Advanced Imaging Methods to Distinguish True Progression from Pseudoprogression in Patients with Brain Cancer

Inclusion Criteria

• Patient is > 18 years old. The pediatric population has a different disease profile from adult glioma patients. To reduce heterogeneity in the patient population we will not consider patients younger than 18 for this study.
• The patient agrees to participate in the clinical study and to complete all required visits and evaluations.
• Patient has undergone prior treatment for a brain tumor and has a new suspicious imaging finding requiring diagnostic workup and is being considered for biopsy.
• Patient agrees to undergo, prior to the procedure, the needed imaging evaluation (within 14 days and preferably with 3 days of the planned procedure).

Exclusion Criteria

• Renal failure as evidenced by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 30 mL/min/1.73m^2 for gadolinium based imaging. In the absence of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) lab result, patient is not excluded in the absence of remarkable pathological renal history, as confirmed by and in the discretion of the principal investigator (PI).
• For iodinated contrast agent we will use the more strict cut-off of 45 mL/min/1.73m^2 ([Davenport, Perazella et al. 2020], consensus statement from the American College of Radiology [ACR] and the National Kidney Foundation). The different threshold reflects the different risk profiles of these agents. Patients with GFR in the range 30-45 can receive a non-contrast DECT (CT contrast withheld).
• Pacemakers, electronic stimulation, metallic foreign bodies and devices and/or other conditions that are not MR safe, which include but are not limited to: * Electronically, magnetically, and mechanically activated implants * Ferromagnetic or electronically operated active devices like automatic cardioverter defibrillators and cardiac pacemakers * Metallic splinters in the eye * Ferromagnetic hemostatic clips in the central nervous system (CNS) or body * Cochlear implants * Other pacemakers, e.g., for the carotid sinus * Insulin pumps and nerve stimulators * Non-MR safe lead wires * Prosthetic heart valves (if dehiscence is suspected) * Non-ferromagnetic stapedial implants * Pregnancy * Claustrophobia that does not readily respond to oral medication.
• Allergy to relevant imaging contrast agents, includes allergies to iodine or gadolinium-based contrast agents (if one class of agents is contra-indicated, then imaging with the other can still proceed).