Cabozantinib for the Treatment of Incurable Refractory Germ Cell Tumors

Inclusion Criteria

• Written informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization for release of personal health information
• Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements
• Age >= 18 years at the time of consent
• Histological or serological evidence of germ cell tumor, including seminoma, non-seminoma, and women with ovarian germ cell tumors (GCTs)
• Must have progressed after first-line cisplatin based combination chemotherapy AND demonstrated progression following at least one salvage regimen for advanced germ cell neoplasm and now considered incurable with standard therapies, including further chemotherapy or surgery * “Failure” of prior therapy is defined as: ** A > 25% increase in the products of the perpendicular diameters of measurable tumor masses during prior therapy which are not amenable to surgical resection ** The presence of new tumors that are not amenable to surgical resection ** An increase in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) (two separate determinations at least one week apart are required if rising tumor markers are the only evidence of failure) * NOTE: Subjects with clinically growing teratoma (normal declining tumor markers and radiographic or clinical progression) should be considered for surgery
• Subjects with relapsed primary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ cell tumor (PMNSGCT) are eligible
• Subjects with late relapse (> 2 years from previous chemotherapy) not amenable to resection are eligible if they have received first line platinum based chemotherapy and are deemed not amenable to surgical resection (no need for 1 salvage regimen in late relapse patients to be eligible)
• Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version (v)5 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless adverse events (AE[s]) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2
• Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• White blood cell (WBC) >= 2500/uL (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1500/mm^3 (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Platelet count >= 100,000/mm^3 (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 X upper limit of normal (ULN) except patients with documented Gilbert’s syndrome (=< 3 X ULN) (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3 X ULN (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy); for patients with hepatic metastases, ALT and AST =< 5 X ULN; ALP =< 5 X ULN with documented bone metastases
• Serum albumin >= 2.8 g/dl (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test < 1.5x the laboratory ULN (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy). *This applies only to patients who do not receive therapeutic anticoagulation; patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation (such as low-molecular-weight heparin or direct factor Xa inhibitors) should be on a stable dose.
• Serum creatinine =< 2.0 x ULN or calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (>= 0.5 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol), or 24-h urine protein =< 1 g (within 10 days prior to registration for protocol therapy)
• Female subjects of childbearing potential should have a negative urine or serum pregnancy test within 72 hours prior to receiving the first dose of study medication. If the urine test is positive or cannot be confirmed as negative, a serum pregnancy test will be required
• Female subjects of childbearing potential should be willing to use 2 methods of birth control or be surgically sterile, or abstain from heterosexual activity for the course of the study through 120 days after the last dose of study medication. Subjects of childbearing potential are those who have not been surgically sterilized or have not been free from menses for > 1 year
• Male subjects should agree to use an adequate method of contraception starting with the first dose of study therapy through 120 days after the last dose of study therapy

Exclusion Criteria

• Prior treatment with cabozantinib
• Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• Subjects who have not received >= 1 salvage treatment regimens (except late relapse) or have further potentially curative treatment options
• Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic at the time of first dose of study treatment
• Radiation therapy for bone metastasis within 2 weeks, or any other radiation therapy within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment
• Expecting to father children within the projected duration of the trial, starting with the pre-screening or screening visit through 120 days after the last dose of trial treatment
• Treatment with investigational agent, any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systematic anticancer therapy within 28 days prior to registration for protocol therapy
• Subjects with another active malignancy is not allowed except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical cancer, Gleason < grade 7 prostate cancers, or other cancer for which the subject has not received therapy for >= 1 year
• History of psychiatric illness or social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions: * Cardiovascular disorders: ** Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias ** Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment ** Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment *** Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with a stable dose of permitted anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment * Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation: ** The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn’s disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction ** Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose of study treatment ** Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment
• Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation
• Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels
• Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation per the investigator’s opinion * Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture * Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism * Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C)
• Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible
• Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days before first dose of study treatment. * Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility
• Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following: * Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) * Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor
• Pregnant or lactating females
• Inability to swallow tablets
• Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations