NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

395 results found for: R

R-CHOP: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone. Also called R-CHOP regimen.
R-CHOP regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), and prednisone. Also called R-CHOP.
R-CVP: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat indolent (slow-growing) non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. Also called R-CVP regimen.
R-CVP regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat indolent (slow-growing) non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone. Also called R-CVP.
R-EPOCH: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin). Also called EPOCH-R, EPOCH-R regimen, and R-EPOCH regimen.
R-EPOCH regimen: (... REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, etoposide phosphate, prednisone, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin hydrochloride (hydroxydaunorubicin). Also called EPOCH-R, EPOCH-R regimen, and R-EPOCH.
R-flurbiprofen: (… FLOOR-bih-PROH-fen); A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
R-ICE: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. Also called R-ICE regimen.
R-ICE regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs rituximab, ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. Also called R-ICE.
r-metHuSCF: A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood. It is being studied in the treatment of myelodysplasia. r-metHuSCF is a type of recombinant stem cell growth factor. Also called ancestim, recombinant human methionyl stem cell factor, and Stemgen.
r-tPA: A form of tissue plasminogen activator that is made in the laboratory. It helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of systemic thrombolytic agent. Also called Activase, Alteplase, and recombinant tissue plasminogen activator.
R101933: A substance that is being studied for its ability to make cancer cells respond to drugs to which they have become resistant. It belongs to the family of drugs called multidrug resistance inhibitors.
R115777: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and other types of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Also called tipifarnib and Zarnestra.
R1507: A human monoclonal antibody being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells. R1507 blocks the action of a protein needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor.
R788 sodium: (… SOH-dee-um); A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (a low blood platelet count) in adults with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) that did not get better with other treatment. ITP is a condition in which platelets are destroyed by the immune system. R788 sodium is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It blocks an enzyme called Syk, which may help keep the immune system from destroying platelets. R788 sodium is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called fostamatinib disodium, Syk kinase inhibitor R-935788, and Tavalisse.
rabies: (RAY-beez); A disease of the nervous system caused by the rabies virus. Rabies is marked by an increase in saliva production, abnormal behavior, and eventual paralysis and death.
race: A concept used to describe a group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features. They may also share similar social or cultural identities and ancestral backgrounds. There are many racial groups, and a person may belong to or identify with more than one group. Some diseases, such as cancer, may be more common in certain races than in others.
rachitis: (ray-KY-tis); A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they don’t have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or by not getting enough sunlight. In adults, this condition is called osteomalacia. Also called infantile rickets, juvenile rickets, and rickets.
racism: (RAY-sih-zum); The structures, policies, practices, beliefs, and behaviors in a society that create an unfair advantage for some people and unfair or harmful treatment of others based on their race or ethnic group. Racism affects the physical, social, and economic conditions of where people live, learn, work, and play, including access to health care services. It is a serious problem and can lead to poor health outcomes, such as higher rates of disease and death in certain racial and ethnic groups.
rAd/p53: A substance that has been studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. rAd/p53 is a weakened adenovirus that carries the p53 gene into tumor cells, causing them to die. It is a type of gene therapy. Also called ACN53, recombinant adenovirus-p53, and SCH-58500.
RAD001: A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, kidney cancer, and pancreatic, lung, and gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors. It is used under the brand name Afinitor to treat these cancers and to treat a type of benign kidney tumor called renal angiomyolipoma and a type of benign brain tumor called subependymal giant cell astrocytoma in patients who have tuberous sclerosis. RAD001 is also used under the brand name Afinitor Disperz to treat subependymal giant cell astrocytoma and certain types of seizures in patients who have tuberous sclerosis. It is also used under the brand name Zortress to keep the body from rejecting a kidney or liver transplant. RAD001 is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It blocks a protein involved in cell division, which may help keep abnormal cells, including cancer cells, from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. RAD001 also lowers the body’s immune response. It is a type of kinase inhibitor, a type of angiogenesis inhibitor, and a type of immunosuppressant. Also called everolimus.
radial scar: (RAY-dee-ul skar); A benign (not cancer) area of hardened tissue in the breast that looks like a scar when viewed under a microscope. Radial scars often occur in both breasts, and more than one lesion is usually present in each breast. They usually cannot be felt and do not cause symptoms but may look like breast cancer on a mammogram, especially if the lesions are large. A biopsy is usually needed to tell the difference between these lesions and breast cancer. Radial scars may slightly increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called complex sclerosing lesion.
radiation: (RAY-dee-AY-shun); Energy released in the form of particle or electromagnetic waves. Common sources of radiation include radon gas, cosmic rays from outer space, medical x-rays, and energy given off by a radioisotope (unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable). Radiation can damage cells. It is used to diagnose and treat some types of cancer.
radiation brachytherapy: (RAY-dee-AY-shun BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive implants, such as pellets, seeds, ribbons, wires, needles, balloons, or capsules, are placed in the body, directly into or near the tumor. The radiation is delivered through a flexible tube called a catheter or a larger device called an applicator. Radiation brachytherapy is often used to treat cancers of the head and neck, breast, cervix, prostate, and eye. Depending on the type of cancer and treatment plan, the implant may be kept in place for a few minutes, many days, or permanently. Also called brachytherapy and implant radiation therapy.
radiation cystitis: (RAY-dee-AY-shun sis-TY-tis); Inflammation of the lining of the bladder caused by radiation therapy to the pelvis, including the bladder. Symptoms include pain and a burning feeling while urinating, blood in the urine, feeling a need to urinate often or right away, being unable to control the flow of urine, bladder spasms, and pain in the pelvis. Some symptoms of radiation cystitis may go away after radiation therapy has ended, but others may continue over time.
radiation dermatitis: (RAY-dee-AY-shun DER-muh-TY-tis); A skin condition that is a common side effect of radiation therapy. The affected skin becomes painful, red, itchy, and blistered.
radiation enteritis: (RAY-dee-AY-shun EN-teh-RY-tis); Inflammation of the small intestine caused by radiation therapy to the abdomen, pelvis, or rectum. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and cramping, frequent bowel movements, watery or bloody diarrhea, fatty stools, and weight loss. Some of these symptoms may continue for a long time.
radiation fibrosis: (RAY-dee-AY-shun fy-BROH-sis); The formation of scar tissue as a result of radiation therapy.
radiation necrosis: (RAY-dee-AY-shun neh-KROH-sis); The death of healthy tissue caused by radiation therapy. Radiation necrosis is a side effect of radiation therapy given to kill cancer cells, and can occur after cancer treatment has ended.
radiation nurse: (RAY-dee-AY-shun nurs); A health professional who specializes in caring for people who are receiving radiation therapy.
radiation oncologist: (RAY-dee-AY-shun on-KAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in using radiation to treat cancer.
radiation physicist: (RAY-dee-AY-shun FIH-zih-sist); A person who makes sure that the radiation machine delivers the right amount of radiation to the correct site in the body. The physicist works with the radiation oncologist to choose the treatment schedule and dose that has the best chance of killing the most cancer cells.
radiation poisoning: (RAY-dee-AY-shun POY-zuh-ning); Serious illness caused by being exposed to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation poisoning usually occur right after exposure but they may happen over time, and they may come and go. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, bleeding, hair loss, swelling, itching, and redness of the skin, and other skin problems. Very large doses of radiation may cause death. Also called acute radiation sickness, acute radiation syndrome, radiation sickness, and radiation sickness syndrome.
radiation recall: (RAY-dee-AY-shun REE-kawl); An inflammatory reaction that can occur when certain anticancer drugs are given after radiation therapy. It usually affects the part of the body that received radiation, especially the skin. It can also affect the lungs, mouth, larynx, esophagus, other parts of the digestive tract, muscles, and the brain. On the skin, radiation recall may look like a severe sunburn and may blister, peel, and become red, swollen, and painful. If other areas of the body are affected, signs and symptoms will vary depending on the site of the radiation. Radiation recall can occur weeks, months, or years after radiation therapy has ended.
radiation sickness: (RAY-dee-AY-shun SIK-nes); Serious illness caused by being exposed to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation sickness usually occur right after exposure but they may happen over time, and they may come and go. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, bleeding, hair loss, swelling, itching, and redness of the skin, and other skin problems. Very large doses of radiation may cause death. Also called acute radiation sickness, acute radiation syndrome, radiation poisoning, and radiation sickness syndrome.
radiation sickness syndrome: (RAY-dee-AY-shun SIK-nes SIN-drome); Serious illness caused by being exposed to high doses of certain types of radiation, usually over a short period of time. Symptoms of radiation sickness syndrome usually occur right after exposure but they may happen over time, and they may come and go. Symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, bleeding, hair loss, swelling, itching, and redness of the skin, and other skin problems. Very large doses of radiation may cause death. Also called acute radiation sickness, acute radiation syndrome, radiation poisoning, and radiation sickness.
radiation surgery: (RAY-dee-AY-shun SER-juh-ree); A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called radiosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and stereotaxic radiosurgery.
radiation therapist: (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pist); A health professional who gives radiation treatment.
radiation therapy: (RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy). Systemic radiation therapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiotherapy.
radical cervicectomy: (RA-dih-kul SER-vih-SEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the vagina. Lymph nodes in the pelvis may also be removed. After the cervix is removed, the uterus is attached to the remaining part of the vagina. A special stitch or band is placed on the uterus to help keep the uterus closed during a pregnancy. Because the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are not removed, a radical cervicectomy may be done to treat a person with early-stage cervical cancer who wants to become pregnant in the future. Also called radical trachelectomy.
radical cystectomy: (RA-dih-kul sis-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove all of the bladder (the organ that holds urine) as well as nearby tissues and organs.
radical hysterectomy: (RA-dih-kul HIS-teh-REK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the uterus, cervix, part of the vagina, and a wide area of ligaments and tissues around these organs. The ovaries, fallopian tubes, and nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. A radical hysterectomy is usually done through a large incision (cut) in the abdomen.
radical laparoscopic prostatectomy: (RA-dih-kul LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove all of the prostate with the aid of a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. During a radical laparoscopic prostatectomy, several small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the lower abdomen. The laparoscope is inserted through one opening to guide the surgery. Surgical instruments are inserted through the other openings to remove the prostate. An attempt is made to protect the nerves that control penile erection and the bladder from damage.
radical local excision: (RA-dih-kul LOH-kul ek-SIH-zhun); Surgery to remove a tumor and a large amount of normal tissue surrounding it. Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.
radical lymph node dissection: (RA-dih-kul limf node dy-SEK-shun); A surgical procedure to remove most or all of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.
radical mastectomy: (RA-dih-kul ma-STEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the whole breast, all of the lymph nodes under the arm, and the chest wall muscles under the breast. For many years, radical mastectomy was the type of breast cancer surgery used most often, but it is rarely used now. It may be used only when breast cancer has spread to the chest wall muscles. Also called Halsted radical mastectomy.
radical nephrectomy: (RA-dih-kul neh-FREK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove an entire kidney, nearby adrenal gland and lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue.
radical perineal prostatectomy: (RA-dih-kul PAYR-ih-NEE-ul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps make semen). During a radical perineal prostatectomy, an incision (cut) is made in the perineum (the area between the scrotum and anus). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed through a separate incision in the wall of the abdomen.
radical prostatectomy: (RA-dih-kul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps make semen). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. A radical prostatectomy may be done through an incision (cut) made in the wall of the lower abdomen or in the perineum (the area between the scrotum and anus). It may also be done using a laparoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and lens for viewing) or a special robotic system. An attempt is made to protect the nerves that control penile erection and the bladder from damage.
radical retropubic prostatectomy: (RA-dih-kul reh-troh-PYOO-bik PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps make semen). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. During a radical retropubic prostatectomy, an incision (cut) is made in the wall of the lower abdomen, behind the pubic bone. An attempt is made to protect the nerves that control penile erection and the bladder from damage.
radical trachelectomy: (RA-dih-kul TRAY-kee-LEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the cervix, nearby tissue, and the upper part of the vagina. Lymph nodes in the pelvis may also be removed. After the cervix is removed, the uterus is attached to the remaining part of the vagina. A special stitch or band is placed on the uterus to help keep the uterus closed during a pregnancy. Because the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries are not removed, a radical trachelectomy may be done to treat a person with early-stage cervical cancer who wants to become pregnant in the future. Also called radical cervicectomy.
radical vulvectomy: (RA-dih-kul vul-VEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove the entire vulva (the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina) and nearby lymph nodes.
radio wave: (RAY-dee-oh…); A type of wave made when an electric field and a magnetic field are combined. Radio waves are being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer and other conditions. The radio waves are sent through needles inserted into tumor tissue and may kill cancer cells. Radio waves are also used in MRI to create detailed images of areas inside the body.
radioactive: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv); Giving off radiation.
radioactive drug: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv...); A drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer. Also called radiopharmaceutical.
radioactive fallout: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv...); Airborne radioactive particles that fall to the ground during and after an atomic bombing, nuclear weapons test, or nuclear plant accident.
