Sequential High Dose Testosterone and Enzalutamide Compared with Enzalutamide Alone for the Treatment of Asymptomatic Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer, STEP-UP Study

Inclusion Criteria

• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 2
• Age >= 18 years
• Histologically-confirmed adenocarcinoma of the prostate
• Treated with continuous androgen ablative therapy (either surgical castration or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone [LHRH] agonist/antagonist)
• Documented castrate level of serum testosterone (< 50 ng/dl)
• Metastatic disease radiographically documented by CT or bone scan
• Must have had disease progression while on combination of abiraterone acetate plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) either given concurrently or sequentially based on: * PSA progression defined as an increase in PSA, as determined by 2 separate measurements taken at least 1 week apart and/or * Radiographic disease progression, based on RECIST 1.1 in patients with measurable soft tissue lesions or PCWG3 for patients with bone disease
• Screening PSA must be >= 1.0 ng/mL
• Patients with soft tissue lesion amenable to biopsy must agree to biopsy collection pre-treatment and at a defined point on treatment to perform tumor tissue analysis
• No prior treatment with enzalutamide, apalutamide, darolutamide, or other investigational androgen receptor (AR) targeted treatment is allowed
• Prior treatment with testosterone is allowed
• Prior treatment with docetaxel (=< 6 doses) for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer is allowed
• Prior treatment with Provenge vaccine and 223Radium (Xofigo) is allowed if > 4 weeks from last dose
• Patients must be withdrawn from abiraterone for >= 2 weeks
• Attempts must be made to wean patients off prednisone and be off for >= 1 week prior to starting therapy. Patients, who cannot be weaned due to symptoms, may continue on lowest dose of prednisone achieved during weaning period
• Bilirubin < 2.5 times institutional upper limit of normal (ULN)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) < 2.5 times ULN
• Serum creatinine < 2.5 times ULN
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500 cells/mm^3 (1.5 x 10^9/L)
• Platelet count >= 100,000 platelet/mm^3 (100 x 10^9/L)
• Hemoglobin >= 8 g/dL
• At least 4 weeks since prior radiation or chemotherapy
• Ability to understand and willingness to sign a written informed consent document

Exclusion Criteria

• Pain due to metastatic prostate cancer requiring treatment intervention
• ECOG performance status >= 3
• Prior treatment with enzalutamide is prohibited
• Prior chemotherapy with docetaxel or cabazitaxel for castration resistant prostate cancer is prohibited
• Requires urinary self-catheterization for voiding due to obstruction secondary to prostatic enlargement well documented to be due to prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Patients with indwelling Foley or suprapubic catheter for obstructive symptoms are eligible
• Evidence of disease in sites or extent that, in the opinion of the investigator, would put the patient at risk from therapy with testosterone (e.g. femoral metastases with concern over fracture risk, severe and extensive spinal metastases with concern over spinal cord compression, extensive liver metastases)
• Evidence of serious and/or unstable pre-existing medical, psychiatric or other condition (including laboratory abnormalities) that could interfere with patient safety or provision of informed consent to participate in this study
• Active uncontrolled infection, including known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or hepatitis B or C
• Any psychological, familial, sociological, or geographical condition that could potentially interfere with compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule
• Patients receiving anticoagulation therapy with warfarin, rivaroxaban, or apixaban are not eligible for study. (Patients on enoxaparin or edoxaban are eligible for study. Patients on warfarin, rivaroxaban, or apixaban, who can be transitioned to enoxaparin prior to starting study treatments, will be eligible)
• Patients are excluded with prior history of a thromboembolic event within the last 12 months that are not being treated with systemic anticoagulation
• Hematocrit > 51%, untreated severe obstructive sleep apnea, uncontrolled or poorly controlled heart failure (per Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines)
• Patients allergic to sesame seed oil or cottonseed oil are excluded
• Major surgery (e.g., requiring general anesthesia) within 3 weeks before screening, or has not fully recovered from prior surgery (i.e., unhealed wound). Note: subjects with planned surgical procedures to be conducted under local anesthesia may participate