Cabozantinib for the Treatment of High Grade Neuroendocrine Neoplasms

Inclusion Criteria

• Histologically or cytologically confirmed high-grade neuroendocrine tumor that has progressed after at least one line of therapy, excluding small cell lung cancer (SCLC). High grade includes any neuroendocrine neoplasm with a Ki-67 of >= 20% or with mitotic count of more than 20 mitoses per high power field or any poorly differentiated neoplasm or any neoplasm lacking these that is deemed high grade by pathology consensus, based on other markers (necrosis or immunohistochemistry [IHC] demonstrating p53 or retinoblastoma [RB] mutation). This includes: * High grade well differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms * Transformed neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) from a lower to a higher grade (patient may have some low grade and some high grade NENs) * High grade neoplasms with significant expression of neuroendocrine markers such as synaptophysin, chromogranin or INSM-1 or unknown origin neoplasms with gene expression signatures consistent with neuroendocrine lineage (as per validated tissue of origin testing, such as CancerType identification (ID), after pathology consensus) * Mixed neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNEN), including MiNEN per World Health Organization (WHO) and mixed neoplasms not fulfilling criteria of MiNEN. The neuroendocrine component would need to be a high-grade neuroendocrine tumor as documented by pathology review * Note: Up to two prostate neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) patients (primary diagnosis, not transformed adenocarcinoma) will be enrolled in the first phase. For the second phase, non gastroenteropancreatic or lung histologies will be approved by primary investigator (PI). * Note: For ambiguous cases, will consult with a designated expert pathologist
• Measurable disease defined as lesions that can be accurately measured in at least one dimension (longest diameter to be recorded) as >= 10 mm with computed tomography (CT) scan, as >= 20 mm by chest x-ray, or >= 10 mm with calipers by clinical exam
• Concurrent or prior somatostatin analogue therapy is allowed (for well differentiated high grade neoplasms). Prior use of investigational agents is allowed
• At least 18 years of age
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status =< 1 (Karnofsky >= 80%)
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,500/mm^3 without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support
• White blood cell count >= 2,500/mm^3
• Platelets >= 100,000/mm^3 without transfusion
• Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT]), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase [SGPT]), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3.0 x institutional upper limit of normal (IULN); ALP =< 5.0 x IULN with documented bone metastases
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x IULN (for subjects with gilbert’s disease =< 3.0 x IULN)
• Serum albumin >= 2.8 g/dL
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 x IULN or calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min by Cockcroft-Gault
• Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol)
• Prothrombin time (PT)/institutional normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) < 1.3 x IULN
• Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) =< 500 ms (by electrocardiography [ECG])
• Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy as per discussion with PI
• Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception (e.g., barrier methods, including male condom, female condom, or diaphragm with spermicidal gel) during the course of the study and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment
• Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential unless one of the following criteria are met: documented permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating [FSH] level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause)
• Ability to understand and willingness to sign an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved written informed consent document (or that of legally authorized representative, if applicable)
• Willing to undergo 3 mandatory biopsies: in screening, on treatment prior to cycle 2 (C2), and at end of treatment (EOT), if safe and feasible

Exclusion Criteria

• A history of other malignancy with the exception of malignancies for which all treatment was completed at least 2 years before registration and the patient has no evidence of disease. Allowed are superficial skin cancers, or localized, low grade tumors deemed cured and not treated with systemic therapy at any point in the prior year
• Currently receiving any other investigational agents. Prior use of investigational agents is allowed
• Prior treatment with cabozantinib
• Receipt of any small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before the first dose of study treatment
• Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic, or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• Radiation therapy for bone metastasis within 2 weeks, any other radiation therapy within 4 weeks before the first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before the first dose of study treatment. Patients with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior radiation therapy are not eligible
• Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after radiotherapy or at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after major surgery (e.g., removal or biopsy of brain metastasis). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of first dose of study treatment
• Inability to swallow tablets
• A history of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to cabozantinib or other agents used in the study
• Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g. warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g. clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following: * Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) * Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor
• Uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions: * Cardiovascular disorders: ** Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias ** Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment ** Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment *** Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, sub-segmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment. Prior liver-directed therapy within 6 months is also allowed unless patient experienced significant complications, at principal investigator (PI) discretion * Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation: ** The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction ** Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose. *** Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose * Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose * Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation * Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels * Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation ** Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture ** Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism ** Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C)
• Major surgery (e.g. laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose (with the exception of the baseline biopsy, which must have occurred no less than 6 days prior to first dose). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Patients with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible
• Pregnant and/or breastfeeding
• Patients with known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are eligible unless their CD4+ T-cell counts are < 350 cells/mcL or they have a history of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic infection within the 12 months prior to registration. Concurrent treatment with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) according to United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) treatment guidelines is recommended.