radioactive glucose: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv GLOO-kose); A radioactive form of glucose (sugar) often used during a positive emission tomography (PET) scan, a type of imaging test. In PET, a small amount of radioactive glucose is injected into a vein, and a scanner makes a picture of where the glucose is being used in the body. Cancer cells show up brighter in the picture because they are more active and take up more glucose than normal cells do. When used with PET, radioactive glucose helps find cancer cells in the body.
radioactive iodine: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv I-oh-dine); A radioactive form of iodine, often used for imaging tests or to treat an overactive thyroid, thyroid cancer, and certain other cancers. For imaging tests, the patient takes a small dose of radioactive iodine that collects in thyroid cells and certain kinds of tumors and can be detected by a scanner. To treat thyroid cancer, the patient takes a large dose of radioactive iodine, which kills thyroid cells. Radioactive iodine is also used in internal radiation therapy for prostate cancer, intraocular (eye) melanoma, and carcinoid tumors. Radioactive iodine is given by mouth as a liquid or in capsules, by infusion, or sealed in seeds, which are placed in or near the tumor to kill cancer cells.
radioactive palladium: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv puh-LAY-dee-um); A radioactive form of palladium (a metallic element that resembles platinum). When used to treat prostate cancer, radioactive seeds (small pellets that contain radioactive palladium) are placed in the prostate. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material breaks down and becomes more stable.
radioactive seed: (RAY-dee-oh-AK-tiv...); A small, radioactive pellet that is placed in or near a tumor. Cancer cells are killed by the energy given off as the radioactive material breaks down and becomes more stable.
radioembolization: (RAY-dee-oh-EM-boh-lih-ZAY-shun); A type of radiation therapy used to treat liver cancer or cancer that has spread to the liver. A thin, flexible tube is used to inject tiny beads that hold the radioactive substance yttrium Y 90 into the main blood vessel that carries blood to the liver. The beads collect in the tumor and in blood vessels near the tumor, and the yttrium Y 90 gives off radiation. This destroys the blood vessels that the tumor needs to grow and kills the cancer cells. Radioembolization is a type of internal radiation therapy. Also called intra-arterial brachytherapy.
radiofrequency ablation: (RAY-dee-oh-FREE-kwen-see a-BLAY-shun); A procedure that uses radio waves to heat and destroy abnormal cells. The radio waves travel through electrodes (small devices that carry electricity). Radiofrequency ablation may be used to treat cancer and other conditions.
radiofrequency radiation: (RAY-dee-oh-FREE-kwen-see RAY-dee-AY-shun); A type of low-energy radiation. The most common sources of radiofrequency radiation are wireless and cellular telephones, radios, televisions, radar, satellites, microwave ovens, computers, and wireless networks (Wi-Fi). Although there have been health concerns, most types of radiofrequency radiation have not been found to cause harmful health effects, including cancer. Radiofrequency radiation is a type of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation.
radiography: (RAY-dee-AH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses a type of high-energy radiation called x-rays to take pictures of areas inside the body. X-rays pass through the body onto film or a computer, where the pictures are made. The tissues and organs usually appear in various shades of black and white because different tissues allow different amounts of the x-ray beams to pass through them. Radiography is used to help diagnose disease and plan treatment. Also called x-ray imaging.
radioimaging: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-muh-jing); A method that uses radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body, and locates and binds to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. Images are made using a special machine that detects the radioactive substance. Also called nuclear medicine scan.
radioimmunoconjugate: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-gut); A radioactive substance that carries radiation directly to cancer cells. A radioimmunoconjugate is made by attaching a radioactive molecule to an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, that can bind to cancer cells. This may help kill cancer cells without harming normal cells. Radioimmunoconjugates may also be used with imaging to help find cancer cells in the body.
radioimmunodiagnostics: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-DY-ug-NOS-tix); The use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to help diagnose diseases, including cancer. The radiolabeled monoclonal antibody locates and binds to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Images are made using a special machine that detects the radioactive monoclonal antibody.
radioimmunoguided surgery: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-GY-ded SER-juh-ree); A procedure that uses radioactive substances to locate tumors so that they can be removed by surgery.
radioimmunotherapeutics: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-PYOO-tix); The use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies to treat diseases, including cancer. The radiolabeled monoclonal antibody locates and binds to substances in the body, including cancer cells. Radiation given off by the radioisotope may help kill the cancer cells.
radioimmunotherapy: (RAY-dee-oh-IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy in which a radioactive substance is linked to a monoclonal antibody and injected into the body. The monoclonal antibody can bind to substances in the body, including cancer cells. The radioactive substance gives off radiation, which may help kill cancer cells. Radioimmunotherapy is being used to treat some types of cancer, such as lymphoma.
radioisotope: (RAY-dee-oh-I-suh-tope); An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable. Radioisotopes may occur in nature or be made in a laboratory. In medicine, they are used in imaging tests and in treatment. Also called radionuclide.
radiolabeled: (RAY-dee-oh-LAY-buld); Any compound that has been joined with a radioactive substance.
radiologic exam: (RAY-dee-oh-LAH-jik eg-ZAM); A test that uses radiation or other imaging procedures to find signs of cancer or other abnormalities.
radiologist: (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in creating and interpreting pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are made with x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.
radiology: (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jee); The use of radiation (such as x-rays) or other imaging technologies (such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging) to diagnose or treat disease.
radiology report: (RAY-dee-AH-loh-jee reh-PORT); A detailed report that describes the results of an imaging test. A radiology report includes information about the type of imaging test that was done and how it was done. It also includes a brief medical history of the person having the test, including any symptoms or known diseases and why the test was needed. The report also describes the findings seen in the areas of the body that were scanned and compares them with findings from a previous imaging test, if available. A summary of all the findings, which may be used to make a diagnosis of a disease, and any recommendations for further testing are also included in the report.
radionuclide: (RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide); An unstable form of a chemical element that releases radiation as it breaks down and becomes more stable. Radionuclides may occur in nature or be made in a laboratory. In medicine, they are used in imaging tests and in treatment. Also called radioisotope.
radionuclide scanning: (RAY-dee-oh-NOO-klide SKAN-ing); A procedure that produces pictures (scans) of structures inside the body, including areas where there are cancer cells. Radionuclide scanning is used to diagnose, stage, and monitor disease. A small amount of a radioactive chemical (radionuclide) is injected into a vein or swallowed. Different radionuclides travel through the blood to different organs. A machine with a special camera moves over the person lying on a table and detects the type of radiation given off by the radionuclides. A computer forms an image of the areas where the radionuclide builds up. These areas may contain cancer cells. Also called scintigraphy.
radiopharmaceutical: (RAY-dee-oh-FAR-muh-SOO-tih-kul); A drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer. Also called radioactive drug.
radioprotective agent: (RAY-dee-oh-proh-TEK-tiv AY-jent); A type of drug that helps protect healthy tissue from some of the side effects caused by radiation therapy. For example, a drug called amifostine helps reduce dry mouth in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer.
radiosensitization: (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-tih-ZAY-shun); The use of a drug that makes tumor cells more sensitive to radiation therapy.
radiosensitizer: (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-TY-zer); Any substance that makes tumor cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. Some radiosensitizers are being studied in the treatment of cancer. Also called radiosensitizing agent.
radiosensitizing agent: (RAY-dee-oh-SEN-sih-TY-zing AY-jent); Any substance that makes tumor cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. Some radiosensitizing agents are being studied in the treatment of cancer. Also called radiosensitizer.
radiosurgery: (RAY-dee-oh-SER-juh-ree); A type of external radiation therapy that uses special equipment to position the patient and precisely give a single large dose of radiation to a tumor. It is used to treat brain tumors and other brain disorders that cannot be treated by regular surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Also called radiation surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, and stereotaxic radiosurgery.
radiotherapy: (RAY-dee-oh-THAYR-uh-pee); The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy). Systemic radiotherapy uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called irradiation and radiation therapy.
radium Ra 223-dichloride: (RAY-dee-um … dy-KLOR-ide); A radioactive drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to the bone and is causing symptoms but has not spread to other organs. It is used in patients whose cancer is castration resistant (has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Radium Ra 223-dichloride contains a radioactive substance called radium Ra 223. It collects in bone and gives off radiation that may kill cancer cells. Radium Ra 223-dichloride is a type of radiotherapeutic agent. Also called Xofigo.
radon: (RAY-don); A radioactive gas that is released by uranium, a substance found in soil and rock. Breathing in too much radon can damage lung cells and may lead to lung cancer.
Raftilose Synergy 1: (RAF-tih-lose SIH-ner-jee ...); A substance that is used to improve the health of the digestive system and bones and is being studied in the prevention of colon cancer. Raftilose Synergy 1 is made by combining two substances that occur naturally in many plants, including chicory root, wheat, bananas, onion, and garlic. Raftilose Synergy 1 helps healthy bacteria grow in the intestines and helps the body absorb calcium and magnesium. Also called oligofructose-enriched inulin.
raloxifene hydrochloride: (ra-LOK-sih-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to reduce the risk of invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women who are at high risk of developing the disease or who have osteoporosis and to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Raloxifene hydrochloride is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in breast tissue, which may help keep breast cancer cells from growing. Raloxifene hydrochloride may also help keep bone from breaking down. It is a type of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Raloxifene is the active ingredient of raloxifene hydrochloride. Also called Evista.
raltitrexed: (RAL-tih-TREK-sed); An anticancer drug that stops tumor cells from growing by blocking the ability of cells to make DNA. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called ICI D1694.
ramucirumab: (RA-myoo-SIR-yoo-mab); A drug that binds to the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to help keep new blood vessels from forming and is used to treat different types of cancer. It is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and gastroesophageal junction cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ramucirumab may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called anti-VEGFR-2 fully human monoclonal antibody IMC-1121B, Cyramza, and IMC-1121B.
randomization: (RAN-duh-mih-ZAY-shun); In research, the process by which participants in clinical trials are assigned by chance to separate groups that are given different treatments or other interventions. Neither the researcher nor the participant chooses which treatment or intervention the participant will receive. Using chance to assign people to groups means that the effects of the treatment or intervention that participants receive can be compared more fairly.
randomized clinical trial: (RAN-duh-mized KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul); A study in which the participants are divided by chance into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions. Using chance to divide people into groups means that the groups will be similar and that the effects of the treatments they receive can be compared more fairly. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best.
ranpirnase: (RAN-per-nays); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of ribonuclease enzyme. Also called Onconase.
Rapamune: (RA-puh-MYOON); A drug used to keep the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Rapamune blocks certain white blood cells that can reject foreign tissues and organs. It also blocks a protein that is involved in cell division. It is a type of antibiotic, a type of immunosuppressant, and a type of serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Rapamune was previously called rapamycin. Also called sirolimus.
rapamycin: (RA-puh-MY-sin); A drug used to keep the body from rejecting organ and bone marrow transplants. Rapamycin blocks certain white blood cells that can reject foreign tissues and organs. It also blocks a protein that is involved in cell division. It is a type of antibiotic, a type of immunosuppressant, and a type of serine/threonine kinase inhibitor. Rapamycin is now called sirolimus.
rapid eye movement sleep: (RA-pid I MOOV-ment sleep); The phase of sleep in which most dreams occur. During rapid eye movement sleep, a person’s brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase, and the eyes move rapidly while closed. The muscles in the arms and legs become temporarily unable to move. Rapid eye movement sleep is thought to play an important role in memory and learning. During normal sleep, a person goes through four to five sleep cycles that last about 90 minutes each and include both rapid eye movement sleep and non-rapid eye movement sleep (light to deep sleep). Also called REM sleep.
rapid hormone cycling: (RA-pid HOR-mone SY-kuh-ling); A procedure in which drugs that block the production of male hormones are alternated with male hormones and/or drugs that promote the production of male hormones. This procedure is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer.
rapid-onset opioid: (… OH-pee-OYD); A substance that acts quickly to treat moderate to severe pain. Opioids are like opiates, such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. Opioids bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. A rapid-onset opioid is a type of alkaloid.
RARA gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that controls the activity of certain genes that help white blood cells mature. Mutations (changes) in the RARA gene can occur when a piece of the chromosome containing the RARA gene breaks off and joins with a gene called PML on another chromosome. These changes may cause too many immature white blood cells to build up in the blood and bone marrow. This can lead to an aggressive (fast-growing) type of acute myeloid leukemia called acute promyelocytic leukemia. The protein made by the RARA gene is a type of transcription factor. Also called retinoic acid receptor alpha gene.
rare cancer: (rayr KAN-ser); As defined by the National Cancer Institute, cancer that occurs in fewer than 15 out of 100,000 people each year. Most types of cancer are considered rare, and they are often more difficult to prevent, diagnose, and treat than the more common cancers. Because there are fewer cases, research is difficult. Examples of rare cancers are anal, stomach, and laryngeal cancer.
rare disease: (rayr dih-ZEEZ); A disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. There are about 7,000 rare diseases. An estimated 25 million to 30 million Americans are living with a rare disease. The cause of many rare diseases is unknown, but they are often caused by changes in a person’s genes or chromosomes. Rare diseases are often more difficult to diagnose and treat than the more common diseases. Also called rare disorder.
rare disorder: (rayr dis-OR-der); A disease that affects fewer than 200,000 people in the United States. There are about 7,000 rare disorders. An estimated 25 million to 30 million Americans are living with a rare disorder. The cause of many rare disorders is unknown, but they are often caused by changes in a person’s genes or chromosomes. Rare disorders are often more difficult to diagnose and treat than the more common diseases. Also called rare disease.
RAS gene family: (... jeen FA-mih-lee); A family of genes that make proteins involved in cell signaling pathways that control cell growth and cell death. Mutated (changed) forms of the RAS gene may be found in some types of cancer. These changes may cause cancer cells to grow and spread in the body. Members of the RAS gene family include KRAS, HRAS, and NRAS.
ras peptide: (ras PEP-tide); A short piece of the ras protein, which is made by the ras gene. The ras gene has been found to cause cancer when it is mutated (changed).
rasburicase: (ras-BYOOR-ih-kays); A drug used to treat high levels of uric acid in the blood of adults and children with leukemia, lymphoma, or other types of cancer who are receiving certain types of anticancer therapy. Uric acid is a natural substance that can build up in the blood as tumors break down. Rasburicase helps break down and remove uric acid from the body. It is a type of recombinant enzyme and a type of urate-lowering drug. Also called Elitek and recombinant urate oxidase.
rash: An area of the skin that has changes in texture or color and may look inflamed or irritated. The skin may be red, warm, scaly, bumpy, dry, itchy, swollen, or painful. It may also crack or blister. A rash can occur in one area of the body or all over the body and may look very different depending on the cause. It may be a sign of a specific medical condition or a side effect of a medicine or treatment. Some causes of skin rashes include allergies, infection, heat, and immune system disorders.
RASopathy syndrome: (ras-AH-puh-thee SIN-drome); A group of rare conditions caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes that make proteins involved in the Ras/MAPK cell signaling pathway. This pathway plays an important role in controlling many cell functions, including cell growth, cell maturation, and cell death. There are many different RASopathy syndromes. Most of these syndromes are marked by unusual facial features, heart defects, skin abnormalities, and problems with the eyes, muscles, and bones. There may also be gastrointestinal and nervous system problems and growth, learning, and developmental delays. Having a RASopathy syndrome may increase a person’s risk of certain types of cancer. RASopathy syndromes include cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome, Costello syndrome, Legius syndrome, neurofibromatosis type 1, Noonan syndrome, and capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome.
rattlesnake root: (RA-til-SNAYK root); An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The scientific name is Cimicifuga racemosa. Also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugbane, and bugwort.
rauschpfeffer: (ROWSH-feh-fer); An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances taken from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. Rauschpfeffer may increase the effect of alcohol and of certain drugs used to treat anxiety and depression. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises users that rauschpfeffer may cause severe liver damage. The scientific name is Piper methysticum. Also called intoxicating pepper, kava kava, tonga, and yangona.
RAV12: A monoclonal antibody that is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Monoclonal antibodies are made in the laboratory and can locate and bind to cancer cells. It binds to a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule that is found on gastric, colon, pancreatic, prostate, ovarian, breast, and kidney cancer cells.
ravuconazole: (RA-vuh-KAH-nuh-zole); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of infections caused by fungi. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.
ravulizumab: (RAV-yoo-LIZ-yoo-mab); A drug used to treat adults with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (a rare red blood cell disorder) and adults and children aged 1 month and older with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (a very rare disorder in which tiny blood clots form in small blood vessels). It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Ravulizumab binds to an immune system protein called C5. This may help keep red blood cells from breaking down and blood clots from forming. Ravulizumab is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called Ultomiris.
RBC: A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. RBCs contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Checking the number of RBCs in the blood is usually part of a complete blood cell (CBC) test. It may be used to look for conditions such as anemia, dehydration, malnutrition, and leukemia. Also called erythrocyte and red blood cell.
reactivate: (ree-AK-tih-VAYT); To make active again or make something work again. In medicine, an infection or a disease is described as reactivated when it comes back after a period with no signs of disease.
reactive oxygen species: (ree-AK-tive OK-sih-jen SPEE-sees); A type of unstable molecule that contains oxygen and that easily reacts with other molecules in a cell. A build up of reactive oxygen species in cells may cause damage to DNA, RNA, and proteins, and may cause cell death. Reactive oxygen species are free radicals. Also called oxygen radical.
reagent: (ree-AY-jent); A substance used to carry out a laboratory test. Reagents may be used in a chemical reaction to detect, measure, or make other substances.
rebeccamycin: (reh-BEH-kuh-MY-sin); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antineoplastic antibiotics.
rebeccamycin analog: (reh-BEH-kuh-MY-sin A-nuh-log); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called NSC 655649.
Reblozyl: (REB-loh-zil); A drug used to treat anemia in adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms who need regular red blood cell transfusions and whose anemia did not respond to or cannot be treated with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Reblozyl is also used to treat anemia in adults with beta thalassemia (an inherited blood disorder) who need regular red blood cell transfusions. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Reblozyl helps the bone marrow make more red blood cells. It is a type of antianemic and a type of recombinant fusion protein. Also called luspatercept.
recall bias: (REE-kawl BY-us); A type of bias that occurs when participants in a research study or clinical trial do not accurately remember a past event or experience or leave out details when reporting about them. Recall bias is more likely to occur when the event happened a long time ago or when the study participant has a poor memory. Other factors that could affect recall bias are the participant’s age, disease status, education, socioeconomic status, pre-existing beliefs, and how important the event being recalled is to the participant. Recall bias can lead to wrong conclusions about what the study showed. It can occur in studies that ask participants to provide information from memory, such as in case-control studies or retrospective cohort studies.
Recentin: (reh-SEN-tin); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Recentin may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called AZD2171 and cediranib maleate.
receptor: (reh-SEP-ter); A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell.
receptor tyrosine kinase: (reh-SEP-ter TY-ruh-seen KY-nays); A member of a group of proteins called tyrosine kinases that are found on the surface of cells. Receptor tyrosine kinases play an important role in many cell functions, including cell-to-cell communication and cell division, maturation, movement, metabolism, and survival. Sometimes, the genes that make receptor tyrosine kinases have mutations (changes) that cause receptor tyrosine kinases to be overactive or be found in higher-than-normal amounts. This may cause cancer cells to grow. Drugs that block the mutant receptor tyrosine kinases are being used to treat some types of cancer. Also called RTK.
recipient: (reh-SIH-pee-ent); In medicine, a person who receives blood, cells, tissue, or an organ from another person, such as in a blood transfusion or an organ transplant.
RECIST: A standard way to measure how well a cancer patient responds to treatment. It is based on whether tumors shrink, stay the same, or get bigger. To use RECIST, there must be at least one tumor that can be measured on x-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. The types of response a patient can have are a complete response (CR), a partial response (PR), progressive disease (PD), and stable disease (SD). Also called Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors.
recombinant: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt); In genetics, describes DNA, proteins, cells, or organisms that are made by combining genetic material from two different sources. Recombinant substances are made in the laboratory and are being studied in the treatment of cancer and for many other uses.
recombinant adenovirus-p53: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt A-den-oh-VY-rus ...); A substance that has been studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Recombinant adenovirus-p53 is a weakened adenovirus that carries the p53 gene into tumor cells, causing them to die. It is a type of gene therapy. Also called ACN53, rAd/p53, and SCH-58500.
recombinant fowlpox-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt … vak-SEEN); A cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called falimarev.
recombinant fowlpox-TRICOM vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt … vak-SEEN); A cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called rF-TRICOM.
recombinant human interleukin-11: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun in-ter-LOO-kin...); A drug used to increase the number of blood cells, especially platelets, in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Recombinant human interleukin-11 is a form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by support cells in the bone marrow) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called Neumega, oprelvekin, and rhIL-11.
recombinant human interleukin-2: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun in-ter-LOO-kin...); A drug used to treat adults with melanoma or renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Recombinant human interleukin-2 is a form of interleukin-2 that is made in the laboratory. Recombinant human interleukin-2 increases the activity and growth of white blood cells called T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, which may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Recombinant human interleukin-2 is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called aldesleukin and Proleukin.
recombinant human methionyl stem cell factor: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun meh-THY-oh-nil stem sel FAK-ter); A substance that causes blood stem cells (cells from which other types of cells develop) to change into different types of blood cells and increases the number and actions of these cells in the blood. It is being studied in the treatment of myelodysplasia. Recombinant human methionyl stem cell factor is a type of recombinant stem cell growth factor. Also called ancestim, r-metHuSCF, and Stemgen.
recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus by-VAY-lent vak-SEEN); A vaccine that is no longer available in the United States but is still used in other countries to protect against infection with two types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine is used in females aged 9 to 25 years to protect against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which most often cause cervical cancer and lesions that may become cervical cancer. Recombinant human papillomavirus bivalent vaccine may also prevent other HPV-related cancers. Also called Cervarix.
recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus NOH-nuh-VAY-lent vak-SEEN); A vaccine that is FDA-approved for use in females and males aged 9 to 45 years to protect against infection with nine types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine protects against low-risk HPV types 6 and 11, which cause most genital warts, and against high-risk HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, which cause most precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and head and neck, including the oropharynx. Recombinant human papillomavirus nonavalent vaccine may also prevent HPV-related cancer of the penis. Also called Gardasil 9.
recombinant human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus KWAH-drih-VAY-lent vak-SEEN); A vaccine that is no longer available in the United States but is still used in other countries to protect against infection with four types of human papillomavirus (HPV). Recombinant human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine is used in females and males aged 9 to 26 years to protect against low-risk HPV types 6 and 11, which cause most genital warts, and against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, which cause most precancerous lesions and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, and anus. Recombinant human papillomavirus quadrivalent vaccine may also prevent HPV-related cancers of the penis and oropharynx. Also called Gardasil.
recombinant interferon alfa-2b: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt in-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh …); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Recombinant interferon alfa-2b is a form of interferon alfa (a substance normally made by cells in the immune system) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called IFN alpha-2B, interferon alfa-2b, and Intron A.
recombinant tissue plasminogen activator: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt TIH-shoo plaz-MIN-oh-jen AK-tih-vay-ter); A form of tissue plasminogen activator that is made in the laboratory. It helps dissolve blood clots and is used to treat heart attacks, strokes, and clots in the lungs. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of systemic thrombolytic agent. Also called Activase, Alteplase, and r-tPA.
recombinant urate oxidase: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt YOOR-ayt OK-sih-days); A drug used to treat high levels of uric acid in the blood of adults and children with leukemia, lymphoma, or other types of cancer who are receiving certain types of anticancer therapy. Uric acid is a natural substance that can build up in the blood as tumors break down. Recombinant urate oxidase helps break down and remove uric acid from the body. It is a type of recombinant enzyme and a type of urate-lowering drug. Also called Elitek and rasburicase.
recombinant vaccinia-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt vak-SIH-nee-uh … vak-SEEN); A cancer vaccine made with a form of vaccinia virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins, including the tumor markers called CEA and MUC-1, that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called inalimarev and PANVAC-V.
recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine: (ree-KOM-bih-nunt vak-SIH-nee-uh … vak-SEEN); A cancer vaccine made with a form of a vaccinia virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called rV-TRICOM and vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine.
reconstructive surgeon: (REE-kun-STRUK-tiv SER-jun); A doctor who can surgically reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body, such as a woman's breast after surgery for breast cancer.
reconstructive surgery: (REE-kun-STRUK-tiv SER-juh-ree); Surgery that is done to reshape or rebuild (reconstruct) a part of the body changed by previous surgery.
recover: (ree-KUH-ver); To become well and healthy again.
