RAPA-201 T Cell Therapy for Relapsed, Refractory Multiple Myeloma
RAPA-201-RRMM is an open-label, single-arm, non-randomized multicenter phase II study of RAPA-201 autologous T cells in adults with relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least three (3) prior lines.
Inclusion Criteria
- Male or female patients ≥ 18 years of age.
- Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of ≤ 2.
- Diagnosis of relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma.
- Exposure to at least three different prior lines of therapy including exposure to at least two proteosome inhibitors (e.g. bortezomib), and at least two immunomodulatory drugs (e.g. lenalidomide) and at least one anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody agent (e.g. daratumumab). To qualify as a prior line of therapy, ≥ 2 cycles of therapy must be administered unless the disease is refractory, or the regimen is not tolerated. Documentation of a prior line of therapy must include at least one of the following three items: [1] medical records detailing prior treatment, best response to treatment, and date of progression; [2] myeloma markers (SPEP, UPEP, Immunoglobulin, FLC) at time of treatment and progression; or, [3] documentation by investigator/treating physician to be included in patient's medical and research record (for example, note in electronic medical record), indicating prior treatment, best response to treatment, and data of progression.
- Refractory status to ≥ one proteasome inhibitor AND ≥ one immunomodulatory drug. Refractory disease is defined as <25% reduction in M-protein/free light chain difference (involved vs. uninvolved) or disease progression during treatment or ≤ 60 days after treatment cessation. Patient may or may not be refractory to anti-CD38 therapy.
- Presence of secretory myeloma/measurable disease, as defined by ONE of the following:
- Serum M-protein (SPEP) ≥ 0.5 mg/dL or
- Urine M-protein (UPEP) ≥ 200 mg/24 hours; or
- Light chain MM: Serum free light chain (FLC) assay ≥ 10 mg/dL (100 mg/L) and abnormal serum immunoglobulin kappa/lambda FLC ratio.
- Must have a potential source of autologous T cells potentially sufficient to manufacture RAPA-201 cells, as defined by a circulating CD3+ T cell count ≥ 300 cells/µL.
- Prior to apheresis, patients must be ≥ 14 calendar days from last myeloma therapy, major surgery, radiation therapy and participation in investigational trials.
- Patients must have recovered from clinical toxicities (resolution of CTCAE toxicity to a value of ≤ 2).
- Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by MUGA or 2-D echocardiogram within institution normal limits, with an LVEF level of ≥ 40%.
- Serum creatinine ≤ to 2.5 mg/dL.
- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≤ to 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN).
- Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of ≥ 1000 cells/µL (independent of growth factor support for at least 7 days prior to screening).
- Platelet count of ≥ 50,000 cells/µL, with value obtained (independent of growth factor support or transfusion support for at least 7 days prior to screening).
- Hemoglobin count ≥ 8 grams/µL (independent of growth factor support or transfusion support for at least 7 days prior to screening).
- Bilirubin ≤ 1.5 (except if due to Gilbert's disease).
- Corrected DLCO ≥ 50% (Pulmonary Function Test).
- No history of abnormal bleeding tendency, as defined by any inherited coagulation defect or history of internal bleeding.
- Voluntary written consent must be given before performance of any study related procedure not part of standard medical care, with the understanding that consent may be withdrawn by the patient at any time without prejudice to future medical care.
Exclusion Criteria
- Prior allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
- Current plasma cell leukemia (circulating myeloma > 20% of leukocytes).
- Other active malignancy (except for non-melanoma skin cancer).
- Non-secretory multiple myeloma (difficult to assess by IMWG criteria).
- Evidence of systemic AL Amyloidosis involving any vital organ. Incidental histologic demonstration of amyloid deposition in marrow/within plasmacytoma is not considered organ involvement.
- Life expectancy <4 months.
- Patients seropositive for HIV, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C.
- Uncontrolled hypertension.
- History of cerebrovascular accident within 6 months prior to enrollment.
- Myocardial infarction within 6 months prior to enrollment.
- NYHA class III/IV congestive heart failure.
- Uncontrolled angina/ischemic heart disease.
- Subjects with known central nervous system disease.
- Pregnant or breastfeeding patients.
- Patients of childbearing age, or males who have a partner of childbearing potential, who are unwilling to practice contraception.
- Patients may be excluded at PI discretion or if it is deemed that allowing participation would represent an unacceptable medical or psychiatric risk.
Study sponsor and potential other locations can be found on ClinicalTrials.gov for NCT04176380.
