A Phase 2 Trial of Ixazomib for Kaposi Sarcoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent document
• Participants must have histologically or cytologically confirmed cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma. Participants must have measurable disease with a minimum of five bi-dimensionally measurable KS cutaneous marker lesions. If fewer than five bi-dimensionally measurable marker lesions are available, the total surface area of the marker lesion(s) must be >= 700 mm^2
• Participants must have documentation of HIV status. If HIV negative, documentation of a negative HIV rapid test within 21 days before enrollment. If HIV positive, documentation of HIV-1 infection by means of any one of the following: * Documentation of HIV diagnosis in the medical record by a licensed health care provider * Documentation of receipt of antiretroviral therapy (ART) (at least two different medications that do not constitute a prescription for pre exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]) by a licensed health care provider. Documentation may be a record of an ART prescription in the participant’s medical record, a written prescription in the name of the participant for ART, or pill bottles for ART with a label showing the participant’s name * HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (RNA) detection by a licensed HIV-1 RNA assay demonstrating > 1000 RNA copies/mL * Any licensed HIV screening antibody and/or HIV antibody/antigen combination assay confirmed by a second licensed HIV assay such as a HIV-1 Western blot confirmation or Multispot HIV-1/HIV-2 Rapid Test or HIV Antibody HIV-1/HIV-2 Differentiation Assay ** Note: The term “licensed” refers to a kit that has been certified or licensed by an oversight body within the participating country and validated internally (e.g., United States [U.S.] Food and Drug Administration [FDA]). WHO (World Health Organization) and CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) guidelines mandate that confirmation of the initial test result must use a test that is different from the one used for the initial assessment. A reactive initial rapid test should be confirmed by either another type of rapid assay or an extracellular interactome assay (E/CIA )that is based on a different antigen preparation and/or different test principle (e.g., indirect versus competitive), or a Western blot or a plasma HIV-1 RNA viral load
• Age >= 18 years. Because no dosing or adverse event data are currently available on the use of ixazomib in participants <18 years of age, children are excluded from this study
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 2 (Karnofsky >= 50%)
• Life expectancy of greater than 3 months
• Absolute neutrophil count: >= 1,000/mm^3 (within 21 days before enrollment)
• Hemoglobin: > 8 g/dL (within 21 days before enrollment)
• Platelets: >= 75,000/mm^3 (within 21 days before enrollment). Platelet transfusions to help participants meet eligibility criteria are not allowed within 3 days before study enrollment
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x the upper limit of the normal range (ULN) (within 21 days before enrollment) * If the elevated bilirubin is felt to be secondary to indinavir or atazanavir therapy, then subjects will be allowed on protocol without any limit on the total bilirubin if the direct bilirubin is normal
• Creatinine: * Serum creatinine levels within normal institutional limits; or, creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (as calculated per the Cockcroft-Gault Equation (within 21 days before enrollment)
• Participants with known history or current symptoms of cardiac disease, or history of treatment with cardiotoxic agents, must have a clinical risk assessment of cardiac function using the New York Heart Association Functional Classification within 6 months before study enrollment. To be eligible for this trial, participants must be class 2B or better within 6 months before enrollment
• Ixazomib can cause fetal harm. For this reason and because proteasome inhibitors as well as other therapeutic agents used in this trial are known to be teratogenic, women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception (barrier method of birth control and another method such as hormone contraception simultaneously; abstinence) before study entry, the duration of study participation, and 90 days after completion of ixazomib administration. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while she or her partner is participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately. Men treated or enrolled on this protocol must also agree to use adequate contraception or abstain from heterosexual contact before the study, for the duration of study participation, and for 90 days after completion of ixazomib administration
• If HIV positive, participants must have been on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with optimum anti-viral response for at least 12 weeks. Three-drug ART regimens which include a protease inhibitor or a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor are acceptable, as is the recently Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved injectable ART regimen, cabotegravir with rilpivirine. Additional appropriate regimens in the management of HIV are acceptable as long as they do not include moderate or strong CYP3A4 inducers. Changes of antiretroviral therapy within the prior 12 weeks for toxicity/convenience reasons are allowed (as long as participants are on a stable regimen for 4 weeks. However, if changes in anti-HIV therapy are due to inadequate HIV control and occurred within the 3 months prior to protocol consent, the patient is not eligible until 12 weeks after optimal control is reached
• If HIV positive, must have been on STABLE anti-retroviral therapy for at least 4 weeks. The non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) efavirenz and etravirine are moderate CYP3A4 inducers which will reduce ixazomib exposure and are therefore prohibited. Potential participants requiring change of antiretroviral therapy to avoid moderate to strong CYP3A4 inducers or to pursue better HIV management with an alternate antiretroviral regimen should defer enrollment until completing 4 weeks of the new ART regimen. There should be no intention to change the regimen for the duration of the study
• HIV positive participants must not show recent improvement in KS on ART alone that may confound response evaluation, within the following parameters: * If on ART 12 to 24 weeks, participants must show a burden of disease requiring further systemic KS-directed treatment (i.e. advanced cutaneous disease, presence of lymphedema or asymptomatic visceral disease, painful lesions) or evidence of KS progression: ** i.e. any new lesion(s); ** Spreading of lesions by any measurable degree; ** Development of ulceration; ** Worsening edema documented by circumferential measure of limb or body; ** Increase in symptoms such as pain, including negative psychological impact; ** Any degree of disease worsening by imaging that would prompt expert assessment to recommend further systemic treatment without delay. ** If on ART for > 24 weeks, must show no evidence of regression in last 8 weeks.
