Pembrolizumab Plus Combination Chemotherapy before Surgery for the Treatment of Stage I Triple Negative Breast Cancer

Inclusion Criteria

• Patients must have histologically confirmed ER negative, PR negative and HER2-negative (TNBC) defined as ER<10%, PR<10%, and HER2 negative (per 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology College of American Pathologists [ASCO CAP] guidelines). All pathology will be confirmed at the MD Anderson Houston Campus. Patients with tumors designated as HER2 equivocal (per ASCO CAP guidelines) are eligible if in view of treating physician patient is not considered a candidate for HER2-targeted therapy. Patients with weakly ER or PR positive disease, defined as ER and/or PR between 1-9% by immunohistochemistry, are eligible if the treating physician considers the patient not eligible for adjuvant endocrine therapy.
• American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8 anatomic tumor Stage 1 T1b-T1c, N0, M0. All patients with clinically suspicious nodes must undergo core or fine needle biopsy per standard clinical practice to pathologically assess at least 1 suspicious index node. Patients with suspicious nodes that are biopsy negative will be eligible.
• Male/female participants who are at least 18 years of age on the day of signing informed consent with histologically confirmed diagnosis of Stage 1 T1b-T1cN0M0 TNBC will be enrolled in this study.
• Male participants: A male participant must agree to use a contraception during the treatment period and for at least 120 days, corresponding to time needed to eliminate any study treatment(s) (e.g. 5 terminal half-lives for pembrolizumab and/or any active comparator/combination) plus an additional 90 days (a spermatogenesis cycle) for study treatments with evidence of genotoxicity at any dose after the last dose of study treatment and refrain from donating sperm during this period.
• Female participants: A female participant is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant, not breastfeeding, and at least one of the following conditions applies: * Not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) OR * A WOCBP who agrees to follow the contraceptive guidance during the treatment period and for at least 120 days (corresponding to time needed to eliminate any study treatment(s) (pembrolizumab and/or any active comparator/combination) plus 30 days (a menstruation cycle) for study treatments with risk of genotoxicity after the last dose of study treatment.
• Participants who have adverse events (AEs) due to previous anticancer therapies must have recovered to ≤Grade 1 or baseline. Participants with endocrine-related AEs who are adequately treated with hormone replacement or participants who have ≤Grade 2 neuropathy are eligible.
• The participant provides written informed consent for the trial.
• Archival tumor tissue sample or newly obtained [core, incisional or excisional] biopsy of a tumor lesion not previously irradiated has been provided. Formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks are preferred to slides. Newly obtained biopsies are preferred to archived tissue.
• Have an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 1. Evaluation of ECOG is to be performed within 7 days prior to the first dose of study intervention.
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1500/µL (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention).
• Platelets ≥ 100,000/µL (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention).
• Hemoglobin ≥ 9.0 g/dL or ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention). Note: Criteria must be met without erythropoietin dependency and without packed red blood cell (pRBC) transfusion within last 2 weeks.
• Creatinine OR Measured or calculated creatinine clearance (CrCl) ≤ 1.5 × ULN OR ≥ 30 mL/min for participant with creatinine levels > 1.5 × institutional ULN (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention). Notes: Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) can also be used in place of creatinine or CrCl. CrCl should be calculated per institutional standard.
• Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 × ULN OR direct bilirubin ≤ ULN for participants with total bilirubin levels > 1.5 × ULN (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention).
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) ≤ 2.5 × ULN (≤ 5 × ULN for participants with liver metastases) (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention).
• International normalized ratio (INR) OR prothrombin time (PT) Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤ 1.5 × ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or aPTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (collected within 10 days prior to the start of study intervention).
• Non-English speaking participant can enroll in the study as long as they speak a language for which interpretation can be provided by a licensed interpreter either in person or virtually.
• Criteria for known HIV positive subjects. * Participants with HIV are eligible if they have well-controlled HIV with negative viral load on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and must not have had any AIDS-defining opportunistic infections within the past 12 months from initiation of cycle 1 day1 (C1D1) study treatment. * HIV screening tests are not required unless: ** Known history of HIV ** As mandated by local health authority.
• Criteria for known Hepatitis B and C positive subjects Hepatitis B and C screening tests are not required unless: * Known history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection ** As mandated by local health authority.
• Hepatitis B positive subjects * Participants who are hepatitis B virus surface protein antigen (HBsAg) positive are eligible if they have received HBV antiviral therapy for at least 4 weeks and have undetectable HBV viral load prior to randomization. * Participants should remain on anti-viral therapy throughout study intervention and follow local guidelines for HBV anti-viral therapy post completion of study intervention.
• Participants with history of HCV infection are eligible if HCV viral load is undetectable at screening. * Participants must have completed curative anti-viral therapy at least 4 weeks prior to randomization.

Exclusion Criteria

• Stage 2, 3 or 4 triple negative breast cancer.
• Hormone Receptor positive and/or Human Epidermal Growth factor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer.
• A WOCBP who has a positive urine pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to dose of study drug. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required.
• Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 agent or with an agent directed to another stimulatory or co-inhibitory T-cell receptor (eg, CTLA-4, OX-40, CD137).
• Has received prior systemic anti-cancer therapy including investigational agents within 4 weeks to allocation of therapy.
• Has received prior radiotherapy within 2 weeks of start of study intervention or radiation-related toxicities requiring corticosteroids. Note: Two weeks or fewer of palliative radiotherapy for non-central nervous system (CNS) disease, with a 1-week washout, is permitted.
• Has received a live vaccine or live-attenuated vaccine within 30 days before the first dose of study intervention. Administration of killed vaccines is allowed.
• Has received an investigational agent or has used an investigational device within 4 weeks prior to study intervention administration.
• Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving chronic systemic steroid therapy (in dosing exceeding 10 mg daily of prednisone equivalent) or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug.
• Known additional malignancy that is progressing or has required active treatment within the past 3 years. Note: Participants with basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin or carcinoma in situ, excluding carcinoma in situ of the bladder, that have undergone potentially curative therapy are not excluded.
• Has known active CNS metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis.
• Has severe hypersensitivity (≥Grade 3) to any of the components or any of its excipients used in the study treatments.
• Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years except replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid).
• Has a history of (non-infectious) pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease that required steroids or has current pneumonitis/interstitial lung disease.
• Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy for >14 days from initiation of C1D1 study treatment.
• Concurrent active Hepatitis B (defined as HBsAg positive and/or detectable HBV deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]) and Hepatitis C virus (defined as anti-HCV antibody [Ab] positive and detectable HCV ribonucleic acid [RNA]) infection. Note: Hepatitis B and C screening tests are not required unless: * Known history of HBV and HCV infection * As mandated by local health authority.
• Has not adequately recovered from major surgery or has ongoing surgical complications.
• Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality or other circumstance that might confound the results of the study, interfere with the participant’s participation for the full duration of the study, such that it is not in the best interest of the participant to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator.
• Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
• Is pregnant or breastfeeding or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the study, starting with the screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment.
• Has had an allogenic tissue/solid organ transplant.
• Participants with the following contraindications to doxorubicin therapy: recent myocardial infarction; severe myocardial insufficiency; severe arrhythmias; previous treatment with complete cumulative doses of doxorubicin, daunorubicin, idarubicin, and/or other anthracyclines and anthracenedione.