RECQL4 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in unwinding strands of DNA that are to be copied prior to cell division and in repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the RECQL4 gene have been found in certain inherited conditions, including Rothmund-Thomson syndrome (RTS). People with RTS have an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer at an early age, including bone cancer and skin cancer.
recreational therapy: (REH-kree-AY-shuh-nul THAYR-uh-pee); A type of therapy that uses activities to help meet the physical and emotional needs of patients with an illness or disability and help them develop skills for daily living. These activities include arts and crafts, music, spending time with animals, sports, and drama. Recreational therapy is being studied as a way to relieve distress in cancer patients who are being treated for pain.
rectal: (REK-tul); By or having to do with the rectum. The rectum is the last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
rectal cancer: (REK-tul KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in the tissues of the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus).
rectal reconstruction: (REK-tul REE-kun-STRUK-shun); Surgery to rebuild the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus) using a section of the colon. This may be done when the rectum has been removed to treat cancer or other diseases.
rectitis: (rek-TY-tis); Inflammation of the mucous membrane that lines the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus). Also called proctitis.
rectovaginal exam: (REK-toh-VA-jih-nul eg-ZAM); A physical exam of the rectum and vagina. During a rectovaginal exam, a health care provider inserts one lubricated, gloved finger into the vagina and another finger of the same hand into the rectum, and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand. This allows the health care provider to feel for lumps or other abnormal changes in the rectum and vagina and to check the size, shape, and position of the pelvic organs, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and the ligaments that hold the uterus in place. A small sample of stool may be collected to check for blood. A rectovaginal exam may be done as part of a pelvic exam.
rectum: (REK-tum); The last several inches of the large intestine closest to the anus.
recur: (ree-KER); To come back or to return.
recurrence: (ree-KER-ents); Cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrent cancer.
recurrent cancer: (ree-KER-ent KAN-ser); Cancer that has recurred (come back), usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected. The cancer may come back to the same place as the original (primary) tumor or to another place in the body. Also called recurrence.
recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: (ree-KER-ent RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee PA-pih-LOH-muh-TOH-sis); A rare condition in which wart-like growths called papillomas grow in the respiratory tract (air passages leading from the nose and mouth into the lungs). The papillomas most often grow in the larynx (voice box) and vocal cords. They can grow quickly, and they often grow back after they have been removed by surgery. Signs and symptoms of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis include hoarseness, chronic cough, swallowing problems, and breathing problems, which may sometimes be life-threatening. Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis is caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It can occur in both children and adults. Also called RRP.
red blood cell: (red blud sel); A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood. Red blood cells contain a protein called hemoglobin, which carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Checking the number of red blood cells in the blood is usually part of a complete blood cell (CBC) test. It may be used to look for conditions such as anemia, dehydration, malnutrition, and leukemia. Also called erythrocyte and RBC.
red cedar: (red SEE-der); A type of evergreen tree with hard fragrant wood that is a member of the cypress family. The oil from the wood is used in soaps, shampoos, bath salts, perfumes, aromatherapy, and to keep insects away. The scientific name is Juniperus virginiana. Also called cedarwood and Eastern red cedar.
red clover: (red KLOH-ver); Trifolium pratense. A plant with flowers that has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It is being studied in the relief of menopausal symptoms and may have anticancer effects. Also called purple clover, Trifolium pratense, and wild clover.
red date: (red dayt); The fruit of the jujube plant. It has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.
red elm: (red elm); The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called gray elm, Indian elm, slippery elm, sweet elm, Ulmus fulva, and Ulmus rubra.
redox: (REE-dox); A chemical reaction that takes place between an oxidizing substance and a reducing substance. The oxidizing substance loses electrons in the reaction, and the reducing substance gains electrons. For example, rust forms when there is a redox reaction between oxygen contained in water or moist air (an oxidizing substance) and iron (a reducing substance). Redox reactions also occur when glucose (a type of sugar) and fat are broken down in the body to make energy. Also called oxidation-reduction.
reduced penetrance: (ree-DOOST PEH-neh-trunts); A term that describes when some people with a disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene develop the disease while others don’t. For example, certain gene mutations cause cancer, but because of reduced penetrance, not everyone who has the mutation will develop cancer. Currently, there is no way to know which people who have a cancer-causing gene mutation will develop cancer. Also called incomplete penetrance.
reduced-intensity transplant: (ree-DOOST-in-TEN-sih-tee TRANZ-plant); A type of donor stem cell transplant in which a patient receives lower doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy than in a standard transplant. The lower doses of anticancer therapy do not kill all of the blood-forming stem cells or all of the cancer cells in the patient's bone marrow. However, the anticancer therapy is still strong enough to suppress the patient's immune system and prevent rejection of the donor stem cells. The patient’s stem cells and those from the donor both live in the patient’s body for a time after a reduced-intensity transplant. Once the cells from the donor begin to grow and divide in the bone marrow, they replace the patient’s own bone marrow cells and destroy the remaining cancer cells. A reduced-intensity transplant may be an option for certain people who are older or who are not healthy enough to receive a standard donor stem cell transplant with high-dose chemotherapy. Also called mini-transplant and non-myeloablative transplant.
reduction: (ree-DUK-shun); A chemical reaction that takes place when a substance comes into contact with hydrogen or another reducing substance.
Reed-Sternberg cell: (reed-STERN-berg sel); A type of cell that appears in people with Hodgkin disease. The number of these cells increases as the disease advances. Also called Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cell.
reference interval: (REH-frents IN-ter-vul); In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The reference interval for a given test is based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the reference interval may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the reference interval may have a health problem. The reference interval for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called normal range, reference range, and reference values.
reference range: (REH-frents raynj); In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The reference range for a given test is based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the reference range may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the reference range may have a health problem. The reference range for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called normal range, reference interval, and reference values.
reference values: (REH-frents VAL-yooz); In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The reference values for a given test are based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the reference values may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the reference values may have a health problem. The reference values for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called normal range, reference interval, and reference range.
referral: (reh-FER-ul); In medicine, the act of sending a patient from one health care provider to another for additional health care services. For example, a primary care doctor may refer a patient to a specialist for further diagnosis and treatment.
reflexology: (ree-flek-SAH-loh-jee); A type of massage in which different amounts of pressure are applied to specific points on the feet or hands. These points are believed to match up with certain other parts of the body. Reflexology is claimed to cause relaxation and healing in those parts of the body, but this has not been proven.
reflux: (REE-fluks); The backward flow of liquid from the stomach into the esophagus.
refractory: (reh-FRAK-tor-ee); In medicine, describes a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment.
refractory cancer: (reh-FRAK-tor-ee KAN-ser); Cancer that does not respond to treatment. The cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment or it may become resistant during treatment. Also called resistant cancer.
Regenecare: (reh-JEH-neh-KAYR); A substance being studied in the treatment of certain types of skin rash and skin pain in cancer patients. The ingredients of Regenecare are collagen, aloe vera, vitamin E, and lidocaine. It may help stop bleeding, form new blood vessels, keep the skin moist, and relieve pain and itching. It is a type of topical anesthetic and a type of wound repair agent.
regeneration: (ree-JEH-neh-RAY-shun); In biology, regrowth of damaged or destroyed tissue or body part.
regimen: (REH-jih-men); A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, the schedule, and the duration of treatment.
regional: (REE-juh-nul); In oncology, describes the body area right around a tumor.
regional anesthesia: (REE-juh-nul A-nes-THEE-zhuh); A temporary loss of feeling or awareness in a part of the body, such as an arm or a leg, caused by special drugs or other substances called anesthetics. The patient stays awake but has no feeling in the part of the body treated with the anesthetic.
regional cancer: (REE-juh-nul KAN-ser); Refers to cancer that has grown beyond the original (primary) tumor to nearby lymph nodes or organs and tissues.
regional chemotherapy: (REE-juh-nul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment with anticancer drugs directed to a specific area of the body.
regional enteritis: (REE-juh-nul EN-teh-RY-tis); A condition in which the gastrointestinal tract is inflamed over a long period of time. Regional enteritis usually affects the small intestine and colon. Symptoms include fever, diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting, and weight loss. Regional enteritis increases the risk of colorectal cancer and small intestine cancer. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Also called Crohn disease.
regional lymph node: (REE-juh-nul limf node); In oncology, a lymph node that drains lymph from the region around a tumor.
regional lymph node dissection: (REE-juh-nul limf node dy-SEK-shun); A surgical procedure to remove some of the lymph nodes that drain lymph from the area around a tumor. The lymph nodes are then examined under a microscope to see if cancer cells have spread to them.
registered dietitian: (...dy-eh-TIH-shun); A health professional who has special training in diet and nutrition. Registered dietitians offer advice on nutrition and healthy eating habits to help people improve their health and well-being. Registered dietitians also help people who are recovering from illness or surgery or who have medical conditions, such as food allergies, eating disorders, swallowing problems, diabetes, heart or kidney disease, or cancer, meet their nutritional needs. Registered dietitians may provide nutritional counseling, meal planning, medical nutrition therapy (such as a special diet, dietary supplements, or intravenous or tube feedings), and nutrition education programs. Also called dietitian.
Reglan: (REG-lun); A drug that increases the motility (movements and contractions) of the stomach and upper intestine. It is used to treat certain stomach problems and nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It is a type of antiemetic and a type of motility agent. Also called metoclopramide.
regorafenib: (REH-goh-RA-feh-nib); A drug used to treat certain types of colorectal cancer, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Regorafenib blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Regorafenib is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Stivarga.
regression: (reh-GREH-shun); A decrease in the size of a tumor or in the extent of cancer in the body.
regulatory T cell: (REH-gyoo-luh-TOR-ee T sel); A type of immune cell that blocks the actions of some other types of lymphocytes, to keep the immune system from becoming over-active. Regulatory T cells are being studied in the treatment of cancer. A regulatory T cell is a type of white blood cell and a type of lymphocyte. Also called suppressor T cell, T reg, and T-regulatory cell.
rehabilitation: (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun); In medicine, a process to restore mental and/or physical abilities lost to injury or disease, in order to function in a normal or near-normal way.
rehabilitation services: (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun SER-vih-ses); Special health care services that help a person regain physical, mental, and/or cognitive (thinking and learning) abilities that have been lost or impaired as a result of disease, injury, or treatment. Rehabilitation services help people return to daily life and live in a normal or near-normal way. These services may include physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, cognitive therapy, and mental health rehabilitation services.
rehabilitation specialist: (REE-huh-BIH-lih-TAY-shun SPEH-shuh-list); A health care professional who helps people recover from an illness or injury and return to daily life. Examples of rehabilitation specialists are physical therapists and occupational therapists.
relapse: (REE-laps); The return of a disease or the signs and symptoms of a disease after a period of improvement. Relapse also refers to returning to the use of an addictive substance or behavior, such as cigarette smoking.
relapse-free survival: (REE-laps … ser-VY-vul); In cancer, the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer ends that the patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring the relapse-free survival is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Also called DFS, disease-free survival, and RFS.
relative odds: (REH-luh-tiv …); A measure of the odds of an event happening in one group compared to the odds of the same event happening in another group. In cancer research, relative odds are most often used in case-control (backward looking) studies to find out if being exposed to a certain substance or other factor increases the risk of cancer. For example, researchers may study a group of individuals with cancer (cases) and another group without cancer (controls) to see how many people in each group were exposed to a certain substance or factor. They calculate the odds of exposure in both groups and then compare the odds. A relative odds of one means that both groups had the same odds of exposure and, therefore, the exposure probably does not increase the risk of cancer. A relative odds of greater than one means that the exposure may increase the risk of cancer, and a relative odds of less than one means that the exposure may reduce the risk of cancer. Also called odds ratio.
relative risk: (REH-luh-tiv …); A measure of the risk of a certain event happening in one group compared to the risk of the same event happening in another group. In cancer research, relative risk is used in prospective (forward looking) studies, such as cohort studies and clinical trials. A relative risk of one means there is no difference between two groups in terms of their risk of cancer, based on whether or not they were exposed to a certain substance or factor, or how they responded to two treatments being compared. A relative risk of greater than one or of less than one usually means that being exposed to a certain substance or factor either increases (relative risk greater than one) or decreases (relative risk less than one) the risk of cancer, or that the treatments being compared do not have the same effects. Also called risk ratio.
relative survival rate: (REH-luh-tiv ser-VY-vul …); A way of comparing the survival of people who have a specific disease with those who don’t, over a certain period of time. This is usually five years from the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for those with the disease. It is calculated by dividing the percentage of patients with the disease who are still alive at the end of the period of time by the percentage of people in the general population of the same sex and age who are alive at the end of the same time period. The relative survival rate shows whether the disease shortens life.
relaxation technique: (ree-lak-SAY-shun tek-NEEK); A method used to help reduce muscle tension and stress, lower blood pressure, and control pain. Examples of relaxation techniques include tensing and relaxing muscles throughout the body, guided imagery (focusing the mind on positive images), meditation (focusing thoughts), and deep breathing exercises.
relaxation therapy: (ree-lak-SAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of therapy that helps reduce muscle tension and stress, lowers blood pressure, and controls pain. It may involve tensing and relaxing muscles throughout the body. It may be used with guided imagery (focusing the mind on positive images) and meditation (focusing thoughts).
Relenza: (reh-LEN-zuh); A drug used to prevent and to treat influenza virus infections. It blocks the release of the virus from infected cells. It is a type of antiviral agent. Also called zanamivir.
religion: (reh-LIH-jun); A set of beliefs and practices that center on questions about the meaning of life and may involve the worship of a supreme being.
Relistor: (REH-lih-stor); A drug used to relieve constipation caused by the use of opioids (pain killers that are like morphine). It is used in adults with pain caused by cancer or treatment for cancer or by other advanced disease. Relistor binds to opioid receptors outside the brain and may block the side effects of opioid drugs without affecting their ability to relieve pain. Relistor is a type of peripheral opioid receptor antagonist. Also called methylnaltrexone bromide.
relugolix: (reh-loo-GOH-lix); A drug used to treat adults with advanced prostate cancer. Relugolix binds to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the pituitary gland, which blocks the pituitary gland from making the hormones follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). This causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. Relugolix may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone to grow. It is a type of GnRH antagonist. Also called Orgovyx.
REM sleep: (… sleep); The phase of sleep in which most dreams occur. During REM sleep, a person’s brain activity, breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure increase, and the eyes move rapidly while closed. The muscles in the arms and legs become temporarily unable to move. REM sleep is thought to play an important role in memory and learning. During normal sleep, a person goes through four to five sleep cycles that last about 90 minutes each and include both REM sleep and non-REM sleep (light to deep sleep). Also called rapid eye movement sleep.
Remeron: (REH-meh-ron); A drug used to treat depression. Remeron increases the levels of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps improve mood. It is a type of antidepressant. Also called mirtazapine.
remission: (reh-MIH-shun); A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of cancer. In partial remission, some, but not all, signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared. In complete remission, all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared, although cancer still may be in the body.
remission induction therapy: (reh-MIH-shun in-DUK-shun THAYR-uh-pee); Initial treatment with anticancer drugs to decrease the signs or symptoms of cancer or make them disappear.
remote brachytherapy: (ree-MOTE BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of internal radiation treatment in which the radioactive source is removed between treatments. Also called high-dose-rate remote brachytherapy and high-dose-rate remote radiation therapy.
renal artery: (REE-nul AR-tuh-ree); The main blood vessel that supplies blood to a kidney and its nearby adrenal gland and ureter. There is a renal artery for each kidney.
renal capsule: (REE-nul KAP-sul); The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each kidney.
renal cell adenocarcinoma: (REE-nul sel A-deh-noh-KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Cancer that begins in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances that the body needs back to the blood and remove extra fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell adenocarcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Also called hypernephroma, renal cell cancer, and renal cell carcinoma.
renal cell cancer: (REE-nul sel KAN-ser); Cancer that begins in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances that the body needs back to the blood and remove extra fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell cancer is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Also called hypernephroma, renal cell adenocarcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma.
renal cell carcinoma: (REE-nul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Cancer that begins in the lining of the tiny tubes in the kidney that return filtered substances that the body needs back to the blood and remove extra fluid and waste as urine. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Also called hypernephroma, renal cell adenocarcinoma, and renal cell cancer.
renal collecting tubule: (REE-nul kuh-LEK-ting TOO-byool); The last part of a long, twisting tube that collects urine from the nephrons (cellular structures in the kidney that filter blood and form urine) and moves it into the renal pelvis and ureters. Also called collecting duct.
renal failure: (REE-nul FAYL-yer); A condition in which the kidneys stop working and are not able to remove waste and extra water from the blood or keep body chemicals in balance. Acute or severe renal failure happens suddenly (for example, after an injury) and may be treated and cured. Chronic renal failure develops over many years, may be caused by conditions like high blood pressure or diabetes, and cannot be cured. Chronic renal failure may lead to total and long-lasting renal failure, called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). A person in ESRD needs dialysis (the process of cleaning the blood by passing it through a membrane or filter) or a kidney transplant. Also called kidney failure.
renal fascia: (REE-nul FA-shuh); A fibrous envelope of tissue that surrounds the kidney. Also called Gerota's capsule and Gerota's fascia.
renal function: (REE-nul FUNK-shun); A term used to describe how well the kidneys work. The kidneys remove waste and extra water from the blood (as urine) and help keep chemicals (such as sodium, potassium, and calcium) balanced in the body. They also make hormones that help control blood pressure and stimulate bone marrow to make red blood cells. Also called kidney function.
renal function test: (REE-nul FUNK-shun...); A test in which blood or urine samples are checked for the amounts of certain substances released by the kidneys. A higher- or lower-than-normal amount of a substance can be a sign that the kidneys are not working the way they should. Also called kidney function test.
renal glomerulus: (REE-nul gloh-MAYR-yoo-lus); A tiny, round cluster of blood vessels within the kidneys. It filters the blood to reabsorb useful materials and remove waste as urine.
renal pelvis: (REE-nul PEL-vus); The area at the center of the kidney. Urine collects here and is funneled into the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder.
renal tubular acidosis: (REE-nul TOO-byoo-ler A-sih-DOH-sis); A rare disorder in which structures in the kidney that filter the blood are impaired, producing urine that is more acid than normal.
renal tubule: (REE-nul TOO-byool); One of millions of tiny tubes in the kidneys that returns nutrients, fluids, and other substances that have been filtered from the blood, but the body needs, back to the blood. The remaining fluid and waste in the renal tubules become urine.
renal vein: (REE-nul vayn); The main blood vessel that carries blood from the kidney and ureter to the inferior vena cava (a large vein that carries blood to the heart from the lower part of the body). There is a renal vein for each kidney.
Renova: (ree-NOH-vuh); A topical preparation of tretinoin that is used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A.
replicate: (REH-plih-kayt); To make a copy or duplicate of something.
replication cycle: (reh-plih-KAY-shun...); In biology, refers to the reproduction cycle of viruses. A repliction cycle begins with the infection of a host cell and ends with the release of mature progeny virus particles.
repotrectinib: (REE-poh-TREK-tih-nib); A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has an abnormal ROS1 gene and adults and children aged 12 years and older with certain types of solid tumors that have an NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Repotrectinib blocks certain proteins involved in cell signaling and cell growth. Blocking these proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing. Repotrectinib is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called Augtyro.
reproductive cell: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv sel); An egg cell in females or sperm cell in males. Each mature reproductive cell contains 23 chromosomes. When an egg combines with sperm, the fertilized egg normally contains a total of 46 chromosomes. Also called gamete and sex cell.
reproductive endocrinologist: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv EN-doh-krih-NAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. A reproductive endocrinologist may use surgery, medicine, or procedures, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), to treat infertility. A reproductive endocrinologist may also use procedures, such as sperm banking and egg freezing, to help keep a person’s ability to have children. This is called fertility preservation.
reproductive history: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv HIH-stor-ee); A collection of information about a woman’s health related to reproduction (childbearing). A reproductive history may include information about menstrual periods, the use of birth control, pregnancies, breastfeeding, and menopause. It may also include information about reproductive tract problems, fertility issues, and problems during childbirth.
reproductive hormone: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv HOR-mone); A type of hormone involved in puberty, fertility, and sexuality. Reproductive hormones are usually made in the ovaries (in females) and testes (in males). Female reproductive hormones include estrogen and progesterone. They help develop and maintain female sex characteristics and play an important role in fertility, pregnancy, and the menstrual cycle. Male reproductive hormones, such as testosterone, help develop and maintain male sex characteristics and help make sperm in the testes. Some reproductive hormones may also be made in the laboratory and used to treat certain medical conditions.
reproductive medicine: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv MEH-dih-sin); A branch of medicine that specializes in fertility preservation, diagnosing and treating infertility, and other reproductive problems. Reproductive medicine also deals with issues related to puberty, menopause, contraception (birth control), and certain sexual problems.
reproductive system: (REE-proh-DUK-tiv SIS-tem); The tissues, glands, and organs involved in producing offspring (children). In women, the reproductive system includes the ovaries, the fallopian tubes, the uterus, the cervix, and the vagina. In men, it includes the prostate, the testes, and the penis.
rescue transplant: (REH-skyoo TRANZ-plant); A method of replacing blood-forming stem cells that were destroyed by treatment with high doses of anticancer drugs or radiation therapy. The stem cells help the bone marrow recover and make healthy blood cells. A rescue transplant may allow more chemotherapy or radiation therapy to be given so that more cancer cells are killed. It is usually done using the patient’s own stem cells that were saved before treatment. Also called stem cell rescue.
research advocate: (REE-serch AD-vuh-kut); A person who serves as a link between patients and scientific researchers. Research advocates help patients understand scientific information and research findings that may help them. They may also bring a patient perspective on research activities to scientific advisory boards and committees. For example, research advocates use their own experiences and the experiences of patients to work with researchers to help develop clinical trials that are safe and meet the needs of patients. They also help teach patients and their families about clinical trials and recruit patients to clinical trials.
research base: (REE-serch bays); Refers to the institutions, clinical staff, and patients that can take part in a clinical trial.
research study: (REE-serch STUH-dee); A scientific study of nature that sometimes includes processes involved in health and disease. For example, clinical trials are research studies that involve people. These studies may be related to new ways to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat disease. They may also study certain outcomes and certain groups of people by looking at data collected in the past or future.
resectable: (ree-SEK-tuh-bul); Able to be removed by surgery.
resected: (ree-SEK-ted); Removed by surgery.
resection: (ree-SEK-shun); Surgery to remove tissue or part or all of an organ.
resectoscope: (ree-SEK-toh-skope); A thin, tube-like instrument used to remove tissue from inside the body. A resectoscope has a light and a lens for viewing. It also has a tool that uses an electric current to cut, remove, or destroy tissue and control bleeding. In men, a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra into the bladder or prostate. In women, it is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. It can be used to relieve symptoms of an enlarged prostate or to treat diseases of the bladder, prostate, and uterus.
residual disease: (ree-ZID-yoo-ul dih-ZEEZ); Cancer cells that remain after attempts to remove the cancer have been made.
resin: (REH-zin); A thick substance that comes from plants or can be made in the laboratory from certain chemicals. Resins do not dissolve in water, and are used in plastics, varnishes, printing inks, medicine, and to make fabrics stiff.
resiquimod: (reh-SIH-kwih-mod); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of skin cancer. When put on the skin, resiquimod causes some immune cells to make certain chemicals that may help them kill tumor cells. It is also being studied to find out if adding it to a tumor vaccine improves the antitumor immune response. It is a type of imidazoquinoline and a type of immunomodulator.
resistant cancer: (reh-ZIH-stunt KAN-ser); Cancer that does not respond to treatment. The cancer may be resistant at the beginning of treatment, or it may become resistant during treatment. Also called refractory cancer.
resorption: (ree-SORP-shun); A process in which a substance, such as tissue, is lost by being destroyed and then absorbed by the body.
respirator: (RES-pih-RAY-ter); In medicine, a machine used to help a patient breathe. Also called ventilator.
respiratory disease: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee dih-ZEEZ); A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Respiratory diseases may be caused by infection, by smoking tobacco, or by breathing in secondhand tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, or other forms of air pollution. Respiratory diseases include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Also called lung disorder and pulmonary disease.
respiratory syncytial virus: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee sin-SIH-shul VY-rus); A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. Also called RSV.
respiratory system: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee SIS-tem); The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Also called respiratory tract.
respiratory therapist: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee THAYR-uh-pist); A health professional trained to evaluate and treat people who have breathing problems or other lung disorders.
respiratory therapy: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee THAYR-uh-pee); Exercises and treatments that help improve or restore lung function.
respiratory tract: (RES-pih-ruh-TOR-ee trakt); The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the nose, throat, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Also called respiratory system.
respite care: (REH-spit kayr); Temporary care given to a person who is unable to care for himself or herself so that the usual caregivers can have a break. Respite care may include in-home care, adult daycare, or nursing home care.
response: (reh-SPONTS); In medicine, an improvement related to treatment.
Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors: (reh-SPONTS ee-VAL-yoo-AY-shun kry-TEER-ee-uh … SAH-lid TOO-mers); A standard way to measure how well a cancer patient responds to treatment. It is based on whether tumors shrink, stay the same, or get bigger. To use Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors, there must be at least one tumor that can be measured on x-rays, CT scans, or MRI scans. The types of response a patient can have are a complete response (CR), a partial response (PR), progressive disease (PD), and stable disease (SD). Also called RECIST.
response rate: (reh-SPONTS...); The percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks or disappears after treatment.
restaging: (ree-STAY-jing); A process used to find out the amount or spread of cancer in the body if it comes back or gets worse after treatment. Restaging may also be done to find out how the cancer responded to treatment. If restaging is done and a new stage is assigned, the new stage will be marked with an “r” in front of it to show that it’s different from the original stage. Usually, the original stage stays the same, even if the cancer comes back or gets worse. The same tests that were done to diagnose the cancer are usually done again. Restaging helps doctors plan the best treatment for cancer that has come back or gotten worse.
resting: (RES-ting); In biology, refers to a cell that is not dividing.
restless legs syndrome: (… SIN-drome); A condition in which a person has a strong urge to move his or her legs in order to stop uncomfortable sensations. These include burning, itching, creeping, tugging, crawling, or pain. These feelings usually happen when a person is lying or sitting down, and are worse at night. They can also occur in other parts of the body. Also called RLS.
resveratrol: (rez-VEER-uh-trol); A substance found in the skins of grapes and in certain other plants, fruits, and seeds. It is made by various plants to help defend against invading fungi, stress, injury, infection, and too much sunlight. It is being studied in the prevention of cancer and heart disease. It is a type of antioxidant and a type of polyphenol.
RET gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that plays an important role in cell growth and differentiation and in the development of nerve cells in the body. Mutations (changes) in the RET gene may cause the protein made by this gene to become overactive, which may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow. RET gene mutations have been found in certain genetic conditions, including MEN2 syndrome and Hirschsprung disease, and in some types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer and thyroid cancer. The RET gene is a type of proto-oncogene and a type of receptor tyrosine kinase gene.
