Zanzalintinib in Combination with Oral Etoposide for the Treatment of Relapsed and Refractory Metastatic Germ Cell Tumors

Inclusion Criteria

• SAFETY LEAD-IN COHORT: Histological or serological evidence of incurable, refractory or relapsed metastatic germ cell tumor, including seminoma, non-seminoma, and women with ovarian GCTs
• SAFETY LEAD-IN COHORT: Must have received initial cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy AND demonstrated progression following at least one salvage regimen for advanced germ-cell neoplasm and now considered incurable with standard therapies, including further chemotherapy or surgery * “Progression” of prior therapy is defined as: ** A > 25% increase in the products of the perpendicular diameters of measurable tumor masses during prior therapy which are not amenable to surgical resection ** The presence of new tumors that are not amenable to surgical resection ** An increase in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) or beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) (two separate determinations at least one week apart are required if rising tumor markers are the only evidence of failure) * NOTE: Patients with clinically growing teratoma (normal declining tumor markers and radiographic or clinical progression) should be considered for surgery
• SAFETY LEAD-IN COHORT: Subjects with relapsed primary mediastinal non-seminomatous germ-cell tumor (PMNSGCT) or late relapse (> 2 years) not amenable to resection are eligible if they have received first line platinum-based chemotherapy and are deemed not amenable to surgical resection
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Histological or serological evidence of non-seminomatous GCT
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Relapsed disease after first-line cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Completed salvage treatment with HDCT and PBSCT for 2 tandem cycles per institutional guidelines
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: HDCT must have been used as the initial salvage chemotherapy regimen (2nd line therapy) * Note: 1 or 2 cycles of standard course regimens prior to HDCT are acceptable (regimens including VeIP [vinblastine+ifosfamide+cisplatin] or TIP [paclitaxel+ifosfamide+cisplatin] or PVB [cisplatin+vinblastine+bleomycin])
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Normal or declining tumor markers (AFP and hCG) at time of screening per discretion of treating physician. Patients need to be considered disease free with no known active residual GCT
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Last dose of HDCT must be ≤ 16 weeks from study registration
• PATIENTS AFTER SAFETY LEAD-IN: Women with ovarian germ cell tumors are eligible
• ALL PATIENTS: Written informed consent and Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) authorization for release of personal health information
• ALL PATIENTS: Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements
• ALL PATIENTS: Age ≥ 18 years at the time of consent
• ALL PATIENTS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 within 28 days of study registration
• ALL PATIENTS: Adverse events from prior therapy recovered to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version (v) 5.0 grade ≤ 2 at time of registration unless adverse events (AE[s]) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy (eg, physiological replacement of corticosteroid)
• ALL PATIENTS: Hemoglobin ≥ 9 g/dL (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: White blood cell (WBC) ≥ 2500/uL (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Absolute neutrophil count ≥ 1500/mm^3 (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Platelet count ≥ 100,000/mm^3 (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Total bilirubin ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal (ULN) except patients with documented Gilbert's syndrome (≤ 3 x ULN) (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ≤ 3 x ULN (within 14 days prior to registration) * For patients with hepatic metastases, ALT and AST ≤ 5 x ULN * For subjects with documented bone metastasis ALP ≤ 5 x ULN
• ALL PATIENTS: Serum albumin ≥ 2.8g/dL (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Prothrombin time (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test ≤ 1.5 x upper limit of normal and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) ≤ 1.2 x upper limit or normal (ULN) (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Calculated creatinine clearance ≥ 50 mL/min (≥ 0.67 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft Gault equation (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) ≤ 1 mg/mg (≤ 113.2 mg/mmol) creatinine (within 14 days prior to registration)
• ALL PATIENTS: Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use highly effective method of contraception during the course of the study and for the following durations after the last dose of treatment (whichever is later). An additional contraceptive method, such as a barrier method (eg, condom), is required. In addition, men must agree not to donate sperm and women must agree not to donate eggs (ova, oocyte) for the purpose of reproduction during these same periods * Through 186 days after the last dose of zanzalintinib for women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) or through 96 days after the last dose of zanzalintinib for men, * Through 180 days after the last dose of etoposide for women of childbearing potential (WOCBP) and 120 days after the last dose of etoposide for men
• ALL PATIENTS: Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential, and will need a negative pregnancy test, unless one of the following criteria is met: 1. permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or 2. documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating hormone [FSH] level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause) * Note: Documentation may include review of medical records, medical examination, or medical history interview by study site staff

