Pembrolizumab in Treating Patients with Stage I-IVB Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma after Chemoradiation

Inclusion Criteria

• Be willing and able to provide written informed consent/assent for the trial
• Have biopsy-proven residual disease; measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 is not required; all measurements should be recorded in order to evaluate response
• Be willing to provide tissue from a newly obtained core or excisional biopsy of a tumor lesion; newly-obtained is defined as a specimen obtained up to 6 weeks (42 days) prior to initiation of treatment on day 1 and following completion of radiation (RT)/chemoradiation (CRT)
• Have a performance status of 0 or 1 or 2 on the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance scale
• Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,500/mcL (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcL (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL or >= 5.6 mmol/L without transfusion or erythropoietin (EPO) dependency (within 7 days of assessment) (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Serum creatinine =< 1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) OR measured or calculated creatinine clearance (glomerular filtration rate [GFR] can also be used in place of creatinine or creatinine clearance [CrCl]) >= 60 mL/min for subject with creatinine levels > 1.5 X institutional ULN (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Serum total bilirubin =< 1.5 X ULN OR direct bilirubin =< ULN for subjects with total bilirubin levels > 1.5 ULN (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]) =< 2.5 X ULN (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Albumin >= 2.5 g/dL (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• International normalized ratio (INR) or prothrombin time (PT) =< 1.5 X ULN unless subject is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) =< 1.5 X ULN unless subject is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or PTT is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (assessed within 14 days of study treatment)
• Female subject of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication; if the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required
• Female subjects of childbearing potential should be willing to use 2 methods of birth control or be surgically sterile, or abstain from heterosexual activity for the course of the study through 120 days after the last dose of study medication; subjects of childbearing potential are those who have not been surgically sterilized or have not been free from menses for > 1 year
• Male subjects should agree to use an adequate method of contraception starting with the first dose of study therapy through 120 days after the last dose of study therapy
• Patients must have a history of stage I-IVB squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck arising from the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx and must have been treated with definitive intent radiation (with or without radiosensitizing therapy)
• Patients must be at least 6 weeks (42 days) and no more than 24 weeks (168 days) from completion of radiation with or without systemic therapy at the time of the biopsy confirming residual disease; patients must receive the first dose of study medication no more than 28 weeks following completion of radiation
• Patients must have pathological evidence of persistent lymph node disease or persistent disease at the primary tumor site with viable tumor cells confirmed by a biopsy within 24 weeks of study treatment and no evidence of metastatic disease following primary radiation/chemoradiation confirmed by a computed tomography (CT) scan within 4 weeks of study treatment; if a biopsy confirming residual disease has not been performed, this can be performed after obtaining consent, during the screening procedures
• Persistent lymph node disease with viable tumor cells will be determined by the histological determination of tumor viability
• All persistent disease must have received at least 66 Gy in 1.8-2 Gy fractions of radiotherapy to the area of residual disease (or a biologically equivalent dose given by the linear quadratic equation); previous radiation records will be obtained to confirm adequate dosing

Exclusion Criteria

• Is currently participating and receiving study therapy or has participated in a study of an investigational agent and received study therapy or used an investigational device within 4 weeks of the first dose of treatment
• Has a diagnosis of immunodeficiency or is receiving supraphysiologic doses of systemic steroid therapy or any other form of immunosuppressive therapy within 7 days prior to the first dose of trial treatment; a physiologic dose of steroids is defined as up to 10mg of prednisone daily (or its equivalent)
• Has a known history of active TB (Bacillus tuberculosis)
• Hypersensitivity to pembrolizumab or any of its excipients
• Has had a prior anti-cancer monoclonal antibody (mAb) within 4 weeks prior to study day 1 or who has not recovered (i.e., =< grade 1 or at baseline) from acute, non-hematological adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier unless otherwise approved by the principal investigator * Note: Subjects with =< grade 2 neuropathy, any grade dysphagia, =< grade 2 pain, =< grade 2 weight loss, any grade hyperpigmentation of skin, any grade fatigue, any grade xerostomia, and any grade dysgeusia, are an exception to this criterion and may qualify for the study; also please note that the presence of a feeding tube to aid with nutrition does not disqualify patients from study * Note: If subject received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy
• Has had prior chemotherapy, targeted small molecule therapy, or radiation therapy within 2 weeks prior to the first protocol treatment or who has not recovered (i.e., =< grade 1 or at baseline) from acute, non-hematological adverse events due to a previously administered agent unless otherwise approved by the principal investigator * Note: subjects with =< grade 2 neuropathy, any grade dysphagia, =< grade 2 pain, =< grade 2 weight loss, any grade hyperpigmentation of skin, any grade fatigue, any grade xerostomia, and any grade dysgeusia, are an exception to this criterion and may qualify for the study; also please note that the presence of a feeding tube to aid with nutrition does not disqualify patients from study * Note: if subject received major surgery, they must have recovered adequately from the toxicity and/or complications from the intervention prior to starting therapy
• Has a known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment; exceptions include basal cell carcinoma of the skin or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that has undergone potentially curative therapy or in situ cervical cancer
• Has known active central nervous system (CNS) metastases and/or carcinomatous meningitis; subjects with previously treated brain metastases may participate provided they are stable (without evidence of progression by imaging for at least four weeks prior to the first dose of trial treatment and any neurologic symptoms have returned to baseline), have no evidence of new or enlarging brain metastases, and are not using steroids for at least 7 days prior to trial treatment; this exception does not include carcinomatous meningitis which is excluded regardless of clinical stability
• Has active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs); replacement therapy (eg., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment
• Has known history of, or any evidence of active, non-infectious pneumonitis
• Has an active infection requiring systemic therapy
• Has a history or current evidence of any condition, therapy, or laboratory abnormality that might confound the results of the trial, interfere with the subject’s participation for the full duration of the trial, or is not in the best interest of the subject to participate, in the opinion of the treating investigator
• Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial
• Is pregnant or breastfeeding, or expecting to conceive or father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the pre-screening or screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment
• Has received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-PD-L2 agent
• Has a known history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (HIV 1/2 antibodies)
• Has known active hepatitis B (e.g., hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] reactive) or hepatitis C (e.g., hepatitis C virus [HCV] ribonucleic acid [RNA] [qualitative] is detected)
• Has received a live vaccine within 30 days of the first protocol treatment; Note: seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu vaccines and are allowed; however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed
• Any patient receiving adjuvant systemic therapy following the completion of radiation therapy is ineligible
• Any patient with evidence of distant metastatic disease on a CT within 4 weeks of treatment is ineligible
• Evidence of interstitial lung disease