Genetically Engineered Cells (Anti-CD19 CAR-T Cell Therapy) and Mosunetuzumab and Polatuzumab Vedotin for the Treatment of Refractory/Relapsed Aggressive Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Inclusion Criteria

• For the purpose of this study, lymphoma patients who are deemed suitable and have insurance coverage for treatment with any Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved product (Yescarta, Kymriah, Tecartus or the recently approved Breyanzi) will be included
• Histologic diagnosis of * Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) not otherwise specified. Patients with primary cutaneous DLBCL of leg-type are eligible if the lymphoma expresses cluster of differentiation 19 (CD19) and if the insurance approves the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T-cell therapy. Similarly, large cell transformation of nodal or extra-nodal marginal zone lymphoma is eligible if the disease shows strong CD19 positivity. On the other hand, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) are not allowed due to the frequently required continuation of immunosuppression to avoid organ rejection * Primary mediastinal B cell lymphoma (PMBCL) * Transformed follicular lymphoma (TFL). An untransformed follicular lymphoma grade 3B will be considered on a case by case basis, since the genetic signature of grade 3B follicular lymphoma frequently resemble that of DLBCL and the large lymphomatous cells just happen to be organized in a follicular pattern. Recently, Breyanzi has an FDA indication for follicular lymphoma grade 3B * High grade B cell lymphoma (HGBL), other than B-lymphoblastic lymphoma * Mantle Cell lymphoma (MCL) * Burkitt lymphoma (BL): Although very few reports inform us about the outcome of relapsed/refractory BL, encouraging activity including CRs have been reported with CAR-T and these patients are in need because they do not have enough options available. Insurance approval will be needed for such enrollment
• Additionally, the lymphoma has to be in one of the following statuses: * Primary refractory which for the purpose of this study is defined as failure to obtain any response (PR or CR) after at least 3 cycles of anthracycline-based therapy or persistent disease after 6 cycles of anthracycline-based therapy as documented by a PET/CT scan that is done no later than 2 months after the last (usually the 6th) cycle of primary chemotherapy. In questionable cases, a biopsy should confirm persistence of disease as part of standard of care. In case of mantle cell lymphoma, the primary therapy if does not include an anthracycline, should include either high doses of cytarabine +/-bendamustine and an anti-CD20 antibody (usually rituximab) * For DLBCL subtypes, relapse within 1 year of completing initial chemotherapy * Relapsed disease that fails to respond (CR or PR) after at least 2 cycles of a platinum and/or cytarabine-based chemotherapy. For the purpose of this study, appropriate regimens include: rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin and etoposide (R-ICE), rituximab, dexamethasone, cytarabine, and cisplatin (R-DHAP), rituximab dexamethasone cytarabine oxaliplatin (R- DHAOx), rituximab, gemcitabine, cisplatin, and dexamethasone (R-GDP) and rituximab, gemcitabine, and oxaliplatin (R-Gem-Ox). Patients with MCL who relapse after an anthracycline, bendamustine or cytarabine-based regimen, should have failed a Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor * Relapse after an autologous stem cell transplantation. At least 3 months should have lapsed between autologous stem cell infusion and initiation of pre-CAR-T lymphodepleting chemotherapy due to the risk of prolonged cytopenias
• At least one of the lymphoma lesions should be measurable. For the purpose of this study an involved nodal lesion should be at least 1.5 cm in the longest diameter, while extra-nodal lymphoma lesions should have their longest diameter >= 1.0 cm
• Lymphoma cells need to be CD19 positive. In case of previous therapy with an anti-CD19 agent (including but not limited to blinatumomab, tafasitamab, loncastuximab tesirine), a new biopsy should be performed to confirm CD19 positivity
• The performance status of the patient as measured by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance scale should be 0 - 2 (ECOG performance score [PS]: 0-2)
• Only adult patients will be eligible (patient age >18 years old)
• Creatinine ≤ 2 mg/dl or creatinine clearance (as measured by the Cockcroft-Gault equation) of 30 mL/min or better
• Unless the patient has a known Gilbert syndrome, the total Bilirubin should be less than 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) * The only exception to this rule is lymphoma infiltration of the liver where values of total bilirubin up to 3 x ULN will be allowed after communication with the principal investigator (P.I. or his/her designee)
• Both the transaminases (alanine aminotransferase [ALT] and aspartate aminotransferase [AST]) should be less than 5 x ULN * The only exception to this rule is lymphoma infiltration of the liver where values of transaminases up to 10 x ULN will be allowed after communication with the Principal Investigator (P.I. or his/her designee)
• The ejection fraction of the left ventricle as it is estimated on the echocardiogram (preferably) or on the multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan should be at least 45% (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] >= 45%)
• The oxygen saturation of oxyhemoglobin on room air as measured by pulse oximetry should be at least 94% (oxygen [O2] saturation [Sat] >= 92%). If a technical problem (artifact) is suspected on pulse oximetry, arterial blood gases will be obtained for more accurate measurement
• Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1000/microliter (on the day of screening and assuming there will be no other than the protocol therapy)
• Hemoglobin (Hg) ≥ 8 grams/ deciliter (on the day of screening and assuming there will be no other than the protocol therapy)
• Absolute lymphocyte count ≥ 250/microliter (on the day of screening and assuming there will be no other than the protocol therapy)
• Platelet count ≥ 75,000/microliter (on the day of screening and assuming there will be no other than the protocol therapy)
• Patient should not have a transfusion of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) or platelets or receive erythropoietin analogues thrombopoietin receptor agonist (Tpo-mimetic), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) for at least 5 days before the official determination of eligibility takes place
• Patient should sign an informed consent and be willing to comply with the anticipated labs and clinic visits and should be willing to be hospitalized and undergo the required invasive procedures as directed by the treating Investigator
• Female subjects should have a negative serum pregnancy test, unless they confirm their menopausal status and/or have undergone previous hysterectomy and/or oophorectomy
• Both men and women with childbearing potential should agree to use effective contraception for the duration of the treatment and for at least 1 year after the last treatment since medications (e.g. cyclophosphamide) that will be used in the protocol can be harmful for the embryo

