Pembrolizumab plus Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound-Induced Microbubble Cavitation for the Treatment of Recurrent or Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancer

Inclusion Criteria

• Pathologically confirmed, human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative, R/M HNSCC per American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 8th Edition Staging Criteria, with combined positive score (CPS) score > 1
• The target lesion is ultrasound-accessible, biopsy-accessible, and measurable in at least one dimension, based on Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1 (RECISTv1.1) criteria
• Male or female, aged >= 18 years of age
• Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0-2
• Must have a life expectancy of at least 6 months as judged by the treating physician
• Absolute neutrophil count 1500/μl or more
• Platelets 100,000/μl or more
• Hemoglobin 8 g/dl or more
• Bilirubin less than or equal to 1.5 x the upper limit of normal (except subjects with Gilbert syndrome, who can have total bilirubin < 3 mg/dl)
• Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) less than or equal to 2.5 x the upper limit of normal
• Women of reproductive potential should have a negative serum or urine pregnancy test (minimum sensitivity 25 IU/L or equivalent units of human chorionic gonadotropin [HCG]), which must also be confirmed as negative within 28 days of the start of study drugs
• Women of reproductive potential must use highly effective contraception methods to avoid pregnancy for 90 days after the last dose of study drugs. “Women of reproductive potential” is defined as any female who has experienced menarche and who has not undergone surgical sterilization (hysterectomy, tubal ligation, or bilateral oophorectomy) or who is not postmenopausal. Menopause is defined clinically as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman over 45 in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, women under the age of 55 must have a documented serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) level less than 40 mIU/mL
• Men of reproductive potential who are sexually active with women of reproductive potential must use any contraceptive method with a failure rate of less than 1% per year. Men who are receiving the study medications will be instructed to adhere to contraception for 90 days after the last dose of study drugs. Men who are azoospermic do not require contraception
• Informed Consent: All subjects must be able to comprehend and sign a written informed consent document

Exclusion Criteria

• Patients with HPV-positive or p16-positive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
• Prior treatment with an anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, anti-PD-L2, anti-CD137, or anti-CTLA-4 antibody
• Any history of allergy to the study drug components, including to polyethylene-glycol or medications containing polyethylene glycol
• Patients with the following cardiac conditions or history: * Patients with a known history of anatomic right-to-left, bi-directional, or transient right-to-left cardiac shunts * Patients with New York Heart Association Functional Classification (NYHA) class III or greater heart failure, unstable anginal syndrome, or experiencing active chest pain * Uncontrolled arterial hypertension (defined as systolic blood pressure >= 200 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >= 110 mmHg) or arterial hypotension (defined as systolic blood pressure =< 90 mmHg) * Patients who have experienced a ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) within the last 6 months * Corrected QT (QTc) > 500 as determined by Fridericia correction * Patients with a history of ventricular arrhythmia that has not been corrected by placement of a permanent pacemaker (PPM) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
• Any concurrent malignancies: exceptions include- cutaneous basal cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, melanoma in situ, squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of a secondary location, superficial bladder cancer or in situ cervical cancer that has undergone potentially curative therapy. Patients with a history of other prior malignancy must have been treated with curative intent and must have remained disease-free for 2 years post-diagnosis
• Any unresolved toxicity Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 5.0 (CTCAEv5.0) grade ≥ 2 from previous anticancer therapy with the exception of alopecia, vitiligo, and the laboratory values defined in the inclusion criteria. Patients with grade ≥ 2 neuropathy will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis after consultation with the study physician. Patients with irreversible toxicity not reasonably expected to be exacerbated by treatment with anti-PD-1 therapy may be included only after consultation with the study physician
• Any subjects with a condition requiring systemic treatment with either corticosteroids (> 10 mg daily prednisone equivalents) or other immunosuppressive medications within 28 days of study drug administration., or a prior history of allogenic organ transplantation
• Any active autoimmune disease that has required systemic treatment in the past 2 years (i.e., with use of disease modifying agents, corticosteroids, or immunosuppressive drugs). Replacement therapy (e.g., thyroxine, insulin, or physiologic corticosteroid replacement therapy for adrenal or pituitary insufficiency, etc.) is not considered a form of systemic treatment
• Patients must not be receiving any other investigational agents; must not have participated in a study of an investigational agent or be using an investigational device within 4 weeks of the first dose of pembrolizumab plus Definity
• Receipt of a live attenuated vaccine within 30 days prior to the first dose of drug on trial
• Uncontrolled intercurrent illness, including but not limited to, ongoing or active infection, symptomatic congestive heart failure, uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmia, interstitial lung disease, serious chronic gastrointestinal conditions associated with diarrhea, or psychiatric illness/social situations that would limit compliance with study requirement, substantially increase risk of incurring adverse events (AEs) or compromise the ability of the patient to give written informed consent
• Patients must not be pregnant or breastfeeding
• Active infection including tuberculosis (clinical evaluation that includes clinical history, physical examination and radiographic findings, and tuberculosis [TB] testing in line with local practice), hepatitis B (known positive hepatitis B virus [HBV] surface antigen [HBsAg] result), hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus (positive HIV 1/2 antibodies). Patients with a past or resolved HBV infection (defined as the presence of hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc] and absence of HBsAg) are eligible. Patients positive for hepatitis C (HCV) antibody are eligible only if polymerase chain reaction is negative for hepatitis C virus ribonucleic acid (HCVRNA)
• Any untreated metastasis(es) to the brain that may be considered active
• History of pneumonitis within the past 5 years