• Patients who have residual active KS lesions (not merely tattoo effect) after receipt of recent KS-directed therapy are eligible to participate even if there was no interval progression since completion of therapy as long as: (1) the degree of residual disease merits systemic therapy (i.e. advanced cutaneous disease, presence of lymphedema or asymptomatic visceral disease, painful lesions)); and (2) at least 4 weeks have passed since receipt of most recent KS-directed therapy.

Exclusion Criteria

• Participants who are receiving any other investigational agents
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to ixazomib or other agents used in study
• Chronic systemic treatment using strong CYP3A inducers (rifampin, rifapentine, rifabutin, carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital), or use of St. John’s wort is not allowed. Patients who are on chronic use of strong CYP3A inducers must come off 14 days before receiving ixazomib treatment. Because the lists of these agents are constantly changing, it is important to regularly consult a frequently-updated list; medical reference texts such as the Physicians’ Desk Reference may also provide this information. As part of the enrollment/informed consent procedures, the participant will be counseled on the risk of interactions with other agents, and what to do if new medications need to be prescribed or if the participant is considering a new over-the-counter medicine or herbal product
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection; uncontrolled cardiovascular conditions, including uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled cardiac arrhythmias, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina, or myocardial infarction within the past 6 months; or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements. This includes infections requiring systemic antibiotic therapy or other serious infection within 14 days before study enrollment but excludes ongoing antibiotic therapy for opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis
• Participants with a second prior or concurrent malignancy that has a natural history or treatment regimen that has the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen
• Pregnant women are excluded from this study because ixazomib is expected to cause fetal harm if used during pregnancy. It is not known if ixazomib is excreted into breast milk, but due to the potential for serious adverse events in a nursing infant, breastfeeding must be discontinued during therapy and for 90 days after the last ixazomib dose
• Participants who have had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks (6 weeks for nitrosoureas or mitomycin C) before entering the study
• Participants who have not recovered from other adverse events due to prior anti-cancer therapy (i.e., have residual toxicity > grade 1), excluding alopecia
• Participants who are seropositive for hepatitis B (defined by a positive test for hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg]). All participants will be required to be screened for hepatitis B. Participants with resolved infection (i.e. participants who are HBsAg negative but positive for antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) and/or antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) must be screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) measurement of HBV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) levels. Participants who are PCR positive will be excluded. EXCEPTION: Participants with serologic findings suggestive of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination (anti-HBs positivity as the only serologic marker) AND a known history of prior HBV vaccination, do not need to be tested for HBV DNA by PCR
• Participants diagnosed with hepatitis C who are hepatitis C antibody positive, whether hepatitis C RNA level is measurable or not, must have no evidence of cirrhosis and have liver function tests that conform to the protocol inclusion criteria
• Known gastrointestinal (GI) disease or GI procedure that could interfere with the oral absorption or tolerance of ixazomib including difficulty swallowing
• Participants with grade 2 or higher peripheral neuropathy (i.e., painful neuropathy) on clinical examination during the screening period
• Major surgery within 14 days before enrollment
• Participants with symptomatic visceral Kaposi sarcoma
• Participants who have had prior treatment of Kaposi sarcoma with a proteasome inhibitor. within the last 2 years or with ixazomib at any time