Exclusion Criteria

• Patients with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) + DLBCL, plasmablastic lymphoma, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) related B cell lymphoproliferative disorders including primary effusion lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)+ large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), intravascular large B cell lymphomas, DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, primary DLBCL of the central nervous system (CNS) and T cell histiocyte rich LBCL will not be allowed because of different biology, frequent lack of CD19, difficulty in interpreting toxicity (as in the case of primary CNS lymphoma) or some preliminary discouraging results with CAR-T as in the case of T-cell, histiocyte-rich large B cell lymphoma and Richter transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Primary CNS lymphoma or active secondary CNS involvement by lymphoma. Previous CNS involvement is not an exclusion
• CNS disorder that in the judgement of the investigator may limit the ability to evaluate neurotoxicity. Such conditions include but not limited to: * Demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis * History of ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke in the last 2 years * Neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer and Parkinson * Cerebral edema or hydrocephalus of any cause
• Invasive sarcoma or carcinoma in the last 3 years, except from localized basal or squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, or cervical carcinoma in situ. Localized Gleason < 7, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < 10 prostatic adenocarcinoma T1-2N0M0 under active surveillance is allowed
• Myocardial infarction or unstable angina or coronary revascularization within 6 months of protocol enrollment is not allowed. Stable angina that requires nitrates for pain relief is not allowed either because of concerns of hypotension during the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) period
• Systemic hypertension that is not controlled with maximum three antihypertensives to a level of < 160/100 precludes enrollment
• Uncontrolled invasive fungal, bacterial, viral or other infection, including fungal pneumonia, fungal sinusitis or fungal encephalitis are not allowed and should be resolved completely before enrollment. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia > 200 copies/microliter or EBV viremia > 1000 copies/microliter are not allowed unless treated completely in the case of CMV viremia and the patient then is placed on prophylactic letermovir
• Patients with history of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS)/hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and patients with known or suspected chronic active Epstein Barr Virus infection (CAEBV).
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positivity is allowed as long as the viral load of HIV-1 is less than 200 copies/microliter the last 3 months and the patient continue at least 3 antiretroviral agents during therapy
• Chronic hepatitis B should have been controlled to hepatitis B virus (HBV) viral load < 200 copies/microliter and patients with chronic hepatitis B or even with just history of exposure to hepatitis B (hepatitis B core antibody positive but surface antigen negative) should be on suppressive therapy with entecavir, lamivudine or equivalent
• Patients with hepatitis C and clearance of the virus with previous therapy are allowed as long as they do not suffer from chronic liver dysfunction. Patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal hepatic function should be cleared by a Hepatologist before inclusion and at least an elastogram and an ultrasound should be performed to rule out (r/o) well-compensated cirrhosis
• Autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, severe psoriasis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma with pulmonary involvement, polymyositis, systemic vasculitis and inflammatory bowel disease requiring treatment with more than oral budesonide or nonacetylated salicylates are not allowed. Similarly, pneumonitis, including cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, bronchiolitis obliterans or eosinophilic pneumonias or sarcoidosis affecting the lung parenchyma are not allowed. Guillain Barre, autoimmune hepatitis and autoimmune encephalitis as well as glomerulonephritis with nephrotic or nephritic syndrome are not allowed. Addison is allowed but prednisone daily dose should be less than 10 mg/day. Hashimoto thyroiditis is allowed as long as the patient has well controlled thyroid function with supplemental levothyroxine. Grave’s disease has to be in excellent control with previous surgery or radioiodine or with methimazole with or without beta blockers but not glucocorticosteroids and patients will need endocrinology consultation before the enrollment
• Other causes of congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies other than common variable immunodeficiency or immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency are not allowed
• External drains including pericardial, pleural, peritoneal, external biliary drains or nephrostomies are not allowed
• Use of prednisone for any reason should not be > 10 mg/day. All other systemic immunosuppressive agents are not allowed
• Any biologic agent interfering with the immune system function not allowed within 21 days of the first dose of mosunetuzumab. Cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiation is not allowed within 14 days or 5 half lives, whichever is shorter, of the first mosunetuzumab administration. If temporary control of the lymphoma is required, only dexamethasone 20 mg/day for up to 5 days before the first administration of mosunetuzumab is allowed. Prior polatuzumab is allowed but cannot be given within 3 months of enrollment
• Patient should not have anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies that make them refractory to platelets transfusions
• Non catheter- related deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism that happened less than 3 months before protocol enrollment are not allowed. Anti-coagulation should be stopped for thrombocytopenia as per institutional guidelines
• Any cardiac disease in addition to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 45% that gives symptoms of heart failure (diastolic dysfunction or valvular abnormalities or dysrhythmias) and makes the patient belong to New York Heart Association (NYHA) II-IV functional group, automatically makes the patient ineligible
• Previous anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy is not allowed
• Uncontrolled psychosis or cognitive impairment that makes the patient unable to make informed decisions preclude participation
• Previous solid organ transplantation precludes participation