Retacrit: (REH-tuh-krit); A drug used to treat anemia caused by chronic kidney disease, some types of chemotherapy, and an antiviral drug for HIV infection called zidovudine. It is also used to lower the number of donor blood transfusions needed during and after certain types of surgery. Retacrit is a form of erythropoietin (a substance naturally made by the kidneys) that is made in the laboratory. It helps the bone marrow make more red blood cells. Retacrit is a type of antianemic and a type of erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Also called epoetin alfa, Epogen, and Procrit.
retch: (RECH); The action of the stomach and esophagus to try to vomit (eject some or all of the contents of the stomach). Retching that does not cause vomiting is called dry heaves.
rete testis: (REE-tee TES-tis); A network of small tubes in the testicle that helps move sperm cells (male reproductive cells) from the testicle to the epididymis. The epididymis is where the sperm mature and are stored.
Retevmo: (reh-TEV-moh); A drug used to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer in adults and certain types of thyroid cancer or other solid tumor in adults and children aged 2 years and older. It is used in patients whose cancer has an abnormal RET gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Retevmo blocks certain proteins, including those made by the RET fusion gene or the mutated RET gene. Blocking these proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing. Retevmo is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called selpercatinib.
reticular dermis: (reh-TIH-kyoo-ler DER-mis); The thick bottom layer of the dermis (the inner layer of the skin). The reticular dermis has blood vessels and connective tissue that supports the skin. Hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, and other structures are also found in the reticular dermis.
retifanlimab: (REH-tih-FAN-lih-mab); A drug used to treat adults with Merkel cell carcinoma (a type of skin cancer) that has come back or has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Retifanlimab binds to a protein called PD-1, which is found on T cells (a type of immune cell). Retifanlimab may block PD-1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called Zynyz.
retiform hemangioendothelioma: (REE-tih-form hee-MAN-jee-oh-EN-doh-THEE-lee-OH-muh); A rare, slow-growing tumor that usually forms on or under the skin of the arms, legs, and trunk. The tumor has blood vessels that branch out like a tree. Retiform hemangioendotheliomas can spread to nearby tissue and often come back after treatment. They usually do not spread to other parts of the body. They occur in young adults and sometimes children. Retiform hemangioendotheliomas are a type of vascular tumor.
Retin-A: (REH-tin …); A topical preparation of tretinoin that is used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A.
Retin-A-Micro: (REH-tin … MY-kroh); A topical preparation of tretinoin that is used to treat acne. Tretinoin is a form of vitamin A.
retina: (REH-tih-nuh); The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and sends them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain.
retinoblastoma: (REH-tih-noh-blas-TOH-muh); Cancer that forms in the tissues of the retina (the light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye). Retinoblastoma usually occurs in children younger than 5 years. It may be hereditary or nonhereditary (sporadic).
retinoic acid: (REH-tih-NOH-ik A-sid); A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Retinoic acid is made in the body from vitamin A and helps cells to grow and develop, especially in the embryo. A form of retinoic acid made in the laboratory is put on the skin to treat conditions such as acne and is taken by mouth to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (a fast-growing cancer in which there are too many immature blood-forming cells in the blood and bone marrow). Retinoic acid is being studied in the prevention and treatment of other types of cancer. Also called all-trans retinoic acid, ATRA, tretinoin, and vitamin A acid.
retinoic acid receptor alpha gene: (REH-tih-NOH-ik A-sid reh-SEP-ter AL-fuh jeen); A gene that makes a protein that controls the activity of certain genes that help white blood cells mature. Mutations (changes) in the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene can occur when a piece of the chromosome containing the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene breaks off and joins with a gene called PML on another chromosome. These changes may cause too many immature white blood cells to build up in the blood and bone marrow. This can lead to an aggressive (fast-growing) type of acute myeloid leukemia called acute promyelocytic leukemia. The protein made by the retinoic acid receptor alpha gene is a type of transcription factor. Also called RARA gene.
retinoid: (REH-tih-noyd); Vitamin A or a vitamin A-like compound.
retinol: (REH-tih-nol); A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Retinol helps in vision, bone growth, reproduction, growth of epithelium (cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body), and fighting infections. It is fat-soluble (can dissolve in fats and oils). Retinol is found in liver, egg yolks, and whole milk dairy products from animals and in fish oils. It can also be made in the body from a substance found in some fruits and vegetables, such as cantaloupes, carrots, spinach, and sweet potatoes. Retinol is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Also called vitamin A.
retinyl palmitate: (REH-tih-nil PAL-mih-tayt); A drug that is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called retinoids.
retracted nipple: (reh-TRAK-ted NIH-pul); A nipple that turns inward into the breast or lies flat against the breast. A retracted nipple may be present at birth or may be caused by aging, breastfeeding, breast surgery, injury, infection, or certain breast conditions. It may also be a sign of breast cancer. Also called inverted nipple.
retromolar trigone: (reh-troh-MOH-ler TRY-gone); The small area behind the wisdom teeth.
retroperitoneal: (REH-troh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul); Having to do with the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).
retroperitoneum: (REH-troh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-um); The area in the back of the abdomen behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen). The organs in the retroperitoneum include the adrenal glands, aorta, kidneys, esophagus, ureters, pancreas, rectum, and parts of the stomach and colon.
retrospective: (REH-troh-SPEK-tiv); Looking back at events that have already taken place.
retrospective cohort study: (REH-troh-SPEK-tiv KOH-hort STUH-dee); A research study in which the medical records of groups of individuals who are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke) are compared for a particular outcome (such as lung cancer). Also called historic cohort study.
retrospective study: (REH-troh-SPEK-tiv STUH-dee); A study that compares two groups of people: those with the disease or condition under study (cases) and a very similar group of people who do not have the disease or condition (controls). Researchers study the medical and lifestyle histories of the people in each group to learn what factors may be associated with the disease or condition. For example, one group may have been exposed to a particular substance that the other was not. Also called case-control study.
retroviral vector: (REH-troh-VY-rul VEK-ter); RNA from a virus that is used to insert genetic material into cells.
retrovirus: (REH-troh-VY-rus); A type of virus that has RNA instead of DNA as its genetic material. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to become part of the host cells’ DNA. This allows many copies of the virus to be made in the host cells. The virus that causes AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is a type of retrovirus.
reverse transcription: (ree-VERS tran-SKRIP-shun); In biology, the process in cells by which an enzyme makes a copy of DNA from RNA. The enzyme that makes the DNA copy is called reverse transcriptase and is found in retroviruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Reverse transcription can also be carried out in the laboratory.
reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction: (ree-VERS tran-SKRIP-shun-puh-LIH-meh-rays chayn ree-AK-shun); A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific genetic sequence for analysis. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to change a specific piece of RNA into a matching piece of DNA. This piece of DNA is then amplified (made in large numbers) by another enzyme called DNA polymerase. The amplified DNA copies help tell whether a specific mRNA molecule is being made by a gene. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction may be used to look for certain changes in a gene or chromosome or for activation of certain genes, which may help diagnose a disease, such as cancer. It may also be used to study the RNA of certain viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis C virus, to help diagnose and monitor an infection. Also called RT-PCR.
reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome: (ree-VER-sih-bul pos-TEER-ee-er LOO-koh-en-SEH-fuh-LAH-puh-thee SIN-drome); A rare condition marked by headaches, vision problems, mental changes, seizures, and swelling in the brain. The symptoms of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome usually come on quickly and can be serious and life threatening. When treated, symptoms often go away within days or weeks. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome may occur in patients with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, eclampsia, severe infection, kidney disease, and certain autoimmune diseases. It may also occur in patients treated with certain anticancer drugs and immunosuppressive drugs. Also called posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES, and RPLS.
ReVia: (reh-VEE-uh); A drug that blocks the action of opiates (drugs used to treat pain). It may be used in the treatment of intravenous opiate addiction or alcohol dependence. ReVia is also being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It may block the effects of the hormone estrogen, which causes some breast cancer cells to grow, or block the blood flow to tumors. It is a type of opiate antagonist. Also called naltrexone hydrochloride and Vivitrol.
Revlimid: (REV-lih-mid); A drug that is similar to thalidomide and is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or anemia caused by certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Revlimid may help the immune system kill abnormal blood cells or cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Revlimid is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called CC-5013 and lenalidomide.
RevM10 gene: (… jeen); An antiviral gene that is being studied in the treatment of cancer in patients who have HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
Revuforj: (REH-vyoo-forj); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with acute leukemia that has a certain change in the KMT2A gene and has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Revuforj binds to a protein called menin and keeps it from binding to another protein called KMT2A. This stops or slows the growth of leukemia cells with changes in the KMT2A gene. Also called revumenib citrate.
revumenib citrate: (reh-VOO-meh-nib SIH-trayt); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with acute leukemia that has a certain change in the KMT2A gene and has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Revumenib citrate binds to a protein called menin and keeps it from binding to another protein called KMT2A. This stops or slows the growth of leukemia cells with changes in the KMT2A gene. Also called Revuforj.
Reye syndrome: (ray SIN-drome); A rare disease that damages the brain and liver and causes death if not treated. It occurs most often in children younger than 15 years who have had a fever-causing virus, such as chickenpox or flu. Taking aspirin during a viral illness may increase the risk of Reye syndrome.
Rezlidhia: (rez-LIH-dee-uh); A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment and has a mutation (change) in the IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rezlidhia blocks the protein made by the mutated IDH1 gene. Blocking this protein may help keep cancer cells from growing. Rezlidhia is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called olutasidenib.
rF-TRICOM: A cancer vaccine made with a form of a chicken virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called recombinant fowlpox-TRICOM vaccine.
RFS: In cancer, the length of time after primary treatment for a cancer ends that the patient survives without any signs or symptoms of that cancer. In a clinical trial, measuring the RFS is one way to see how well a new treatment works. Also called DFS, disease-free survival, and relapse-free survival.
RFT5-dgA immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A monoclonal antibody linked to a toxic substance. It is being studied in the treatment of melanoma that has spread to distant parts of the body. RFT5-dgA immunotoxin is made in the laboratory. It can find and kill certain white blood cells that prevent the immune system from killing cancer cells. Also called IgG-RFT5-dgA.
RG7204: A drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare type of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma that have a certain mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. RG7204 blocks certain proteins made by the mutated BRAF gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called BRAF (V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5185426, PLX4032, vemurafenib, and Zelboraf.
rhabdoid tumor: (RAB-doyd TOO-mer); A rare, fast-growing cancer that usually forms in the kidney or central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) but can also form in soft tissues in other areas of the body. Rhabdoid tumors tend to spread quickly, are hard to treat, and have a poor prognosis. Most rhabdoid tumors are caused by mutations (changes) in the tumor suppressor gene SMARCB1, which makes a protein that helps control cell growth. Rhabdoid tumors usually occur in infants and young children.
rhabdomyosarcoma: (RAB-doh-MY-oh-sar-KOH-muh); Cancer that forms in the soft tissues in a type of muscle called striated muscle. Rhabdomyosarcoma can occur anywhere in the body.
rheumatism: (ROO-muh-TIH-zum); A group of disorders marked by inflammation or pain in the connective tissue structures of the body. These structures include bone, cartilage, and fat.
rheumatoid arthritis: (ROO-muh-TOYD ar-THRY-tis); An autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints, and may cause severe joint damage, loss of function, and disability. The disease may last from months to a lifetime, and symptoms may improve and worsen over time.
rhIL-11: A drug used to increase the number of blood cells, especially platelets, in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. rhIL-11 is a form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by support cells in the bone marrow) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called Neumega, oprelvekin, and recombinant human interleukin-11.
rhinoscope: (RY-noh-skope); A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. A rhinoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue. Also called nasoscope.
rhinoscopy: (ry-NOS-koh-pee); Examination of the inside of the nose using a rhinoscope. A rhinoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called nasoscopy.
rhizoxin: (ry-ZOK-sin); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It comes from a fungus and is similar to vinca alkaloid drugs. It belongs to the family of drugs called antimitotic agents.
rhubarb: (ROO-barb); The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The scientific name is Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. Also called Chinese rhubarb, da-huang, Indian rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
Riabni: (ree-AB-nee); A drug that contains the active ingredient rituximab and is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Riabni binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Riabni is a type of monoclonal antibody.
ribavirin: (RY-buh-VY-rin); A drug used to treat respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in the lungs.
ribociclib succinate: (RY-boh-SY-klib SUK-sih-nayt); A drug used with an aromatase inhibitor or fulvestrant (a type of hormone therapy) to treat adults with certain types of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ribociclib succinate blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Also called Kisqali.
ribociclib succinate and letrozole: (RY-boh-SY-klib SUK-sih-nayt … LEH-truh-zole); A combination pack of two drugs used to treat adults with certain types of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ribociclib succinate blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Letrozole lowers the amount of estrogen made by the body, which may stop the growth of cancer cells that need estrogen to grow. It is a type of aromatase inhibitor. Ribociclib succinate and letrozole may work better than either drug alone. Also called Kisqali Femara Co-Pack.
riboflavin: (RY-boh-FLAY-vin); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Riboflavin helps make red blood cells, helps some enzymes work properly, and keeps skin, nails, and hair healthy. It is found in milk, eggs, malted barley, organ meats, yeast, and leafy vegetables. Riboflavin is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough riboflavin can cause anemia (a low number of red blood cells), mouth sores, and skin problems. Amounts of riboflavin may be higher in the blood of patients with some types of cancer. Also called vitamin B2.
ribonucleic acid: (RY-boh-noo-KLAY-ik A-sid); One of two types of nucleic acid made by cells. Ribonucleic acid contains information that has been copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Cells make several different forms of ribonucleic acid, and each form has a specific job in the cell. Many forms of ribonucleic acid have functions related to making proteins. Ribonucleic acid is also the genetic material of some viruses instead of DNA. Ribonucleic acid can be made in the laboratory and used in research studies. Also called RNA.
ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor: (RY-boh-NOO-klee-oh-tide ree-DUK-tays in-HIH-bih-ter); A family of anticancer drugs that interfere with the growth of tumor cells by blocking the formation of deoxyribonucleotides (building blocks of DNA).
ribosome: (RY-buh-some); In biology, a structure found inside cells that is involved in making proteins. Ribosomes help link amino acids together to form proteins.
Richter syndrome: (RIK-ter SIN-drome); A rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) changes into a fast-growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of Richter syndrome include fever, loss of weight and muscle mass, and other health problems. Also called Richter transformation.
Richter transformation: (RIK-ter TRANZ-for-MAY-shun); A rare condition in which chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) changes into a fast-growing type of lymphoma. Symptoms of Richter transformation include fever, loss of weight and muscle mass, and other health problems. Also called Richter syndrome.
rickets: (RIH-kets); A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they don’t have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or by not getting enough sunlight. In adults, this condition is called osteomalacia. Also called infantile rickets, juvenile rickets, and rachitis.
ridaforolimus: (rih-duh-foh-ROH-lih-mus); A substance being studied in the treatment of soft tissue and bone cancers. It is also being studied in the treatment of other solid tumors and hematologic cancer. Ridaforolimus stops cells from dividing and may cause cancer cells to die. It is a type of mTOR inhibitor. Also called AP23573.
rifabutin: (RIH-fuh-BYOO-tin); A drug used to prevent the spread of a bacterium called in patients with advanced HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) infection. It blocks an enzyme that the bacteria need to grow. It is a type of antibiotic. Also called Mycobutin.
rifampin: (rih-FAM-pin); A drug used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria. It belongs to the family of drugs called antibiotics.
Right to Try Act: A U.S. law that allows patients access to certain drugs that have not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The patient must be unable to receive the drug in a clinical trial and must have a life-threatening illness for which other treatments are not available. Drugs used under the Right to Try Act must have been tested in a phase 1 clinical trial (the first step of testing a new treatment in people) and must be undergoing study to be approved by the FDA. Companies who develop and make drugs determine whether to make their products available to patients who qualify for access under the Right to Try Act.
Rilutek: (RIL-yoo-tek); A drug used to treat a nerve disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is also being studied in the treatment of melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Rilutek blocks the release of a substance that melanoma cells need to grow. It is a type of glutamate release inhibitor. Also called riluzole.
riluzole: (RIL-yoo-zole); A drug used to treat a nerve disease called amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is also being studied in the treatment of melanoma (a type of skin cancer). Riluzole blocks the release of a substance that melanoma cells need to grow. It is a type of glutamate release inhibitor. Also called Rilutek.
ripretinib: (rih-PREH-tih-nib); A drug used to treat adults with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor. It is used in patients whose cancer was already treated with at least three other kinase inhibitors, including imatinib mesylate. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ripretinib blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Qinlock.
risedronate: (rih-SEH-droh-nayt); A substance that is being studied in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It belongs to the family of drugs called bone resorption inhibitors.
risk assessment: (… uh-SES-ment); A process used to estimate the risk that a certain event will happen. In medicine, this may include a person’s risk of having a child with a certain condition or disease, such as cancer. It may also be used to estimate the risk of carrying a certain gene mutation (change), or of having an adverse event (unexpected medical problem) in response to certain types of drugs or other substances. A risk assessment may be done by collecting information about a person’s age, sex, personal and family medical history, ethnic background, lifestyle, and other factors and using statistics tools to calculate risk.
risk factor: (... FAK-ter); Something that increases the chance of developing a disease. Some examples of risk factors for cancer are age, a family history of certain cancers, use of tobacco products, being exposed to radiation or certain chemicals, infection with certain viruses or bacteria, and certain genetic changes.
risk group: (risk groop); In medicine, risk groups are used to describe people who are alike in important ways. For example, patients with the same type of cancer may be divided into different risk groups that depend on certain aspects of their disease. These risk groups may be based on the patients’ chance of being cured (good versus poor) or the chance that their disease will come back (high versus low). Treatment may be based on which risk group a patient falls into. Risk groups can also be used to describe people who share traits and behaviors that affect their chance of developing a disease. For example, people who do not smoke are in a lower risk group for lung cancer than people who smoke.
risk model: (… MAH-dul); In medicine, a tool used to estimate a person’s risk of developing a certain condition or disease, such as cancer. Risk models may also be used to estimate a person’s risk of carrying a certain gene change or of having a child with a certain condition. Risk models use computer programs and statistics to estimate risk based on information about a person that may include their age, sex, personal and family medical history, ethnic background, lifestyle, and other factors. There are many types of risk models, and each model looks at different factors that increase risk in different groups of people.
risk ratio: (… RAY-shee-oh); A measure of the risk of a certain event happening in one group compared to the risk of the same event happening in another group. In cancer research, risk ratios are used in prospective (forward looking) studies, such as cohort studies and clinical trials. A risk ratio of one means there is no difference between two groups in terms of their risk of cancer, based on whether or not they were exposed to a certain substance or factor, or how they responded to two treatments being compared. A risk ratio of greater than one or of less than one usually means that being exposed to a certain substance or factor either increases (risk ratio greater than one) or decreases (risk ratio less than one) the risk of cancer, or that the treatments being compared do not have the same effects. Also called relative risk.
risk-reducing mastectomy: (risk-ree-DOO-sing ma-STEK-toh-mee); Surgery to reduce the risk of breast cancer by removing one or both breasts before disease develops. Risk-reducing mastectomy may be done in people who have a very high risk of developing breast cancer. Also called preventive mastectomy and prophylactic mastectomy.
risk-reducing oophorectomy: (risk-ree-DOO-sing oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee); Surgery done to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer and breast cancer by removing the ovaries before disease develops. Removing the ovaries lowers the amount of estrogen in the body, which may slow the growth of some types of breast cancer. Risk-reducing oophorectomy is usually done in women who have a high risk of developing breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer caused by certain genetic mutations. Also called prophylactic oophorectomy.
Risperdal: (RIS-per-dal); A drug used to treat certain mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease. It may also be used to treat certain behavior problems in children. Risperdal blocks the action of certain chemicals in the brain. It is a type of antipsychotic. Also called risperidone.
risperidone: (ris-PAYR-ih-done); A drug used to treat certain mental disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disease. It may also be used to treat certain behavior problems in children. Risperidone blocks the action of certain chemicals in the brain. It is a type of antipsychotic. Also called Risperdal.
Ritalin: (RIH-tuh-lin); A drug used to treat certain behavior disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also being studied as a way to improve brain function in patients treated with anticancer drugs. Ritalin acts on certain parts of the brain. It is a type of central nervous system stimulant. Also called Concerta and methylphenidate hydrochloride.
ritonavir: (ry-TOH-nuh-veer); A drug used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Ritonavir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor. Also called Norvir.
ritual: (RIH-chuh-wul); An action or series of actions that is repeated, often in a religious or social setting. In medicine, it may describe a repeated action (such as hand washing) done to relieve feelings of fear, dread, and uneasiness in people who have an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Rituxan: (rih-TUK-sun); A drug that contains the active ingredient rituximab and is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults and children aged 6 months and older with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and children aged 6 months and older with B-cell acute leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer is CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Rituxan binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Rituxan is a type of monoclonal antibody.
Rituxan Hycela: (rih-TUK-sun hy-SEL-uh); A combination of rituximab and hyaluronidase used to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Hyaluronidase allows rituximab to be given by injection under the skin. Rituxan Hycela can be given in less time than rituximab alone, which is given as an infusion. Also called rituximab and hyaluronidase.
rituximab: (rih-TUK-sih-mab); A drug used alone or with other drugs under the brand names Riabni, Rituxan, Ruxience, and Truxima to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and B-cell acute leukemia that are CD20 positive. Rituximab is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Rituximab binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Rituximab is a type of monoclonal antibody.
rituximab and hyaluronidase: (rih-TUK-sih-mab … HY-al-yoo-RAH-nih-days); A combination of two drugs used to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, or chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Rituximab binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Hyaluronidase allows rituximab to be given by injection under the skin. Rituximab and hyaluronidase can be given in less time than rituximab alone, which is given as an infusion. Also called Rituxan Hycela.
RK-0202: A substance that is being studied in the prevention of oral mucositis in patients receiving radiation therapy or chemotherapy for head and neck cancer.
RLS: A condition in which a person has a strong urge to move his or her legs in order to stop uncomfortable sensations. These include burning, itching, creeping, tugging, crawling, or pain. These feelings usually happen when a person is lying or sitting down, and are worse at night. They can also occur in other parts of the body. Also called restless legs syndrome.
RMP-7: A substance that is being studied for its ability to help other drugs reach the brain. It belongs to the family of drugs called bradykinin agonists. Also called lobradimil.
RNA: One of two types of nucleic acid made by cells. RNA contains information that has been copied from DNA (the other type of nucleic acid). Cells make several different forms of RNA, and each form has a specific job in the cell. Many forms of RNA have functions related to making proteins. RNA is also the genetic material of some viruses instead of DNA. RNA can be made in the laboratory and used in research studies. Also called ribonucleic acid.
RNA sequencing: (… SEE-kwen-sing); A laboratory method used to learn the exact sequence (order) of the building blocks that make up all RNA molecules in a cell. In a cell, RNA is copied from pieces of DNA and contains information to make proteins and perform other important functions. RNA sequencing is used to learn more about which genes are expressed (turned on) in different types of cells and when and how these genes are expressed. This may help researchers understand the cause of certain diseases, such as cancer.
Ro 31-7453: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may prevent cancer cells from dividing. It belongs to the family of drugs called cell cycle inhibitors.
Ro 50-3821: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of anemia in patients who are receiving chemotherapy. It is a form of erythropoietin (a substance produced in the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells) that has been changed in the laboratory. Also called methoxypolyethylene glycol epoetin beta.
RO4929097: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that are needed for cell growth. This may slow the growth of cancer cells. It may also decrease the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of gamma-secretase inhibitor and a type of Notch signaling inhibitor.
robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: (ROH-bot-uh-SIS-ted LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik RA-dih-kul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery that uses a computer-assisted mechanical device (robot) to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps make semen). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. During robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the lower abdomen. The surgeon inserts an instrument with a camera through one of the openings and surgical instruments through the other openings using the robotic arms. The camera gives the surgeon a clear, 3-dimensional view of the prostate and surrounding structures. The surgeon then uses the robotic arms to remove the prostate. An attempt is made to protect the nerves that control penile erection and the bladder from damage. Also called robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: (roh-BAH-tik LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik RA-dih-kul PROS-tuh-TEK-toh-mee); Surgery that uses a computer-assisted mechanical device (robot) to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it, including the seminal vesicles (a gland that helps make semen). Nearby lymph nodes may also be removed. During robotic laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, several small incisions (cuts) are made in the wall of the lower abdomen. The surgeon inserts an instrument with a camera through one of the openings and surgical instruments through the other openings using the robotic arms. The camera gives the surgeon a clear, 3-dimensional view of the prostate and surrounding structures. The surgeon then uses the robotic arms to remove the prostate. An attempt is made to protect the nerves that control penile erection and the bladder from damage. Also called robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
rofecoxib: (ROH-feh-KOK-sib); A drug that was being used for pain relief and was being studied for its ability to prevent cancer and to prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Rofecoxib was taken off the market in the U.S. because of safety concerns. Also called Vioxx.
rolapitant hydrochloride: (roh-LA-pih-tunt HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used with other drugs in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Rolapitant hydrochloride blocks the action of a certain chemical in the central nervous system that may trigger nausea and vomiting. Blocking this chemical may lessen nausea and vomiting. Rolapitant hydrochloride is a type of antiemetic and a type of substance P/neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist. Also called Varubi.
Roman chamomile: (ROH-mun KA-muh-mile); A type of chamomile plant with daisy-like white flowers that is found in Europe, North America, and Argentina. The dried flowers are used in teas to calm and relax, to improve sleep, and to help with stomach problems. Its essential oil (scented liquid taken from plants) is used in perfumes, shampoos, face creams, lotions, and aromatherapy. The scientific names are Chamaemelum nobile and Anthemis nobilis. Also called English chamomile.
Rombo syndrome: (ROM-boh SIN-drome); A very rare, inherited disorder that causes a bluish-red skin color on the lips, hands, and feet. It also causes skin lesions that leave pitted scars, usually on the cheeks. Other signs and symptoms include little or no hair growth in the affected areas and thin or missing eyelashes and eyebrows; small, yellowish bumps that cause the skin to become rough; thinning of the skin; and other skin problems. The signs and symptoms usually appear between 7 and 10 years of age. People with Rombo syndrome have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer, usually around the age of 35 years. The gene involved in Rombo syndrome is not known.
romidepsin: (ROH-mih-DEP-sin); A drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has already been treated with at least one other type of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Romidepsin blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of depsipeptide and a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor. Also called FR901228 and Istodax.
romiplostim: (ROH-mih-PLOH-stim); A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (a low blood platelet count) in adults and in certain children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura that did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Romiplostim binds to the thrombopoietin receptor, which causes the bone marrow to make more platelets. It is a type of thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Also called AMG 531 and Nplate.
Romvimza: (rom-VIM-zuh); A drug used to treat adults with tenosynovial giant cell tumor, a rare, usually benign (not cancer) tumor that affects the joints. It is used when surgery may make the symptoms worse or cause severe problems. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions related to cancer. Romvimza blocks certain proteins, which may help keep tumor cells from growing and spreading. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called vimseltinib dihydrate.
ropeginterferon alfa-2b: (roh-peg-IN-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh …); A drug used to treat adults with polycythemia vera (a disease in which too many red blood cells are made in the bone marrow). It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of cancer. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is a form of recombinant interferon alfa-2b that is made in the laboratory and linked to a substance called PEG, which makes the drug stay in the body longer. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b may lower the number of red blood cells made in the bone marrow. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called Besremi.
ropivacaine hydrochloride: (roh-PIH-vuh-kayn HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to control pain and to cause a temporary loss of feeling in one part of the body, during and after surgery. It is also being studied for pain control after cancer surgery. It is a type of local anesthetic. Also called Naropin.
ROS1 gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that is involved in sending signals in cells and in cell growth. Mutated (changed) forms of the ROS1 gene and protein have been found in some types of cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), a type of brain cancer called glioblastoma multiforme, and cancers of the bile duct, ovary, stomach, colon, and rectum. The protein made by the ROS1 gene is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase.
ROS1 inhibitor: (… in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that blocks the activity of an abnormal protein called ROS1 fusion protein, which is found on some types of cancer cells. Blocking the ROS1 fusion protein may help keep cancer cells that have it from growing and spreading. Some ROS1 inhibitors are used to treat cancer. They are a type of targeted therapy.
ROS1 positive: (… PAH-zih-tiv); Describes cells that have a protein called ROS1 on their surface. In cancer, it is also used to describe cells that have a change in the structure of the ROS1 gene or a ROS1 fusion protein on their surface. In normal cells, ROS1 is involved in cell signaling and cell growth. Cancer cells that have the changed ROS1 gene or the ROS1 fusion protein may grow more quickly. Knowing whether a cancer is ROS1 positive may help plan treatment. Cancers that may be ROS1 positive include non-small cell lung cancer, a type of brain cancer called glioblastoma multiforme, and cancers of the bile duct, ovary, stomach, colon, and rectum.
rosiglitazone maleate: (roh-sig-LIH-tuh-zone MAY-lee-AYT); A drug that helps control the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Rosiglitazone maleate stops cells from growing and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of thiazolidinedione and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Avandia.
rosuvastatin calcium: (roh-SOO-vuh-STA-tin KAL-see-um); A drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol and other harmful substances, such as triglycerides, in the blood. It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer and other conditions. Rosuvastatin calcium blocks an enzyme that helps make cholesterol in the body and it helps break down cholesterol. It also may cause cancer cells to die and may inhibit the growth of blood vessels that cancer cells need to grow. It is a type of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a type of statin. Also called Crestor.
Roswell Park regimen: (ROZ-wel … REH-jih-men); A chemotherapy combination used to treat colorectal cancer. It is also used with radiation therapy to treat esophageal cancer and stomach cancer. It includes the drugs fluorouracil and leucovorin calcium.
rotationplasty: (roh-TAY-shun-PLAS-tee); Surgery used to remove a tumor in or near the knee joint, often in young people who are still growing. The knee and part of the thigh are removed. The part of the leg that remains below the knee is then attached to the part of the leg above the knee, with the foot facing backward and the ankle joint acting as a new knee. The patient is then fitted with an artificial lower leg and foot.
Rothmund-Thomson syndrome: (ROT-moond-TOM-sun SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder that affects many parts of the body, especially the skin, eyes, bones, hair, and teeth. The main sign or symptom is a red blistering rash on the face that begins in early infancy. Over time, the rash can spread to the arms, legs, and buttocks and cause patchy skin coloring, areas of thin skin, and small clusters of blood vessels under the skin. Other signs and symptoms include slow growth and shorter-than-average height; little or no hair, including eyelashes and eyebrows; abnormalities of the nails, teeth, and bones; gastrointestinal problems; and blood problems. People with Rothmund-Thomson syndrome have an increased risk of developing cancer at an early age, especially osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), basal cell skin cancer, and squamous cell skin cancer. Rothmund-Thomson syndrome may be caused by a mutation (change) in the RECQL4 gene. Also called poikiloderma congenitale and RTS.
Rozlytrek: (roz-LY-trek); A drug used in adults to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ROS1 positive and in adults and children aged 1 month and older to treat certain types of solid tumors that have an NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rozlytrek blocks certain proteins involved in cell signaling and cell growth. Blocking these proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Rozlytrek is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called entrectinib.
RPI.4610: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. RPI.4610 is a special type of RNA made in the laboratory. It stops a protein called vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) from being made. This may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of angiogenesis inhibitor and a type of ribozyme. Also called Angiozyme.
RPLS: A rare condition marked by headaches, vision problems, mental changes, seizures, and swelling in the brain. The symptoms of RPLS usually come on quickly and can be serious and life threatening. When treated, symptoms often go away within days or weeks. RPLS may occur in patients with certain conditions, such as high blood pressure, eclampsia, severe infection, kidney disease, and certain autoimmune diseases. It may also occur in patients treated with certain anticancer drugs and immunosuppressive drugs. Also called posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, PRES, and reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome.
RPR 109881A: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxanes.
RRP: A rare condition in which wart-like growths called papillomas grow in the respiratory tract (air passages leading from the nose and mouth into the lungs). The papillomas most often grow in the larynx (voice box) and vocal cords. They can grow quickly, and they often grow back after they have been removed by surgery. Signs and symptoms of RRP include hoarseness, chronic cough, swallowing problems, and breathing problems, which may sometimes be life-threatening. RRP is caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV). It can occur in both children and adults. Also called recurrent respiratory papillomatosis.
RSR13: A substance being studied in the treatment of brain tumors and some other types of cancer. It increases the amount of oxygen in tumor tissues, which may make the tumor cells easier to kill with radiation therapy. RSR13 is a type of radiosensitizing agent. Also called efaproxiral.
RSV: A virus that causes respiratory infections with cold-like symptoms. Also called respiratory syncytial virus.
RT-PCR: A laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific genetic sequence for analysis. It uses an enzyme called reverse transcriptase to change a specific piece of RNA into a matching piece of DNA. This piece of DNA is then amplified (made in large numbers) by another enzyme called DNA polymerase. The amplified DNA copies help tell whether a specific mRNA molecule is being made by a gene. RT-PCR may be used to look for certain changes in a gene or chromosome or for activation of certain genes, which may help diagnose a disease, such as cancer. It may also be used to study the RNA of certain viruses, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the hepatitis C virus, to help diagnose and monitor an infection. Also called reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.
RTA 744: A substance being studied in the treatment of adult brain tumors. RTA 744 crosses the blood-brain barrier and blocks an enzyme needed for cancer growth. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called topoisomerase II inhibitor RTA 744.
RTEL1 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes) and in repairing DNA. Mutations (changes) in the RTEL1 gene have been found in a rare, inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which causes abnormal changes in the skin and nails and white patches inside the mouth. People with this condition have an increased risk of bone marrow failure (a condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells), myelodysplastic syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lungs), and certain types of cancer.
RTK: A member of a group of proteins called tyrosine kinases that are found on the surface of cells. RTKs play an important role in many cell functions, including cell-to-cell communication and cell division, maturation, movement, metabolism, and survival. Sometimes, the genes that make RTKs have mutations (changes) that cause RTKs to be overactive or be found in higher-than-normal amounts. This may cause cancer cells to grow. Drugs that block the mutant RTKs are being used to treat some types of cancer. Also called receptor tyrosine kinase.
RTS: A rare, inherited disorder that affects many parts of the body, especially the skin, eyes, bones, hair, and teeth. The main sign or symptom is a red blistering rash on the face that begins in early infancy. Over time, the rash can spread to the arms, legs, and buttocks and cause patchy skin coloring, areas of thin skin, and small clusters of blood vessels under the skin. Other signs and symptoms include slow growth and shorter-than-average height; little or no hair, including eyelashes and eyebrows; abnormalities of the nails, teeth, and bones; gastrointestinal problems; and blood problems. People with RTS have an increased risk of developing cancer at an early age, especially osteosarcoma (a type of bone cancer), basal cell skin cancer, and squamous cell skin cancer. RTS may be caused by a mutation (change) in the RECQL4 gene. Also called poikiloderma congenitale and Rothmund-Thomson syndrome.
RU 486: A drug used to end early pregnancies. It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer and other conditions. RU 486 blocks the action of progesterone, a hormone that helps some cancers grow. It is a type of antiprogesterone. Also called Mifeprex and mifepristone.
Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome: (ROO-bin-stine-TAY-bee SIN-drome); A rare, genetic disorder marked by being short, having wide big toes and thumbs, certain facial features, and problems in developing and learning. Other problems may include heart and kidney defects, eye and dental problems, and obesity. People with Rubinstein syndrome have an increased risk of some types of leukemia and brain tumors.
Rubraca: (roo-BRAH-kuh); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer or ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rubraca blocks an enzyme involved in many cell functions, including the repair of DNA damage. Blocking this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from repairing their damaged DNA, causing them to die. Rubraca is a type of PARP inhibitor. Also called AG014699, PARP-1 inhibitor AG014699, and rucaparib camsylate.
rucaparib camsylate: (roo-KA-puh-rib KAM-suh-layt); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer or ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rucaparib camsylate blocks an enzyme involved in many cell functions, including the repair of DNA damage. Blocking this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from repairing their damaged DNA, causing them to die. Rucaparib camsylate is a type of PARP inhibitor. Also called AG014699, PARP-1 inhibitor AG014699, and Rubraca.
Ruxience: (RUK-see-ents); A drug that contains the active ingredient rituximab and is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma or chronic lymphocytic leukemia that are CD20 positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Ruxience binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Ruxience is a type of monoclonal antibody.
ruxolitinib phosphate: (RUK-soh-LIH-tih-nib FOS-fayt); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of primary myelofibrosis (MF), post-polycythemia vera MF, post-essential thrombocythemia MF, or polycythemia vera, and adults and children aged 12 years and older with acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Ruxolitinib phosphate blocks a protein called JAK, which may help keep abnormal blood cells or cancer cells from growing. It may also lower the body’s immune response. Ruxolitinib phosphate is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Jakafi.
rV-TRICOM: A cancer vaccine made with a form of a vaccinia virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called recombinant vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine and vaccinia-TRICOM vaccine.
Rybrevant: (RY-breh-vant); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and has an abnormal EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with other anticancer therapy or has gotten worse during or after treatment with an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (a type of anticancer drug) or platinum chemotherapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rybrevant binds to receptors for proteins called EGF and MET, which are found on some types of cancer cells. Blocking these proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing. Rybrevant is a type of bispecific antibody. Also called amivantamab.
Rydapt: (RY-dapt); A drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rydapt blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Rydapt is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called midostaurin, N-benzoyl-staurosporine, and PKC412.
Rylaze: (RY-layz); A drug that is a recombinant form of asparaginase Erwinia chrysanthemi and is used with other drugs to treat adults and children aged 1 month or older with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is used in people who cannot take the enzyme asparaginase that comes from the bacterium E. coli. Rylaze breaks down the amino acid asparagine and may stop the growth of cancer cells that need asparagine to grow. It may also kill cancer cells. Rylaze is a type of protein synthesis inhibitor.
Rytelo: (ry-TEL-oh); A drug used to treat low-risk or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes in adults with anemia. It is used in patients who need regular red blood cell transfusions and did not respond to or cannot be treated with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Rytelo binds to an enzyme called telomerase, which is found at high levels in certain types of cells, including cancer cells. Blocking the activity of this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and cause them to die. Rytelo is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called imetelstat sodium.