Pembrolizumab, Olaparib and Temozolomide for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma

Inclusion Criteria

• Participants must be able to understand and willing to sign a written informed consent document.
• Participants must be able to adhere to the dosing and visit schedules and agree to record medication times accurately and consistently in a daily diary.
• Participants must be at least 18 years old on day of signing informed consent.
• Women of childbearing potential are eligible to participate if they are not pregnant or breastfeeding.
• Participants must have a Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) >= 70 and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status =< 1.
• Participants must be able to swallow oral medications.
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Participants must have histologically World Health Organization (WHO) Grade 4 IDH-wildtype glioblastoma. Per the 2021 WHO Classification of CNS Tumors, 5th ed, this diagnosis is inclusive of IDH-wildtype diffuse glioma with molecular features of glioblastoma (EGFR amplification, TERT promoter mutation, or concurrent gain of Chromosome 7 and loss of Chromosome 10), even in the absence of histopathologic high-grade features. IDH mutational status can be established via immunohistochemistry and/or next-generation sequencing
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Participants must be at first or second relapse of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). First relapse is defined as progression following initial therapy and second relapse is progression following second therapy. The intent therefore is that patients had no more than 2 prior therapies (i.e. radiation +/- chemotherapy if that was used as initial therapy and one additional therapy for first recurrence). If the patient had a surgical resection for relapsed disease and no anti-cancer therapy was instituted for up to 12 weeks, and the patient undergoes another surgical resection, this is considered to constitute 1 relapse.
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Participants must have shown unequivocal evidence for tumor progression by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan per modified RANO criteria. * Please submit a copy of patient’s screening MRI to the Dana Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) Neuro Oncology Cancer (NOC) Coordinating Center for prospective sponsor confirmation of tumor progression
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: MRI should be obtained within 14 days prior to study registration.
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Confirmation of availability of sufficient tissue from a prior surgery demonstrating glioblastoma for correlative studies is required prior to enrollment. * Cohort 1: 15 unstained formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) sections (10 micrometer thickness, if possible; standard 5 micrometer thickness is acceptable) * Cohort 2: 1 (FFPE) block (preferred) OR 24 unstained FFPE sections (standard 5 micrometer thickness) NOTES: * If the above-mentioned tissue is not available from the most recent surgery revealing GBM, participants may be enrolled with tissue available from any prior surgery revealing GBM with prospective approval from the Principal Investigator. * If the participant’s slides have been reviewed on a previous study and there has been no interim surgery or biopsy, slides do not need to be re-submitted for histologic confirmation. The site must submit a copy of the previous submission forms with the review results to the central office as documentation for the new study.
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Cohort 2 patients only: Surgically resectable disease at progression. * There must be > 2cm^3 enhancing tissue available for resection and submission for study correlatives as determined by local treating team * We strongly encourage teams to confirm sufficient tumor availability for study correlatives with Neurosurgery whenever feasible
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: An interval of at least 12 weeks from the completion of radiation therapy to start of study drug unless there is unequivocal histologic confirmation of tumor progression
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: Participants must have recovered to grade 0 or 1 or pre-treatment baseline from clinically significant toxic effects of prior therapy (including but not limited to exceptions of alopecia, laboratory values listed per inclusion criteria, and lymphopenia which is common after therapy with temozolomide).
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: An interval of at least 4 weeks (to registration) between prior surgical resection or one week for stereotactic biopsy.
• NATURE OF ILLNESS AND TREATMENT HISTORY: From registration the following time periods must have elapsed (some previous therapies are exclusionary): * 4 weeks or 5 half-lives (whichever is shorter) from any investigational agent; * 4 weeks from cytotoxic therapy (except 23 days for temozolomide; 6 weeks from nitrosoureas); * 4 weeks or 5 half-lives (whichever is shorter) from antibodies; * 4 weeks or 5 half-lives (whichever is shorter) from other anti-tumor therapies * No washout required for tumor treating fields.