Exclusion Criteria

• SAFETY LEAD-IN COHORT: Patients who have not received ≥ 1 salvage treatment regimens or have further potentially curative treatment options
• PATIENTS AFTER THE SAFETY LEAD-IN: Relapsed pure seminoma
• PATIENTS AFTER THE SAFETY LEAD-IN: Rising tumor markers (AFP and hCG) at time of screening per discretion of treating physician
• PATIENTS AFTER THE SAFETY LEAD-IN: Patients who completed 2nd cycle of HDCT (time since last dose of HDCT) > 16 weeks ago
• ALL PATIENTS: Prior treatment with zanzalintinib
• ALL PATIENTS: Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, small molecule kinase inhibitor, biologic, investigational, or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• ALL PATIENTS: Radiation therapy for bone metastasis within 2 weeks, any other radiation therapy within 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior radiation therapy are not eligible
• ALL PATIENTS: Prior hypersensitivity to etoposide which did not recover with supportive care
• ALL PATIENTS: Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks before first dose of study treatment * Note: Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of enrollment. Base of skull lesions without definitive evidence of dural or brain parenchymal involvement are allowed
• ALL PATIENTS: Concomitant anticoagulation with oral anticoagulants (eg, warfarin, direct thrombin inhibitors) and platelet inhibitors (eg, clopidogrel). Note: Subjects must have discontinued oral anticoagulants within 3 days or 5 half-lives prior to first dose of study treatment, whichever is longer * Allowed anticoagulants are the following: ** Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) ** Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen
• ALL PATIENTS: Prior active malignancy is NOT allowed except for adequately treated basal cell or squamous cell skin cancer, in situ cervical, breast, or prostate cancer, superficial bladder cancer, Gleason < grade 7 and ≤ T2N0M0 prostate cancers, or other cancer for which the subject has been disease-free for at least three years or at discretion of treating physician
• ALL PATIENTS: History of psychiatric illness or social situations that would limit compliance with study requirements
• ALL PATIENTS: The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions: * Unstable or deteriorating cardiovascular disorders: ** Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association class 3 or 4, class 2 or higher, unstable angina pectoris, new onset angina, serious cardiac arrhythmias (eg, ventricular flutter, ventricular fibrillation, Torsades de pointes), unstable or deteriorating cardiovascular disorders ** Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment ** Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment
• ALL PATIENTS: Pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or prior clinically significant venous events within 6 months before first dose of study treatment * Note: Subjects with a diagnosis of DVT within 6 months are allowed if asymptomatic and stable at screening and are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen * Note: Subjects who don’t require prior anticoagulation therapy may be eligible but must be discussed and approved by the principal investigator
• ALL PATIENTS: Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation: * Tumors invading the GI-tract from external viscera * Active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease, diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, or acute pancreatitis * Acute obstruction of the bowel, gastric outlet, or pancreatic or biliary duct within 6 months before the first dose unless cause of obstruction is definitively managed and subject is asymptomatic * Abdominal fistula, gastrointestinal perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose ** Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment * Known gastric or esophageal varices * Ascites, pleural effusion, or pericardial fluid requiring drainage in the last 4 weeks
• ALL PATIENTS: Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• ALL PATIENTS: Symptomatic cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation (asymptomatic or radiated lesions allowed)
• ALL PATIENTS: Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels including, but not limited to, inferior vena cava, pulmonary artery, or aorta * Note: Subjects with intravascular tumor extension (eg, tumor thrombus in renal vein or inferior vena [V.] cava) may be eligible following principal investigator approval
• ALL PATIENTS: Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation * Active infection requiring systemic treatment. Note: Prophylactic antimicrobial treatments (antibiotics, antimycotic, antiviral) are allowed * Known infection with acute or chronic hepatitis B or C, known human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illness except for subjects meeting all of the following criteria: (1) on stable anti-retroviral therapy; (2) CD4+ T cell count ≥ 200/µL; and (3) an undetectable viral load ** Note: HIV testing will be performed at screening if and as required by local regulation ** Note: To be eligible, participants taking CYP inhibitors (eg, zidovudine, ritonavir, cobicistat, didanosine) or CYP3 inducers (efavirenz) must change to a different regimen not including these drugs 7 days prior to initiation of study treatment. Anti-retroviral therapies (ART) must have been received for at least 4 weeks prior to the first dose ** Note: CD4+ T cell counts, and viral load are monitored per standard of care by the local health care provider * Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture ** Note: non-healing wounds or ulcers are permitted if due to tumor-associated skin lesions * Malabsorption syndrome * Pharmacologically uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism * Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) * Requirement for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis * History of solid organ or allogeneic stem cell transplant
• ALL PATIENTS: Major surgery (eg GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 8 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Prior laparascopic surgeries (ie, nephrectomy) within 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment. Minor surgery (eg, simple excision, tooth extraction) within 5 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible * Note: Fresh tumor biopsies should be performed at least 5 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgical procedures, including biopsies, are not eligible
• ALL PATIENTS: Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 480 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days of study registration * Note: If a single electrocardiogram (ECG) shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility
• ALL PATIENTS: Pregnant or lactating females
• ALL PATIENTS: Inability to swallow tablets or ingest a suspension either orally or by a nasogastric (NG) or gastrostomy (PEG) tube
• ALL PATIENTS: Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations
• ALL PATIENTS: Prior history of myocarditis
• ALL PATIENTS: Any complementary medications (eg, herbal supplements or traditional Chinese medicines) to treat the disease under study within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment
• ALL PATIENTS: Other conditions, which in the opinion of the investigator, would compromise the safety of the patient or the patient’s ability to complete the study