Lenvatinib with Everolimus versus Cabozantinib for Second-Line or Third-Line Treatment of Metastatic Renal Cell Cancer

Inclusion Criteria

• Patients with histologically or cytologically confirmed metastatic/advanced clear cell RCC, or RCC with a clear cell component, who have received 1 or 2 prior lines of systemic treatment in the advanced or metastatic setting, including a PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor. Patients who received a PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor in the adjuvant setting are permitted as long as their last dose of therapy was within the past 6 months.
• Patients must have previously progressed on or after treatment (at any point after completing prior therapy) with a PD-1/PD-L1-containing regimen. Patients who experienced an immune-mediated adverse event related to their PD-1/PD-L1 containing-regimen and cannot receive additional PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitor are permitted, without evidence of progression, if the treating physician intends to change treatment per standard care.
• Patients must have at least one measurable site of disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version 1.1. This is defined as a lesion that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded). For non-lymph node tumor lesions, they must be a minimum size of >= 10 mm. For malignant lymph node lesions, they must be at least >= 15 mm in short axis with conventional techniques or >= 10 mm with more sensitive techniques such as MRI or spiral CT scan. If the patient has had previous radiation to the marker lesion(s), there must be evidence of progression since the radiation.
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status ≤ 2
• Age >= 18 years
• Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (treatment allowed) * May receive transfusion
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,000/uL
• Platelets >= 75,000/uL
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 mg/dL * For patients with Gilbert's disease, total bilirubin should be =< 3 mg/dL (=< 51.3 umol/L)
• Aspartate aminotrasferase (AST)(serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 x institutional upper limit of normal (ULN), except in known hepatic metastasis, wherein may be =< 5 x ULN
• Serum creatinine =< 1.5 x ULN (as long as patient does not require dialysis) * If creatinine is not < 1.5 x ULN, then calculate by Cockcroft-Gault methods or local institutional standard and creatinine clearance (CrCl) must be >= 30 mL/kg/1.73 m^2
• International normalized ratio (INR) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) =< 1.5 x ULN prior to study entry. Therapeutic anticoagulation is permitted if: on a stable dose of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) for > 2 weeks (14 days) at the time of enrollment or on a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) for > 2 weeks at time of enrollment.
• Female patients of childbearing potential (not postmenopausal for at least 12 months and not surgically sterile) must have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]) before study entry. Pregnancy test must be repeated if performed > 14 days before starting study drug.
• Women must not be breastfeeding
• Patients with a history of major psychiatric illness must be judged (by the treating physician) able to fully understand the investigational nature of the study and the risks associated with the therapy.
• Patients with treated/stable brain metastases are allowed on protocol if they had brain metastases that received central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy, such as surgery or treatment with radiosurgery or gamma knife, without recurrence or edema for at least 1 month (4 weeks).

Exclusion Criteria

• Prior receipt of lenvatinib, a c-MET inhibitor, such as cabozantinib or sitravatinib, or an mTOR inhibitor, such as everolimus or temsirolimus.
• Patients must not have any other malignancies within the past 3 years except for in situ carcinoma of any site, adequately treated (without recurrence post-resection or post- radiotherapy) carcinoma of the cervix or basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, or active non-threatening second malignancy that would not, in the investigator's opinion, potentially interfere with the patient's ability to participate and/or complete this trial. Examples include but are not limited to: urothelial cancer grade Ta/T1 or adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with active surveillance.
• Patients currently receiving anticancer therapies or who have received anticancer therapies within 2 weeks (14 days) from enrollment into this study (including chemotherapy and targeted therapy) are excluded. Also, patients who have completed palliative radiation therapy more than 14 days prior to the first dose of lenvatinib plus everolimus or cabozantinib are eligible.
• Patients who had a major surgery or significant traumatic injury (injury requiring > 28 days to heal) within 28 days of start of study drug, patients who have not recovered from the side effects of any major surgery (defined as requiring general anesthesia), or patients that are expected to require major surgery during the course of the study.
• Active inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis)
• Immunocompromising conditions, as follows: * Known acute or chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection with CD4+ T cell count < 350 cells/microliter. Patients with a history of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining infection can be included if their CD4+ T cell count > 350 cells/uL and have not had an AIDS-defining infection within prior 12 months. If patients are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), it must be started at least 4 weeks prior to trial enrollment and the HIV viral load should be < 400 copies/mL. Medication interactions with ART should be screened prior to enrollment. * History of primary immunodeficiency * History or allogeneic transplant
• Any underlying medical condition, which in the opinion of the investigator, will make the administration of study drug hazardous or obscure the interpretation of adverse events, such as a condition associated with frequent diarrhea, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome or small bowel resection that may significantly alter the absorption of lenvatinib, everolimus, or cabozantinib.
• Patients receiving any concomitant systemic therapy for renal cell cancer are excluded.
• Patients must not be scheduled to receive another experimental drug while on this study.
• Patients who have any severe and/or uncontrolled medical conditions or other conditions that could affect their participation in the study such as: * Symptomatic congestive heart failure of New York Heart Association class III or IV * Unstable angina pectoris, symptomatic congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction within 6 months of start of study drug, serious uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia, or any other clinically significant cardiac disease * Severely impaired lung function as defined as oxygen (O2) saturation that is 88% or less at rest on room air * Uncontrolled diabetes as defined by a hemoglobin A1C >= 9% * Systemic fungal, bacterial, viral, or other infection that is not controlled (defined as exhibiting ongoing signs/symptoms related to the infection and without improvement) despite appropriate antibiotics or other treatment. * Established liver disease, such as cirrhosis or chronic active viral hepatitis as defined here. For hepatitis B virus (HBV), a positive test using HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) test. For hepatitis C virus (HCV), patients with a positive HCV antibody test and HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) positive are excluded. If a patient is receiving HCV curative treatment, they must complete therapy and have HCV RNA below level of detection. For patients with a history of HCV infection, they are eligible if they have completed curative therapy and have HCV viral load below the level of detection. * Uncontrolled blood pressure (systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg) in spite of optimized regimen of antihypertensive medications. * Subjects having > 1+ proteinuria on urine dipstick testing unless a spot urine protein to creatinine ratio is =< 2 mg/mg
• Patients must not have history of other diseases, metabolic dysfunction, physical examination finding, or clinical laboratory finding giving reasonable suspicion of a disease or condition that contraindicates the use of lenvatinib, everolimus, or cabozantinib or that might affect the interpretation of the results of the study or render the subject at high risk from treatment complications.
• Bleeding or thrombotic disorders or subjects at risk for severe hemorrhage. The degree of tumor invasion/infiltration of blood vessels should be considered because of the risk of severe hemorrhage associated with tumor shrinkage/necrosis following lenvatinib treatment.
• Any patients who cannot be compliant with the appointments required in this protocol must not be enrolled in this study.
• Severe hypersensitivity (>= grade 3) to lenvatinib and/or any of its excipients.
• Patients with left ventricular ejection fraction < 40%.