Testicular Cancer Diagnosis & Prognosis

In addition to asking about your personal and family health history and doing a physical exam, your doctor may perform the following tests and procedures:

• Physical exam of the testes: An exam in which a doctor checks for lumps, swelling, or pain in the testicles.
• Ultrasound exam of the testes: A procedure in which high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) are bounced off internal tissues or organs and make echoes. The echoes form a picture of body tissues called a sonogram.
• Serum tumor marker test: A procedure in which a sample of blood is examined to measure the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs, tissues, or tumor cells in the body. Certain substances are linked to specific types of cancer when found in increased levels in the blood. These are called tumor markers. The following tumor markers are used to detect testicular cancer:
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP).
  • Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG).

Tumor marker levels are measured before inguinal orchiectomy and biopsy, to help diagnose testicular cancer.

• Inguinal orchiectomy: A procedure to remove the entire testicle through an incision in the groin. A tissue sample from the testicle is then viewed under a microscope to check for cancer cells. (The surgeon does not cut through the scrotum into the testicle to remove a sample of tissue for biopsy, because if cancer is present, this procedure could cause it to spread into the scrotum and lymph nodes. It's important to choose a surgeon who has experience with this kind of surgery.) If cancer is found, the cell type (seminoma or nonseminoma) is determined in order to help plan treatment.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options. The prognosis and treatment options depend on the following:

• Stage of the cancer (whether it is in or near the testicle or has spread to other places in the body, and blood levels of AFP, beta-hCG, and LDH).
• Type of cancer.
• Size of the tumor.
• Number and size of retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

Testicular cancer can usually be cured in patients who receive adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy after their primary treatment. 

Testicular tumors are divided into three groups, based on how well the tumors are expected to respond to treatment:

Good prognosis

For nonseminoma, all of the following must be true:

• The tumor is found only in the testicle or in the retroperitoneum (area outside or behind the abdominal wall); and
• The tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs; and
• The levels of all the tumor markers are slightly above normal.

For seminoma, all of the following must be true:

• The tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs; and
• The level of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is normal. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) may be at any level.

Intermediate prognosis

For nonseminoma, all of the following must be true:

• The tumor is found in one testicle only or in the retroperitoneum (area outside or behind the abdominal wall); and
• The tumor has not spread to organs other than the lungs; and
• The level of any one of the tumor markers is more than slightly above normal.

For seminoma, all of the following must be true:

• The tumor has spread to organs other than the lungs; and
• The level of AFP is normal. Beta-hCG and LDH may be at any level.

Poor prognosis

For nonseminoma, at least one of the following must be true:

• The tumor is in the center of the chest between the lungs; or
• The tumor has spread to organs other than the lungs; or
• The level of any one of the tumor markers is high.

There is no poor prognosis grouping for seminoma testicular tumors.