A Randomized Study Investigating Preoperative Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery versus Surgery Alone in Patients with High Risk Retroperitoneal Sarcoma, STRASS2 Trial

Inclusion Criteria

• Histologically proven primary high risk leiomyosarcoma (LMS) or liposarcoma (LPS) of retroperitoneal space or infra-peritoneal spaces of pelvis * LMS: ** Any grade and size > 5 cm * DDLPS ** MDM2 and CDK4 expression on immunohistochemistry (IHC); additional proof of MDM2 amplification is highly recommended but not mandatory) ** Grade 3 ** Grade 2 with: *** Federation Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre Le Cancer (FNCLCC) score = 5 and clear necrosis on imaging (whether or not present on the biopsy) OR *** Complexity INdex in SARComas (CINSARC-high) (high risk gene profile as determined by the Complexity INdex in SARComas)
• Unifocal tumor
• Resectable tumor: resectability is based on pre-operative imaging (CT-abdomen, potentially also with MRI) and has to be defined by the local treating sarcoma team. A patient is not considered operable when the expectation is that only an R2 resection is feasible * Criteria for non-resectability: ** Involvement of the superior mesenteric artery, aorta, coeliac trunk and/or portal vein ** Involvement of bone ** Growth into the spinal canal ** Progression of retro-hepatic inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma towards the right atrium ** Infiltration of multiple major organs like liver, pancreas and or major vessels
• Patient must have radiologically measurable disease (RECIST 1.1), as confirmed by imaging. CT thorax abdomen pelvis with IV contrast is the preferred imaging modality. In case of any contra-indications (medical or regulatory), it is allowed to perform a non-contrast CT thorax + MRI abdomen & pelvis
• Collection of tumor tissue for central pathology review is mandatory. * For patients with LMS: if there is not enough tissue for assessing the grading, no need to repeat a biopsy * If tumor tissue is not available for the central pathology review, patient will not be eligible * If biopsy was not done or the formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) of the biopsy is not available but tumor tissue is available for the central pathology review, it will be considered as acceptable ** At least 10 unstained slides or one pathological block * If fine needle aspiration (FNA) is performed instead of core needle biopsy (CNB) recommended by the standard guidelines, and if the diagnosis is confirmed locally and tumor material is available for central path review, it will be considered as acceptable ** At least 10 unstained slides or one pathological block
• Collection of tumor tissue and blood samples for translational research is mandatory * In case there is not enough tissue for translational research (TR), a new biopsy is not required and if the patient fulfills all other eligibility criteria, he/she will be eligible * If the blood samples are not collected, patient will not be eligible * If the patient refuses the collection of biomaterial for TR, patient will not be eligible even if he/she fulfills all other eligibility criteria
• >= 18 years old (no upper age limit)
• World Health Organization (WHO) performance status =< 2
• Hemoglobin > 9.0 g/dL or 5.6 mmol/L with a buffer of +/- 5% for all * Note: Platelet transfusions is allowed to achieve these baseline values; red blood cell transfusion is not allowed
• Absolute neutrophils > 1.5 x 10^9/L with a buffer of +/- 5% for all * Note: Platelet transfusions is allowed to achieve these baseline values; red blood cell transfusion is not allowed
• Platelets > 100 x 10^9/L with a buffer of +/- 5% for all * Note: Platelet transfusions is allowed to achieve these baseline values; red blood cell transfusion is not allowed
• Partial thromboplastin time (APPT) and prothrombin time (PT) within 2 seconds of the upper limit of normal (ULN). For international normalized ratio (INR) and APTTR within normal range of ratio +/- 5% * Note: Patients receiving anticoagulant therapy are eligible if their PT or INR and APTT or APTTR are stable and within 2 sec of ULN (PT, APTT) or with +/- 5% of the recommended range (INR, APTTR), for the desired level of anticoagulation
• Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) > 50 ml/min/m^2 (modification of diet in renal disease [MDRD] formula)
• No proteinuria >= grade 2 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [CTCAE] version [v] 5.0)
• Bilirubin =< 1.0 x ULN of institutional limits with a buffer of +/-5%. If isolated elevated bilirubin < 2 x ULN and Gilberts syndrome suspected, suggest repeating bloods after food. If bilirubin improves to meet the criteria above this is acceptable. More severe persistent hepatic impairment of whatever cause would exclude the patient from treatment till resolved
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST) =< 1.5 x ULN with a buffer of +/- 5%
• Clinically normal cardiac function based on left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >= 50% as assessed either by multi-gated acquisition scan (MUGA) or cardiac ultrasound and 12 lead electrocardiogram (ECG) without clinically relevant abnormalities (within 21 days prior to randomization)
• American Society of Anaesthesiologist (ASA) score < 3
• Women of child bearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum pregnancy test within 3 days prior to randomization * Note: a woman is considered of childbearing potential, i.e. fertile, if she is following menarche. She remains of childbearing potential until she becomes post-menopausal or permanently sterile. Permanent sterilization methods include hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy and bilateral oophorectomy. A postmenopausal state is defined as no menses for 12 months without an alternative medical cause. A high follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level in the postmenopausal range may be used to confirm a post-menopausal state in women not using hormonal contraception or hormonal replacement therapy. However, in the absence of 12 consecutive months without menses, a single FSH measurement is insufficient
• WOCBP in both arms should use highly effective birth control measures, during the study treatment period and for at least 6 months after the last dose of chemotherapy or date of surgery (except for women receiving chemotherapy with ifosfamide who should continue contraception until 1 year after last day of treatment). A highly effective method of birth control is defined as a method which results in a low failure rate (i.e. less than 1% per year) when used consistently and correctly
• For men in the experimental arm: agreement to remain abstinent (refrain from heterosexual intercourse) or use contraceptive measures, and agreement to refrain from donating sperm
• Female subjects who are breast feeding should discontinue nursing prior to the first day of study treatment and until 6 months after the last study treatment
• Before patient randomization, written informed consent must be given according to International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH)/Good Clinical Practice (GCP), and national/local regulations
• STREXIT 2 COHORT: Patients with histologically proven primary resectable localized high-risk DDLPS or LMS of retroperitoneal space or infra-peritoneal spaces of pelvis (as described in the inclusion criteria of STRASS2) but for whom the list of eligibility criteria for the study is too restrictive * Note: central pathology is not required
• STREXIT 2 COHORT: Patients who meet all eligibility criteria of STRASS2 but do not consent to randomization or are not enrolled for any other reason
• STREXIT 2 COHORT: Patients enrolled in a registry collecting data on primary RPS patients in the centers participating in STRASS 2 (e.g., RESAR) who satisfy the above criteria
• STREXIT 2 COHORT: Retrospectively all the patients observed and treated since the site activation for STRASS 2 to the opening of STREXIT2 can be included provided they consented before enrollment and the clinical data and/or CT/MRI images can be accessed
• STREXIT 2 COHORT: Deceased patients can be registered with the following instructions: * The clinical data and/or CT/MRI images can be accessed and used if either of the following three conditions are met: ** The patient agreed beforehand in his/her lifetime to a further use of his/her data and/or CT/MRI images, or ** There is consent of a relative to use data and/or CT/MRI images of the deceased patient, or ** There is a reference to a corresponding legal declaration covering the exemption in case of the impossibility or disproportion of getting access to an informed consent * Additionally, in all cases the following three points need to be fulfilled: ** No documentation of previous objection of the patient to the (re-)use of their data, CT/MRI images for research purposes ** Any other national requirements are fulfilled, if applicable ** The provision of data without consent should be documented in the patient's medical file
• PREFERENCES FOR NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY IN STRASS 2 SUB STUDY: All patients recruited to STRASS 2 in participating centers (Australia +/- international sites) able to read, comprehend and write in English at a sufficient level to complete study materials

Exclusion Criteria

• Sarcoma originating from bone structure, abdominal or gynecological viscera
• Extension through the sciatic notch or across the diaphragm
• Tumor grading not assessable from biopsy (except for LMS)
• Metastatic disease
• Any previous surgery (excluding diagnostic biopsy), radiotherapy or systemic therapy for the present tumor
• Hypersensitivity to doxorubicin, ifosfamide, dacarbazine or to any of their metabolites or to any of their excipients
• Cardiac disorders: * Congestive heart failure * Angina pectoris * Acute inflammatory heart disease * Myocardial infarction within 1 year before randomization * Uncontrolled arterial hypertension defined as blood pressure >= 150/100 mm Hg despite optimal medical therapy ** Note: in case of high blood pressure: 1) initiation or adjustment of antihypertensive medication(s) is permitted prior to study entry; 2) blood pressure must be re-assessed on two occasions that are separated by a minimum of 1 hour. The mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) / diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values from each blood pressure assessment must be =< 150/90 mm Hg in order for a patient to be eligible for the study * Uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmia
• Previous treatment with maximum cumulative doses (450 mg/m^2 doxorubicin or equivalent 900 mg/m^2 epirubicin) of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, epirubicin, idarubicin, and/or other anthracyclines and anthracenediones
• Active and uncontrolled infections, in particular urinary tract infections
• Vaccination with live vaccines within 30 days prior to study entry
• Inflammation of the urinary bladder (interstitial cystitis) and/or obstructions of the urine flow
• Other invasive malignancy within 5 years, with the exception of adequately treated non-melanoma skin cancer, localized cervical cancer, localized and Gleason =< 6 prostate cancer
• Uncontrolled severe illness, medical condition (including uncontrolled diabetes), other than the primary LPS or LMS of the retroperitoneum
• Any psychological, familial, sociological or geographical condition potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up schedule; those conditions should be discussed with the patient before randomization in the trial
• Known contraindication to imaging tracer and to MRI