• CLINICAL LABS: Leukocytes >= 3,000/uL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1,500/uL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Platelet count >= 100,000/uL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Absolute Lymphocyte Count >= 500/uL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Hemoglobin >= 9.0 g/dL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and alanine transaminase (ALT) serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) =< 2.5 x institution’s upper limit of normal (ULN) (or =< 5 X institutional ULN for subjects with Gilbert's syndrome) (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Serum bilirubin =< 1.5 x institution’s ULN or direct bilirubin =< institutional ULN for subjects with total bilirubin levels > 1.5 institutional ULN (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Serum creatinine =< 1.5 x institution’s ULN or calculated 24-hour creatinine clearance > 50 mL/min (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Serum albumin >= 2.5 g/dL (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: international normalized ratio (INR) =< 1.5 X institutional ULN (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• CLINICAL LABS: Partial thromboplastin time (PTT) =< institution’s ULN, unless receiving therapeutic low molecular weight heparin or oral factor Xa inhibitors (Should be performed within 10 days prior to the first dose of the study intervention)
• OTHER ILLNESS: History of known additional malignancy that is progressing or requires active treatment. Those patients whose natural history or treatment does not have the potential to interfere with the safety or efficacy assessment of the investigational regimen will be eligible including, but not limited to, basal cell carcinoma of the skin, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, localized prostate cancer not requiring treatment, or in situ cervical cancer that has undergone potentially curative therapy.
• PREGNANCY AND REPRODUCTION: Olaparib has been shows to be teratogenic in rats. The effects of pembrolizumab on the developing human fetus are unknown. For this reason: * Female participants: ** A female patient is eligible to participate if she is not pregnant, not breastfeeding, and at least 1 of the following conditions applies: *** Not a woman of childbearing potential (WOCBP) OR *** A WOCBP who agrees to follow the contraceptive guidance during the treatment period and for at least 120 days after the last dose of study intervention, corresponding to time needed to eliminate any study intervention(s) (ie, olaparib) plus 30 days (a menstruation cycle) for study interventions with risk of genotoxicity ** Women of child-bearing potential (WOCBP) must have a negative serum or urine beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) pregnancy test within 7 days prior to first dose of olaparib and/or pembrolizumab. (NOTE: Pregnancy test will be repeated within 72 hours prior to Day 1 drug if original screening pregnancy test is not within 72 hours of Day 1 drug.) * Male Participants: A male patient must agree to use contraception during the treatment period and for at least 180 days, corresponding to time needed to eliminate any study intervention(s) (ie, olaparib) plus a spermatogenesis cycle, after the last dose of study intervention and refrain from donating sperm during this period.

Exclusion Criteria

• PATHOLOGY: Prior evidence of 1p/19q co-deletion.
• PATHOLOGY: IDH mutation by immunohistochemistry or by sequencing.
• PATHOLOGY: Tumor primarily localized to the brainstem or spinal cord.
• PATHOLOGY: Presence of diffuse leptomeningeal disease or extracranial disease.
• PREVIOUS THERAPIES: Participants who have received prior treatment with a PARP inhibitor (e.g. olaparib, niraparib).
• PREVIOUS THERAPIES: Participants who have received anti-VEGF targeted agents (e.g. bevacizumab, cediranib, aflibercept, vandetanib, cabozantinib, sunitinib etc.).
• PREVIOUS THERAPIES: Participants who have received prior therapy with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, anti-CD137, or anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) antibody (including ipilimumab or any other antibody or drug specifically targeting T-cell co-stimulation or checkpoint pathways).
• PREVIOUS THERAPIES: Participants who have received prior viral therapy or vaccines for glioblastoma.
• PREVIOUS THERAPIES: Participant received colony-stimulating factors (e.g., granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF0], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF] or recombinant erythropoietin) within 28 days prior to the first dose of study intervention.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Participants requiring treatment with high dose systemic corticosteroids defined as dexamethasone > 2 mg/day or bioequivalent for at least 3 consecutive days within 2 weeks of start of study drug.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Participants who have received systemic immunosuppressive treatments, aside from systemic corticosteroids (such as methotrexate, chloroquine, azathioprine, etc.) within six months of start of study drug.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Participants taking an enzyme-inducing anti-epileptic drug (EIAED): phenobarbital, phenytoin, fosphenytoin, primidone, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, rufinamide, and felbamate. Participants must be off any EIAEDs for at least 14 days prior to starting study drug. Among non-EIAED, caution is recommended with use of valproic acid due to potential for drug interaction.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Participants taking a drug known to be a strong inhibitor or inducer of isoenzyme CYP3A. Participant must be off CYP3A inhibitors and inducers for at least 7 days prior to starting study drug. NOTE: participants must avoid consumption of Seville oranges (and juice), grapefruits or grapefruit juice, grapefruit hybrids, pummelos and exotic citrus fruits from 7 days prior to the first dose of study drug and during the entire study treatment period due to potential CYP3A4 interaction.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Participants receiving any other investigational agents.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Current use of herbal preparations/medications, including but not limited to: Cannabinoids, St. John’s wort (tablet or tea), Kava, ephedra (ma huang), gingko biloba, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), yohimbe, saw palmetto, ginseng. Participants should stop using these herbal medications 7 days prior to first dose of study drug.
