Leflunomide for the Treatment of PTEN-Altered Advanced Solid Tumors and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Inclusion Criteria

• Age >= 18
• * Advanced or metastatic solid tumor with lack of PTEN expression as determined by immunohistochemistry. Lack of PTEN expression is defined as the absence of staining in the tumor (< 5%), with strong positive staining of adjacent normal endometrium or stromal cells, using the monoclonal DAKO antibody 6H2.1 or * Advanced or metastatic solid tumor with a deleterious somatic mutation in PTEN as determined by tissue or circulating tumor (ct)DNA testing in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act (CLIA) laboratory and classified as deleterious in the ClinVar or COSMIC databases or * Advanced or metastatic HER2 negative breast cancer. Patients must have received ≤ 3 prior cytotoxic chemotherapies for metastatic disease (immunotherapy does not count as a line of therapy), and up to 2 prior antibody drug conjugate regimens (eg, sacituzumab govitecan, trastuzumab deruxtecan). Patients with ER-positive breast cancer (ER>10%) are eligible if they have had progressive disease after at least 1 prior CKD4/6 inhibitor. Patients must have received alpelisib or capivasertib if eligible for either therapy or must be intolerant to or have refused such therapy ** Patients with known PTEN altered breast cancer may participate regardless of lines of prior therapy if they meet criteria A or B
• For phase IB, patients with tumors other than prostate cancer must have measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) 1.1 criteria
• Patients with prostate cancer without measurable disease must have evaluable disease as assessed by serum prostate specific antigen (PSA)
• Patients must have progressed on, be refractory or intolerant of standard therapy for their cancer, if such a standard therapy exists
• Patients with treated brain metastases are eligible if follow-up brain imaging at least 4 weeks after central nervous system (CNS) directed therapy shows no evidence of progression
• Patients with new or progressive brain metastases (active brain metastases) or leptomeningeal disease are eligible if the treating physician determines that immediate CNS directed therapy is not required and is unlikely to be required during the first cycle of therapy
• >= 2 weeks from last systemic therapy (or 5 half-lives of the previous treatment, whichever is shorter), surgery or radiation. Patients with prostate cancer receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists may continue their use while on study
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2
• Patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) on effective anti-retroviral therapy with an undetectable viral load are eligible for this trial
• Leukocytes >= 3,000/mcL
• Absolute neutrophil count >= 1,000/mcL
• Platelets >= 100,000/mcl
• Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) (or direct bilirubin, if patient has Gilbert’s disease)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase [SGOT])/ alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (serum pyruvic glutamic transaminase [SPGT]) =< 3 x ULN
• Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Cockcroft-Gault) >= 40 mL/min/1.73 m^2
• Negative serum or urine pregnancy test within 3 days prior to cycle 1 day 1 (C1D1) of leflunomide therapy for women of childbearing potential
• Women of child-bearing potential and men must agree to use adequate contraception before study entry, for the duration of study participation, and for 90 days following completion of therapy. Should a woman become pregnant or suspect she is pregnant while participating in this study, she should inform her treating physician immediately and will immediately be taken off study therapy. Additionally, all women of child bearing potential must begin an accelerated elimination protocol upon drug discontinuation for any reason, unless they agree to continue taking appropriate contraception for up to 2 years from study drug discontinuation. Patients who do not take the accelerated elimination protocol will have to remain on contraception for two years. Recommended methods of birth control are: The consistent use of an approved hormonal contraception such as an intrauterine device (IUD), birth control pills, double barrier methods (diaphragm with spermicidal gel or condoms with contraceptive foam), sexual abstinence (no sexual intercourse) or sterilization. A female of child-bearing potential is any woman (regardless of sexual orientation, having undergone a tubal ligation, or remaining celibate by choice) who meets the following criteria: * Has not undergone a hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy; or * Has not been naturally postmenopausal for at least 12 consecutive months (i.e., has had menses at any time in the preceding 12 months)
• Ability to understand and the willingness to sign a written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

• Patients with primary CNS tumors are not eligible
• Patients who have had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within 4 weeks before entering the study or those who have not recovered from grade >= 2 adverse events due to agents administered more than 4 weeks earlier. Adverse events such as alopecia, hypothyroidism, and neuropathy are allowed. Other adverse events may be allowed by permission of the principal investigator
• Patients may not be receiving any other investigational agents
• A known history of acute or chronic hepatitis B or C, due to the known potential hepatotoxicity of leflunomide
• History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to leflunomide or teriflunomide
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• Patients must not be pregnant or nursing due to the potential for congenital abnormalities and the potential of this regimen to harm nursing infants