This clinical trial evaluates autologous rapamycin-resistant Th1/Tc1 (RAPA-201) cells for
therapy of relapsed, refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). The study population of RRMM
patients is defined by: relapse after ≥ 3 prior regimens; exposure to ≥ 2 proteasome
inhibitors (PI) (e.g. bortezomib), ≥ 2 immunomodulatory agents (IMiD) (e.g.
lenalidomide), and ≥ 1 anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody (e.g., daratumumab); and refractory
status to ≥ 1 PI agent and ≥ 1 IMiD agent. The primary study objective is to determine
the overall response rate, as evaluated by IMWG criteria, of RAPA-201 cells and a
pentostatin-cyclophosphamide (PC) host conditioning regimen in patients with RRMM. A
sample size of 22 patients was selected to determine whether RAPA-201 therapy represents
an active regimen in RRMM, as defined by a response rate (≥ partial remission) consistent
with a 35% rate.
Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable cancer characterized by clonal proliferation of
plasma cells. MM is the second most common form of hematologic malignancy in the United
States, with approximately 11,000 individuals dying from the disease in 2014. Due in part
to the aging population, MM prevalence will dramatically increase in the next few
decades. MM management has many FDA-approved options for the up-front setting,
maintenance therapy, and therapy at second or third relapse. For patients with relapsed
MM, therapy typically consists of triplet regimens approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), including the KRd, DRd, and DPd regimens. Although triplet regimens
are improved relative to prior therapies, they typically provide a progression-free
survival of less than two years and cause substantial toxicities. Few standard, effective
options exist for patients with MM who have more advanced disease and higher levels of
drug refractoriness. In contrast to drug and monoclonal antibody therapy, which are
essentially non-curative, T cell therapy can cure MM, as evidenced by long- term survival
in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. The promise of T cell
therapy against MM is further exemplified by high response rates using gene-modified
autologous CAR-T cell therapy directed against the BCMA target. However, CAR-T therapy is
limited by variable tumor cell target expression, which compromises response durability
leading to relapse. Furthermore, CAR-T cell products are expensive to manufacture, with
the financial burden further complicated by frequent inpatient hospital monitoring and
treatment of potentially lethal toxicities that include cytokine storm and neurologic
damage. Thus, a great need exists to develop novel T cell therapies for RRMM that are
safe, cost effective, and curative. We will evaluate one such promising candidate,
namely, autologous rapamycin-resistant Th1/Tc1 cells (RAPA-201).
RAPA-201 cell therapy differs from existing approaches in several important categories.
First, RAPA-201 cells are rendered rapamycin-resistant by proprietary ex vivo
manufacturing that rapidly and cost effectively de- differentiates senescent patient T
cells, which results in a therapeutic product enriched for the beneficial T central
memory (TCM) subset and severely depleted of checkpoint inhibitory receptors that inhibit
anti-cancer effects. This depth and breadth of T cell re-programming is not possible in
vivo due to toxicity of pharmacologic agents, which can be rendered completely non-toxic
through drug extracorporealization. Operating together, T cell rapamycin-resistance, TCM
differentiation, and checkpoint removal promotes RAPA-201 T cell in vivo persistence and
in vivo activity required for curative anti-tumor effects. Second, RAPA-201 cells are
manufactured in a high, otherwise toxic dose of the critical anti-cancer cytokine IFN-α,
which promotes a CD4+Th1 and CD8+Tc1 T cell phenotype that optimizes anti-tumor effects.
Third, rapamycin-resistant T cells express a diverse T cell receptor repertoire that can
address the complex biology of multiple myeloma, where tumor antigens are either not
known or variable over time due to tumor genetic instability. Because polyclonal RAPA-201
T cells are capable of in vivo expansion to tumor antigens, RAPA-201 therapy can be
applied not only to RRMM but also to other hematologic malignancies and common solid
tumors, including lung cancer resistant to PD(L)-1 checkpoint therapy. And fourth,
RAPA-201 cell therapy will be administered in combination with a novel host conditioning
regimen consisting of pentostatin and low-dose, dose-adjusted cyclophosphamide (PC
regimen). The PC regimen causes host lymphoid depletion while sparing host myeloid cells,
thus permitting repeat therapeutic RAPA-201 cycles in the outpatient setting with reduced
financial burden and without substantial neutropenia and associated opportunistic
infection. As such, the PC regimen safely creates "immune space" in the RRMM patient,
thereby potentiating the in vivo expansion and curative potential of RAPA-201 cells.
Trial PhasePhase II
Trial Typetreatment
Lead OrganizationRapa Therapeutics LLC
- Primary IDRAPA-201-RRMM
- Secondary IDsNCI-2022-06801
- ClinicalTrials.gov IDNCT04176380