Spectroscopic MRI-Guided Proton Radiation Therapy and Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Recurrent glioblastoma (or variants such as gliosarcoma) based on one of the following criteria: * An area of MRI enhancement consistent with glioblastoma outside of the initial high dose radiation field * Biopsy or resection proven recurrent glioblastoma * Progressive glioblastoma based on advanced imaging (brain PET, perfusion MRI, or clinical MR spectroscopy)
• Pathology diagnosis of glioblastoma, or variants such as gliosarcoma, on initial and/or reresection by 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) glioblastoma criteria. Prior pathology reports or specimens can be reexamined and reclassified as glioblastoma based on current criteria
• Total area of recurrence on T1 post-contrast MRI (including all nodules of likely tumor) have a linear maximum measurement of 6 cm or less
• Patients must have received prior brain radiation therapy for glioma in conventional fractionation (1.8 – 2 Gy per fraction, total dose maximum 63 Gy)
• Patients must have completed prior brain radiation four to six months or more prior to study treatment for recurrent tumors that are at least half based within the high dose (> 46 Gy) radiation field * For “marginal” or “out of field” radiation failures where at least half of the enhancing disease is outside of the prior high dose radiation field but there is field overlap, patients must have completed prior radiation at least four months or more prior to study treatment * For “in field” radiation failures where at least half of the enhancing disease is within the prior high dose radiation field, patients must have completed prior radiation at least six months or more prior to study treatment
• A minimum time must be elapsed from the administration of any prior anti-tumor or investigational agents to initiation of study treatments on this protocol as follows: * 28 days or 5 half-lives, whichever is shorter, elapsed from the administration of any experimental agent prior to initiation of study treatment * 28 days elapsed from the administration of any prior cytotoxic agents except ** 14 days from vincristine and >= 21 days from procarbazine and temozolomide (TMZ) prior to initiation of study treatment
• Age at least 18
• Patients must be able to have MRI scans
• Patient must be able to provide informed written consent
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2
• Life expectancy greater than 12 weeks at the discretion of the enrolling investigator
• Female subjects should have a negative serum pregnancy test unless they confirm their menopausal status and/or have undergone previous hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy
• Both men and women with childbearing potential should agree to use effective contraception for the duration of the treatment and for at least 6 months after the last treatment since medications that will be used can be harmful for the embryo
• Absolute neutrophil count at least 1500 cells/mm^2 (within 21 days prior to registration)
• Platelets at least 75,000 cells/mm^2 (within 21 days prior to registration)
• Hemoglobin at least 9.0 g/dl (transfusion or other intervention to achieve hemoglobin [Hgb] of 9.0 or greater is acceptable) (within 21 days prior to registration)
• Total bilirubin 2 mg/dL or less
• Serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) 2.5 times the upper limit of normal or less within 21 days prior to registration
• Serum creatinine 1.8 mg/dL or less within 21 days prior to registration and the following: * Urine protein: creatinine (UPC) ratio < 1.0 within 14 days prior to registration OR urine dipstick for proteinuria =< 2+ (patients discovered to have > 2+ proteinuria on dipstick urinalysis at baseline must have a UPC ratio done that is <1.0 to be eligible. If the UPC ratio is >= 1.0 then the patients should undergo a 24-hour urine collection and must demonstrate =< 1g of protein in 24 hours to be eligible) ** Note: UPC ratio of spot urine is an estimation of the 24-hour urine protein excretion; a UPC ratio of 1 is roughly equivalent to a 24-hour urine protein of 1 gm
• Patients on full-dose anticoagulants must meet both of the following criteria: * No active bleeding or pathological condition that carries a high risk of bleeding (e.g., tumor involving major vessels or known varices) * For patients on warfarin (Coumadin), an in-range international normalized ratio (INR) (typically 2-3) is required on a stable dose within 21 days prior to registration

Exclusion Criteria

• Brain malignancies other than glioblastoma (or variants such as gliosarcoma) by WHO 2021 criteria (benign lesions like meningioma are allowed)
• Glioma that has not previously undergone standard first line therapies including a first course of radiation therapy
• Glioma that has already undergone a second course of radiation therapy
• Multi-focal disease (separate enhancing nodules across multiple brain lobes). Note: Multiple nodules in the same region are allowed as long as the total linear diameter is 6 cm or less
• Patients who have had treatment with bevacizumab in the past
• Patients who will receive chemotherapy concurrent with study therapy other than bevacizumab
• Patients with recurrent glioblastoma (rGBM) based in the following anatomical regions known to have magnetic susceptibility or poor signal will be excluded: temporal lobe below the level of the floor of the third ventricle, orbitofrontal cortex, prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, brainstem, and cerebellum (these regions have known sMRI artifact)
• Pregnant or breastfeeding patients
• Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer) unless disease free for a minimum of 1 year. Non-invasive tumors are permissible (e.g., carcinoma in situ)
• Severe active co-morbidities as follows: * Unstable angina and/or congestive heart failure requiring hospitalization within the last 6 months prior to registration * Transmural myocardial infarction within the last 6 months prior to registration * History of stroke or transient ischemic attack within 6 months prior to registration * Significant vascular disease (e.g., aortic aneurysm, history of aortic dissection) or clinically significant peripheral vascular disease * Acute bacterial or fungal infection requiring intravenous antibiotics at the time of registration * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation or other respiratory illness requiring hospitalization or precluding study therapy at the time of registration * Hepatic insufficiency resulting in clinical jaundice and/or coagulation defects; note, however, that laboratory tests for liver function other than screening panel and coagulation parameters are not required for entry into this protocol * Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) based upon current Centers for Disease Control and Prevent (CDC) definition; note, however, that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing is not required for entry into this protocol. The need to exclude patients with AIDS from this protocol is necessary because the treatments involved in this protocol may be significantly immunosuppressive
• Pregnancy or women of childbearing potential and men who are sexually active and not willing/able to use medically acceptable forms of contraception; this exclusion is necessary because the treatment involved in this study may be significantly teratogenic
• Prior allergic reaction to the study drug (bevacizumab)
• Prior history of hypertensive crisis or hypertensive encephalopathy
• History of a non-healing wound, ulcer, or bone fracture within 90 days (3 months) prior to registration
• Gastrointestinal bleeding or any other hemorrhage/bleeding event Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version (v.) 4 grade 3 or greater within 30 days prior to registration
• Major surgical procedure, open biopsy, or significant traumatic injury within 28 days prior to registration (with the exception of craniotomy)
• Concurrent receipt of any other investigational agents