• CONCOMITANT MEDICATIONS: Current use of warfarin sodium or any other coumadin-derivative anticoagulant. Participants must be off Coumadin-derivative anticoagulants for at least 7 days prior to starting study drug. Low molecular weight heparin and Factor Xa inhibitors are allowed.
• OTHER ILLNESS: History of allergic reactions attributed to compounds of similar chemical or biologic composition to olaparib, temozolomide and/or pembrolizumab.
• OTHER ILLNESS: History of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)/acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or with features suggestive of MDS/AML.
• OTHER ILLNESS: History of intratumoral or peritumoral hemorrhage if deemed significant by the treating investigator. If there are questions, the treating investigator should contact the study Principal Investigator, Nicolas Gonzalez Castro, MD, PhD, at 617-632-2166
• OTHER ILLNESS: Uncontrolled intercurrent illness including, but not limited to ongoing or active infection, chronic liver disease (e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis), chronic renal disease, pancreatitis, chronic pulmonary disease, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements. Subjects must be free of any clinically relevant disease (other than glioma) that would, in the treating investigator’s opinion, interfere with the conduct of the study or study evaluations.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant has an active infection requiring systemic therapy and/or known viral infection (for example, human immunodeficiency virus antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis C antibodies).
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant with a known history of active TB (Bacillus Tuberculosis).
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant with a diagnosis of immunodeficiency, including a known history of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant with active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e. with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Has known psychiatric or substance abuse disorders that would interfere with cooperation with the requirements of the trial.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participants who have received a live vaccine within 30 days prior to start of study treatment. Examples of live vaccines include, but are not limited to, the following: measles, mumps, rubella, varicella/zoster, yellow fever, rabies, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and typhoid vaccine. Note: Seasonal influenza vaccines for injection are generally inactivated flu vaccines and are allowed; however intranasal influenza vaccines (e.g., Flu-Mist) are live attenuated vaccines, and are not allowed.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participants with diarrhea >= Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grade 2.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant has active cardiac disease including any of the following: * Angina pectoris that requires the use of anti-anginal medications * Ventricular arrhythmias except for benign premature ventricular contractions. * Supraventricular and nodal arrhythmias requiring a pacemaker or not controlled with medication * Conduction abnormality requiring a pacemaker * Valvular disease with document compromise in cardiac function * Symptomatic pericarditis * Unstable ischemia * Corrected QT interval (QTc) prolongation > 500 ms (calculated via the Fridericia formula) * Electrolyte disturbances
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participant has a history of cardiac dysfunction including any of the following: * Myocardial infarction within the last 6 months prior to start of study drug, documents by persistent elevated cardiac enzymes or persistent regional wall abnormalities on assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) function * History of documented congestive heart failure (New York Heart Association functional classification III-IV) * Documented cardiomyopathy * Congenital long QT syndrome
• OTHER ILLNESS: Impairment of gastrointestinal (GI) function or GI disease that may significantly alter the absorption of olaparib and temozolomide (e.g., ulcerative diseases, uncontrolled nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, or extensive small bowel resection). Participants with unresolved diarrhea >= CTCAE grade 2 will be excluded as previously indicated.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participants who have undergone major systemic surgery < 4 weeks prior to starting study drug or who have not recovered from side effects of such therapy.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participants who are pregnant or breastfeeding.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Participants with history of known coagulopathy that increases risk of bleeding or a history of clinically significant hemorrhage within 12 months of start of study drug or gastrointestinal bleeding or any other hemorrhage/bleeding event CTCAE Grade > 3 within 6 months of start of study drug.
• OTHER ILLNESS: Has known history of, or any evidence of, active non-infectious pneumonitis.