Cabozantinib, Ipilimumab, Nivolumab, and Transarterial Chemoembolization for the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Histologic or radiographic diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma
• At least one lesion amenable to TACE treatment
• Child-Pugh A-B7 (B7 based on albumin allowed)
• Not a candidate for resection or transplantation
• Age >= 18 years * Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of cabozantinib in patients < 18 years of age, children are excluded from this study but will be eligible for ongoing pediatric single-agent trials, if applicable
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 2. (ECOG 2 allowed if attributed to disease rather than co-morbidities by investigator)
• Must have at least one measurable lesion (either untreated or progressed after previous locoregional treatment)
• Leukocytes >= 2,000/mcL
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1000/mcL
• Platelets >= 60,000/mcl
• Total bilirubin =< 2.0 mg/dL
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SPGT]) =< 3 X institutional upper limit of normal or =< 5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) if liver metastases are present
• Creatinine < 1.5 ULN
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL
• Serum albumin >= 2.8 g/dL
• Urine protein/creatinine ration (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg
• The effects of cabozantinib on the developing human fetus at the recommended therapeutic dose are unknown. For this reason, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control; abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 4 months following completion of therapy. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Based on its mechanism of action, ipilimumab can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Females of reproductive potential must use effective contraception during treatment with ipilimumab and for 3 months following the last dose of ipilimumab. Based on its mechanism of action, nivolumab can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman. Females of reproductive potential must use effective contraception during treatment with nivolumab and for 5 months following the last dose of nivolumab * A female of child-bearing potential is any woman (regardless of sexual orientation, having undergone a tubal ligation, or remaining celibate by choice) who meets the following criteria: ** Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or ** Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 consecutive months)
• Life expectancy of greater than 3 months
• Ability to swallow tablets
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

• Any type of previous systemic anti-cancer treatment
• All toxicities attributed to prior anti-cancer therapy other than alopecia must have resolved to grade 1 or baseline
• Any locoregional treatment for HCC within 3 months
• Vp4 or Vp3 portal vein thrombus
• Extrahepatic disease
• Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to nivolumab, cabozantinib or other agents used in study
• Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitors (e.g., rivaroxaban), or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following: * Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardioprotection (per local applicable guidelines) and low dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) * Therapeutic doses of LMWH in subjects with a screening platelet count > 100,000/uL, without known brain metastases, and who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor
• The subject has prothrombin time (PT)/institutional normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test >= 1.3 x the laboratory ULN within 28 days before the first dose of study treatment
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions: * Ongoing or active infection * Symptomatic congestive heart failure * Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 150 mm Hg systolic or > 100 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment * Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose * Unstable angina pectoris * Cardiac arrhythmia * Evidence of tumor invading gastrointestinal (GI) tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction. * Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose. ** Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose. * Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose. * Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation. * Lesions invading any major blood vessels. Subjects with lesions invading the intrahepatic vasculature, including portal vein, hepatic vein, and hepatic artery, are eligible. * Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation: ** Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture ** Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism ** Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) * Psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible
• Prior treatment with cabozantinib
• Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 28 days before first dose of study treatment * Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 minutes (min) must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility
• Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• History of another primary cancer within the last 3 years with the exception of non-melanoma skin cancer, early-stage prostate cancer, or curatively treated cervical carcinoma in-situ and not treated with systemic therapy
• Inability to comply with study and follow-up procedures as judged by the investigator
• Patients must not be pregnant or nursing due to the potential for congenital abnormalities and the potential of this regimen to harm nursing infants
• Has fibrolamellar HCC
• Has received prior cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy including investigational agents within 4 weeks prior to randomization
• Has received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of study intervention. Examples of live vaccines include, but are not limited to, the following: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella/zoster (chicken pox), yellow fever, rabies, Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG), and typhoid vaccine. Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally killed virus vaccines and are allowed; however, intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., FluMist®) are live attenuated vaccines and are not allowed
• Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy (in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of study intervention
• Has severe hypersensitivity (grade >= 3) to nivolumab or cabozantinib and/or any of their excipients
• Has an active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease‐modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency) is not considered a form of systemic treatment and is allowed
• Has a history of (non‐infectious) pneumonitis that required steroids or has current pneumonitis
• Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy
• Has a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. * Note: No HIV testing is required unless mandated by local health authority
• Has a known history of active tuberculosis (TB; Bacillus tuberculosis)
• Has a history or current evidence of any condition (e.g., known deficiency of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase), therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the study, interfere with the participant's participation for the full duration of the study, or is not in the best interest of the participant to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator