Cabozantinib, Nivolumab, and Ipilimumab for the Treatment of Metastatic or Unresectable, Refractory Soft Tissue Sarcoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Histologically or cytologically confirmed soft tissue sarcoma that is metastatic or unresectable
• Measurable disease defined as lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as >= 10 mm with computed tomography (CT) scan, as >= 20 mm by chest x-ray, or >= 10 mm with calipers by clinical exam
• Refractory to at least one and no more than two lines of therapy, with progression of last line of therapy. Neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy completed more than one year prior does not count towards these two lines of therapy. Individuals with alveolar soft part sarcoma may enroll without being refractory to at least one line of chemotherapy. Any inappropriate therapies (ie. hormonal therapies) should be discussed with the principal investigator (PI) to be determined if they are to be counted towards the two lines of therapy
• At least 18 years of age
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 1
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mm^3 without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support
• White blood cell count >= 2,000/mm^3
• Platelets >= 100,000/mm^3 without transfusion
• Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN) (for subjects with Gilbert’s disease, =< 3.0 x IULN)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3.0 x IULN; ALP =< 5.0 x IULN with documented bone metastases
• Serum albumin >= 2.8 g/dl
• Serum creatinine =< 1.5 x IULN or calculated creatinine clearance >= 40 mL/min by Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD)
• Urine protein/creatinine ration (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol)
• Prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) < 1.3 x IULN (within 7 days before first dose of study treatment, if not receiving any anticoagulation therapy)
• Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) =< 500 ms (by electrocardiogram [ECG] within 14 days before the first dose of study treatment)
• Lesion amenable to biopsy for assessment of PD-L1 expression if no archival tissue is available
• Recover to baseline or =< grade 1 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless adverse event (AE)(s) are clinically non-significant and/or stable on supportive therapy
• The effects of cabozantinib on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason, women of childbearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (hormonal or barrier method of birth control, abstinence) prior to study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 5 months after the last dose of study treatment. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she must inform her treating physician immediately. Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must also agree to use adequate contraception prior to the study, for the duration of the study, and for at least 7 months after the last dose of study treatment
• Ability to understand and willingness to sign an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved written informed consent document (or that of legally authorized representative, if applicable)

Exclusion Criteria

• Translocation-driven sarcoma except for alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS)
• Previous treatment with cabozantinib or a PD-1 inhibitor (e.g., cemiplimab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab), PD-L1 inhibitor (e.g., atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab), or CTLA-4 inhibitor (e.g., ipilimumab)
• A history of other malignancy with the exception of malignancies for which all treatment was completed at least 2 years before registration and the patient has no evidence of disease. Exceptions include basal cell or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin which were treated with local resection only or carcinoma in situ of the cervix, or other tumors discussed with the study PI
• Currently receiving any other investigational agents
• Known brain metastases. Patients with known brain metastases must be excluded from this clinical trial because of their poor prognosis and because they often develop progressive neurologic dysfunction that would confound the evaluation of neurologic and other adverse events
• Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following: * Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) * Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor
• Radiation therapy for bone metastasis within 2 weeks, any other radiation therapy within 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before the first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior radiation therapy are not eligible
• A history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to cabozantinib, nivolumab, ipilimumab, or other agents used in the study
• Inability to swallow tablets
• The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions: * Cardiovascular disorders: ** Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias ** Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment ** Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment *** Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment * Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation: ** The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction ** Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose. ** Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose * Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose * Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation * Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels * Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation ** Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture ** Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism ** Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C)
• Any active, known, or suspected autoimmune disease * Note: subjects with type I diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism only requiring hormone replacement, skin disorders (such as vitiligo, psoriasis, or alopecia) not requiring systemic treatment, or conditions not expected to recur in the absence of an external trigger are permitted to enroll
• Any condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent) or other immunosuppressive medications within 14 days of randomization * Note: inhaled, intranasal, intra-articular, or topical steroids are permitted. Adrenal replacement steroid doses > 10 mg daily prednisone equivalent are permitted in the absence of active autoimmune disease. Transient short-term use of systemic corticosteroids for allergic conditions (e.g. contrast allergy) is also allowed
• Active infection requiring systemic treatment. Acute or chronic hepatitis B or C infection, known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illness, or known positive test for tuberculosis infection
• History of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, organizing pneumonia, drug-induced pneumonitis, or evidence of active pneumonitis on screening chest CT scan
• Malabsorption syndrome
• Requirement for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis
• History of solid organ or allogeneic stem cell transplant
• Major surgery (e.g. laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Patients with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible
• Pregnant and/or breastfeeding. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative pregnancy test within 15 days of study entry. Women of childbearing potential are defined as premenopausal females capable of becoming pregnant (i.e., females who have had any evidence of menses in the past 12 months, with the exception of those who had prior hysterectomy). However, women who have been amenorrheic for 12 or more months are still considered to be of childbearing potential if the amenorrhea is possibly due to prior chemotherapy, antiestrogens, low body weight, ovarian suppression, or other reasons
• Administration of a live, attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to randomization