controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus on a stable insulin regimen may be eligible * Patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease, not currently receiving therapy, may be eligible * Patients with eczema, psoriasis, lichen simplex chronicus or vitiligo with dermatologic manifestations only (e.g., patients with psoriatic arthritis would be excluded) are permitted provided that they meet the following conditions: ** Rash must cover less than 10% of body surface area (BSA) ** Disease is well controlled at baseline and only requiring low potency topical steroids (e.g., hydrocortisone 2.5%, hydrocortisone butyrate 0.1%, flucinolone 0.01%, desonide 0.05%, aclometasone dipropionate 0.05%) ** No acute exacerbations of underlying condition within the last 12 months (not requiring psoralen plus ultraviolet A radiation [PUVA], methotrexate, retinoids, biologic agents, oral calcineurin inhibitors; high potency or oral steroids)
• History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonitis (including drug induced), organizing pneumonia (i.e., bronchiolitis obliterans, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, etc.), or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest computed tomography (CT) scan * History of radiation pneumonitis is permitted provided patient is asymptomatic and did not require systemic or inhaled corticosteroids for treatment of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis
• Any other diseases, metabolic dysfunction, physical examination finding, or clinical laboratory finding giving reasonable suspicion of a disease or condition that contraindicates the use of an investigational drug or that may affect the interpretation of the results or render the patient at high risk from treatment complications
• History of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection or active hepatitis B (chronic or acute) or hepatitis C infection * Patients with past or resolved hepatitis B infection (defined as having a negative hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] test and a positive anti-HBc [antibody to hepatitis B core antigen] antibody test) are eligible * Patients positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody are eligible only if polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is negative for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA)
• Active tuberculosis
• Severe infections within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1, including but not limited to hospitalization for complications of infection, bacteremia, or severe pneumonia
• Major surgical procedure within 28 days prior to cycle 1, day 1 or anticipation of need for a major surgical procedure during the course of the study
• Administration of a live, attenuated vaccine within 4 weeks before cycle 1, day 1, within 5 months after the final dose, or anticipation that such a live, attenuated vaccine will be required during the study * Influenza vaccination should be given during influenza season only (approximately October to March); patients must not receive live, attenuated influenza vaccine (e.g., FluMist) within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1 or at any time during the study
• Malignancies other than the disease under study within 3 years prior to cycle 1, day 1, with the exception of those with a negligible risk of metastasis or death and with expected curative outcome (such as adequately treated carcinoma in situ of the cervix, basal or squamous cell skin cancer, localized prostate cancer treated surgically with curative intent, or ductal carcinoma in situ treated surgically with curative intent) or undergoing active surveillance per standard of care management (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia Rai stage 0, prostate cancer with Gleason score =< 6, and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] =< 10 mg/mL, etc.)
• Prior treatment with anti-PD-1, or anti-PD-L1 therapeutic antibody or pathway-targeting agents * Patients who have received prior treatment with anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen (CTLA-4) may be enrolled, provided the following requirements are met: ** Minimum of 12 weeks from the first dose of anti-CTLA-4 and > 6 weeks from the last dose ** No history of severe immune-related adverse effects from anti-CTLA-4 (National Cancer Institute [NCI] common terminology criteria for adverse events [CTCAE] grade 3 and 4)
• Treatment with systemic immunostimulatory agents (including but not limited to interferon [IFN]-alpha or interleukin [IL]-2) within 6 weeks or five half-lives of the drug (whichever is shorter) prior to cycle 1, day 1
• Treatment with investigational agent within 4 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1 (or within five half-lives of the investigational product, whichever is longer)
• Treatment with systemic immunosuppressive medications (including but not limited to prednisone, cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, methotrexate, thalidomide, and anti-tumor necrosis factor [anti-TNF] agents) within 2 weeks prior to cycle 1, day 1 *Patients who have received acute, low-dose, systemic immunosuppressant medications (e.g., a one-time dose of dexamethasone for nausea or predinose for intravenous contrast allergy) may be enrolled * Palliative systemic steroids for palliation of disease are allowed but must be discontinued at least 7 days prior to cycle 1, day 1 *The use of inhaled corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids (e.g., fludrocortisone) for patients with orthostatic hypotension or adrenocortical insufficiency is allowed
• History of severe allergic, anaphylactic, or other hypersensitivity reactions to chimeric or humanized antibodies or fusion proteins
• Patients with prior allogeneic bone marrow transplantation or prior solid organ transplantation