NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

376 results found for: L

L: A measure of volume for a liquid, using the metric system. One L is equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc), 1,000 milliliters (mL), or 1.0567 quarts (qt). Also called liter.
L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine: (...TEH-truh-i-oh-doh-THY-roh-neen); A hormone that is made by the thyroid gland and contains iodine. L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine increases the rate of chemical reactions in cells and helps control growth and development. L-3,5,5’-tetraiodothyronine can also be made in the laboratory and is used to treat thyroid disorders. Also called T4, thyroxin, and thyroxine.
L-377,202: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
L-778,123: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. It may inhibit the transformation of normal cells into cancer cells.
L-arginine: (… AR-jih-neen); One of the twenty common amino acids (building blocks of proteins). L-arginine is being studied as a nutritional supplement in the treatment and prevention of cancer and other conditions. Also called arginine.
L-asparaginase: (... as-PAYR-uh-jih-NAYS); A drug that is used to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is being studied in the treatment of some other types of cancer. It is an enzyme taken from the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli). It breaks down the amino acid asparagine and may block the growth of tumor cells that need asparagine to grow. Also called asparaginase and Elspar.
L-carnitine: (L-KAR-nih-teen); A form of carnitine, which is a substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods, such as meat, poultry, fish, and some dairy products. L-carnitine is also a drug that is used to treat patients who do not make enough carnitine and is being studied as a way to prevent tissue damage caused by chemotherapy. Carnitine is a type of dietary supplement. Also called Carnitor and levocarnitine.
L-glutamic acid: (... gloo-TA-mik A-sid); One of twenty amino acids (molecules that join together to form proteins). L-glutamic acid may help nerve cells send and receive information from other cells. It is being studied for its ability to decrease or prevent nerve damage caused by anticancer drugs. Also called glutamic acid.
L-MTP-PE: A drug being studied in the treatment of young adults with bone cancer that has gotten worse or come back. L-MTP-PE activates certain types of white blood cells and helps the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of immunostimulant. Also called MEPACT, mifamurtide, and muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine.
L-norgestrel: (... nor-JES-trel); A form of the hormone progesterone that is made in the laboratory and used to prevent pregnancy. It is being studied in the prevention of ovarian and endometrial cancer, and in the treatment of other conditions. L-norgestrel is a type of oral contraceptive. Also called levonorgestrel and Plan B.
L-threo-dihydrosphingosine: (... THREE-oh-dy-HY-drose-SFING-goh-seen); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein kinase inhibitors. Also called safingol.
lab-on-a-chip: (lab-on-uh-chip); An instrument that uses very small amounts of fluid on a microchip to do certain laboratory tests. A lab-on-a-chip may use body fluids or solutions containing cells or cell parts to diagnose diseases. Also called microfluidic device.
labial mucosa: (LAY-bee-ul myoo-KOH-suh); The inner lining of the lips.
laboratory study: (LA-bruh-tor-ee STUH-dee); Research done in a laboratory. A laboratory study may use special equipment and cells or animals to find out if a drug, procedure, or treatment is likely to be useful in humans. It may also be a part of a clinical trial, such as when blood or other samples are collected. These may be used to measure the effect of a drug, procedure, or treatment on the body.
laboratory test: (LA-bruh-tor-ee...); A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, or other substance from the body. Laboratory tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see if treatment is working, or monitor the disease over time.
lacrimal gland: (LA-krih-mul ...); A gland that secretes tears. The lacrimal glands are found in the upper, outer part of each eye socket.
lactase: (LAK-tays); An enzyme that breaks down lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
lactate dehydrogenase: (LAK-tayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays); One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount of lactate dehydrogenase in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactic acid dehydrogenase and LDH.
lactation: (lak-TAY-shun); The process of making and secreting milk from the mammary glands in the breasts. Lactation usually begins during pregnancy when changes in certain hormones signal the mammary glands to make milk. After a person gives birth, the nipples release milk when a baby feeds from the breasts or when the person uses a breast pump. Lactation usually continues until milk is no longer being taken from the breasts. Lactation can sometimes be induced using certain hormone medicines in people who are not pregnant. Common factors that can affect lactation include hormone levels, certain medical conditions, breast surgery, injury to the breast or nipple, drug or alcohol use, and taking certain medicines.
lactic acid: (LAK-tik A-sid); A substance made from sugars in milk, by the action of certain enzymes. It is used in skin care products to reduce wrinkles and soften the skin. It is also being studied in the treatment of hand-foot syndrome (a condition marked by pain, swelling, numbness, tingling, or redness of the hands or feet) in patients receiving chemotherapy. Lactic acid is also made in muscles in the body and is used in many chemical processes in the body. It is a type of alpha hydroxyl acid.
lactic acid dehydrogenase: (LAK-tik A-sid dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays); One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactate dehydrogenase and LDH.
lactobacillus: (LAK-toh-buh-SIH-lus); A type of bacterium that makes lactic acid (a substance that is made from sugars found in milk and is also made in the body). Lactobacilli usually do not cause disease, but may cause tooth decay. They are normally found in the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina. They are being studied in the prevention of infections in patients having donor stem cell transplants and in other conditions.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG: (LAK-toh-buh-SIH-lus ram-NOH-sus ...); A live form of a bacterium that makes lactic acid (a substance that is made from sugars found in milk and is also made in the body). Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG is given to help with digestion and normal bowel function. It may also help keep the gastrointestinal (GI) tract healthy. It is being studied in the prevention of infections in patients having donor stem cell transplants and in other conditions. Also called Culturelle.
lactoferrin: (LAK-toh-fayr-in); A protein that is found in milk, tears, mucus, bile, and some white blood cells and is being studied in the treatment and prevention of cancer. It is involved in fighting against infection and inflammation and it acts as an antioxidant.
lactose: (LAK-tose); A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
lactose intolerance: (LAK-tose in-TAH-leh-runts); The inability to digest or absorb lactose, a type of sugar found in milk and other dairy products.
laetrile: (LAY-eh-tril); A purified form of amygdalin made in the laboratory. Amygdalin is a substance found in the pits of some fruits, such as apricots, and in raw nuts and plants. Laetrile has been used in some countries as a treatment for cancer, but it has not been shown to work in human clinical trials. It is not approved for use in the United States.
LAK cell: (… sel); A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called lymphokine-activated killer cell.
LAMA3 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes one of the three subunits of a protein involved in cell growth, cell movement, and cell attachment. This protein helps protect the skin from damage and may be involved in wound healing and in the formation of tooth enamel and the cornea (the clear outer covering of the eye). Mutations (changes) in the LAMA3 gene have been found in an inherited condition called junctional epidermolysis bullosa, which causes the skin to tear and blister easily. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.
LAMB3 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes one of the three subunits of a protein involved in cell growth, cell movement, and cell attachment. This protein helps protect the skin from damage and may be involved in wound healing and in the formation of tooth enamel and the cornea (the clear outer covering of the eye). Mutations (changes) in the LAMB3 gene have been found in an inherited condition called junctional epidermolysis bullosa, which causes the skin to tear and blister easily. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.
LAMC2 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes one of the three subunits of a protein involved in cell growth, cell movement, and cell attachment. This protein helps protect the skin from damage and may be involved in wound healing and in the formation of tooth enamel and the cornea (the clear outer covering of the eye). Mutations (changes) in the LAMC2 gene have been found in an inherited condition called junctional epidermolysis bullosa, which causes the skin to tear and blister easily. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.
lamina propria: (LA-mih-nuh PROH-pree-uh); A type of connective tissue found under the thin layer of tissues covering a mucous membrane.
lamivudine: (luh-MIH-vyoo-deen); A drug used to treat infection caused by viruses.
lamotrigine: (luh-MOH-trih-jeen); A drug that is used to help control some types of seizures. It is being studied in the prevention of peripheral neuropathy caused by some chemotherapy drugs. It belongs to the family of drugs called anticonvulsants.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: (LANG-er-hanz sel HIS-tee-oh-sy-TOH-sis); A group of rare disorders in which too many Langerhans cells (a type of white blood cell) grow in certain tissues and organs including the bones, skin, and lungs, and damage them. Langerhans cell histiocytosis may also affect the pituitary gland (which makes hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth). Langerhans cell histiocytosis is most common in children and young adults. Also called LCH.
lanolin: (LA-noh-lin); An oily substance taken from sheep's wool. Lanolin is used in moisturizing creams and lotions to treat dry, itchy skin.
Lanoxin: (luh-NOK-sin); A drug used to treat irregular heartbeat and some types of heart failure. It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Lanoxin helps the heart work normally by controlling the amount of calcium that goes into the heart muscle. It also may kill cancer cells and make them more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It is a type of cardiac glycoside. Also called digoxin.
lanreotide acetate: (lan-REE-oh-tide A-seh-tayt); A drug that is similar to somatostatin (a hormone made by the body) and is used to treat certain types of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, carcinoid syndrome, and acromegaly (a condition in which the pituitary gland makes too much growth hormone). Lanreotide acetate may help stop the body from making extra amounts of certain hormones, including growth hormone, insulin, glucagon, and hormones that affect digestion. It may also help keep certain types of tumor cells from growing. Lanreotide acetate is a type of somatostatin analog. Also called Somatuline Depot.
lansoprazole: (lan-SOH-pruh-zole); A drug that reduces the amount of acid made in the stomach. It is used to treat stomach ulcers, gastroesophageal reflux disease (a condition in which acid from the stomach causes heartburn), and conditions in which the stomach makes too much acid. Lansoprazole is a type of proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Also called Prevacid.
Lantus: (LAN-tus); A drug used to control the amount of sugar in the blood of patients with diabetes. It is a form of the hormone insulin that is made in the laboratory. Lantus controls blood sugar longer than insulin does. It is a type of therapeutic insulin. Also called insulin glargine and insulin glargine recombinant.
laparoscope: (LA-puh-ruh-SKOPE); A thin, tube-like instrument used to look at tissues and organs inside the abdomen. A laparoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
laparoscopic surgery: (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik SER-juh-ree); Surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called laparoscopic-assisted resection.
laparoscopic-assisted colectomy: (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik-uh-SIS-ted koh-LEK-toh-mee); Surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope to remove all or part of the colon through several small incisions made in the wall of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The laparoscope is inserted through one opening to guide the surgery. Surgical instruments are inserted through the other openings to perform the surgery. When only part of the colon is removed, it is called a partial colectomy.
laparoscopic-assisted resection: (LA-puh-ruh-SKAH-pik-uh-SIS-ted ree-SEK-shun); Surgery done with the aid of a laparoscope. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called laparoscopic surgery.
laparoscopy: (LA-puh-ROS-koh-pee); A procedure that uses a laparoscope, inserted through the abdominal wall, to examine the inside of the abdomen. A laparoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
laparotomy: (LA-puh-RAH-toh-mee); A surgical incision made in the wall of the abdomen.
lapatinib ditosylate: (luh-PA-tih-nib dy-TOH-sih-layt); A drug used with capecitabine or letrozole to treat certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that are advanced or have spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lapatinib ditosylate blocks EGFR and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Lapatinib is the active ingredient of lapatinib ditosylate. Also called GW572016 and Tykerb.
lappa: (LA-puh); A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. The scientific name is Arctium lappa. Also called burdock and happy major.
large cell carcinoma: (...KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Lung cancer in which the cells are large and look abnormal when viewed under a microscope.
large granular lymphocyte: (larj GRAN-yoo-lur LIM-foh-site); A type of white blood cell that contains granules with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or microbial cells.
large intestine: (larj in-TES-tin); The long, tube-like organ that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The large intestine has four parts: cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal. Partly digested food moves through the cecum into the colon, where water and some nutrients and electrolytes are removed. The remaining material, solid waste called stool, moves through the colon, is stored in the rectum, and leaves the body through the anal canal and anus.
laromustine: (LAYR-oh-MUS-teen); A drug used to treat acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). It is also being studied in the treatment of several other types of cancer. It blocks cell growth by damaging the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called Cloretazine and Onrigin.
larotrectinib sulfate: (LAYR-oh-TREK-tih-nib SUL-fayt); A drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or cannot be removed by surgery and have the NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Larotrectinib sulfate blocks the TRK protein, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called LOXO-101, Trk inhibitor LOXO-101, and Vitrakvi.
laryngeal: (luh-RIN-jee-ul); Having to do with the larynx.
laryngeal cancer: (luh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the larynx. The larynx is the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and is used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. Most laryngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancers that begin in thin, flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope).
laryngectomee: (LAYR-in-JEK-toh-MEE); A person whose larynx (voice box) has been removed.
laryngectomy: (LAYR-in-JEK-toh-mee); An operation to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box).
laryngitis: (LAYR-in-JY-tis); Inflammation of the larynx.
laryngopharyngectomy: (luh-RIN-goh-fayr-in-JEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove all or part of the larynx (voice box) and pharynx (throat). Part of the esophagus and all or part of the thyroid may also be removed. A laryngopharyngectomy is usually done to treat cancer in the hypopharynx (bottom part of the throat).
laryngoscope: (luh-RIN-goh-SKOPE); A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the larynx (voice box). A laryngoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue.
laryngoscopy: (LAYR-in-GOS-koh-pee); Examination of the larynx (voice box) with a mirror (indirect laryngoscopy) or with a laryngoscope (direct laryngoscopy).
larynx: (LAYR-inx); The area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking. Also called voice box.
laser: (LAY-zer); A device that forms light into intense, narrow beams that may be used to cut or destroy tissue, such as cancer tissue. It may also be used to reduce lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid in tissue) after breast cancer surgery. Lasers are used in microsurgery, photodynamic therapy, and many other procedures to diagnose and treat disease.
laser acupuncture: (LAY-zer AK-yoo-PUNK-cher); The use of a low-level laser beam instead of an acupuncture needle to stimulate an acupuncture point.
laser interstitial thermal therapy: (LAY-zer IN-ter-STIH-shul THER-mul THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses heat created by a laser beam to remove or destroy abnormal tissue, such as cancer tissue. During laser interstitial thermal therapy, an imaging test, such as MRI, is used to help guide a wire or catheter (thin tube) into the abnormal area of tissue. A laser inserted through the catheter creates heat, which destroys the abnormal tissue. Laser interstitial thermal therapy may be used to treat certain types of brain tumors, including tumors that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body, radiation necrosis (tissue death caused by radiation therapy), and some types of epilepsy. Also called LITT.
laser surgery: (LAY-zer SER-juh-ree); A surgical procedure that uses the cutting power of a laser beam to make bloodless cuts in tissue or to remove a surface lesion such as a tumor.
laser therapy: (LAY-zer THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that uses intense, narrow beams of light to cut and destroy tissue, such as cancer tissue. Laser therapy may also be used to reduce lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph fluid in tissue) after breast cancer surgery.
lassitude: (LA-sih-tood); A feeling of tiredness, weakness, and lack of interest in daily activities.
late effect: (layt eh-FEKT); A health problem that occurs months or years after a disease is diagnosed or after treatment has ended. Late effects may be caused by cancer or cancer treatment. They may include physical, mental, and social problems and second cancers.
late-stage cancer: (LAYT-stayj KAN-ser); A term used to describe cancer that is far along in its growth, and has spread to the lymph nodes or other places in the body.
latency period: (LAY-ten-see PEER-ee-ud); The time that passes between being exposed to something that can cause disease (such as radiation or a virus) and having symptoms.
latent: (LAY-tent); Describes a condition that is present but not active or causing symptoms.
Latisse: (LA-tees); The drug bimatoprost used to increase the length, thickness, and darkness of eyelashes. It is being studied as a way to increase the growth of eyelashes and eyebrows in patients given chemotherapy for cancer. A sterile brush is used to apply Latisse on the upper and lower margins of the eyelids once a day.
latissimus dorsi flap: (luh-TIH-sih-mus DOR-sy …); A type of surgery used to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy. A muscle in the back called the latissimus dorsi, along with skin, fat, and blood vessels, is moved from the back to the chest to form a new breast mound or to form a pocket for a breast implant. This is usually done by passing the muscle tissue and blood vessels through a tunnel under the skin to the chest. A latissimus dorsi flap is a type of breast reconstruction.
laughter therapy: (LAF-ter THAYR-uh-pee); A type of therapy that uses humor to help relieve pain and stress and improve a person’s sense of well-being. It may be used to help people cope with a serious disease, such as cancer. Laughter therapy may include laughter exercises, clowns, and comedy movies, books, games, and puzzles. It is a type of complementary therapy. Also called humor therapy.
lavage: (luh-VAZH); In medicine, washing out an organ (such as the stomach or colon), a body cavity, or a wound by flushing it with a fluid. Also called irrigation.
lavender: (LA-ven-der); A plant with aromatic leaves and flowers that is a member of the mint family. Oil from the flowers has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems, to keep insects away, and to wash in. It is also used in aromatherapy. Perillyl alcohol, a substance found in lavender, is being studied in cancer prevention and treatment. The scientific name is Lavandula angustifolia. Also called English lavender and true lavender.
laxative: (LAK-suh-tiv); A substance that promotes bowel movements.
Lazcluze: (laz-KLOOZ); A drug used with amivantamab to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or cannot be removed by surgery and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. Lazcluze blocks certain proteins made by the mutated EGFR gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called lazertinib mesylate hydrate.
lazertinib mesylate hydrate: (la-ZER-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt HY-drayt); A drug used with amivantamab to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body or cannot be removed by surgery and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. Lazertinib mesylate hydrate blocks certain proteins made by the mutated EGFR gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Lazcluze.
LC-MS: A laboratory technique that combines two different processes to separate, identify, and measure the amount of different substances in a liquid sample. In the liquid chromatography (LC) part of the process, a liquid sample is passed through a column filled with a material that separates the different substances in the sample. In the mass spectrometry (MS) part of the process, the separated substances then pass through a special machine that reports the molecular weight, structure, identity, and number of different substances in the sample. LC-MS has many uses, including screening for drugs, identifying toxins in the environment, and detecting certain metabolic disorders in infants. Also called liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry.
LCH: A group of rare disorders in which too many Langerhans cells (a type of white blood cell) grow in certain tissues and organs including the bones, skin, and lungs, and damage them. LCH may also affect the pituitary gland (which makes hormones that control other glands and many body functions, especially growth). LCH is most common in children and young adults. Also called Langerhans cell histiocytosis.
LCIS: A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. However, having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast. Also called lobular carcinoma in situ.
LDCT: A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine that gives off a very low dose of radiation to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. LDCT is recommended as a screening test for adults who have a high risk of developing lung cancer based on their age and smoking history. Also called low-dose computed tomography and low-dose CT scan.
LDE225: A drug used to treat locally advanced basal cell carcinoma (BCC) that has come back after surgery or radiation therapy. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with surgery or radiation therapy. LDE225 is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LDE225 blocks a type of protein involved in tissue growth and repair and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of hedgehog signaling pathway antagonist. Also called erismodegib, Odomzo, and sonidegib phosphate.
LDH: One of a group of enzymes found in the blood and other body tissues, and involved in energy production in cells. An increased amount in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage and some types of cancer or other diseases. Also called lactate dehydrogenase and lactic acid dehydrogenase.
lead compound: (leed KOM-pownd); In medicine, a chemical compound that shows promise as a treatment for a disease and may lead to the development of a new drug. Thousands of compounds are tested in the laboratory to find a lead (“leading”) compound that may act on specific genes or proteins involved in a disease. Once a lead compound has been found, the chemical structure is used as a starting point to make a drug that has the most benefits and the least harms. Finding a lead compound is the first step in making a new drug to treat a disease.
lead shield: (led sheeld); In medicine, a protective shield that may be placed on the outside of the body during radiation therapy or certain imaging procedures, such as mammography. This helps protect organs, such as the thyroid or reproductive organs (including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus in females and the testicles, prostate, and penis in males), from damage caused by radiation.
lectin: (LEK-tin); A complex molecule that has both protein and sugars. Lectins are able to bind to the outside of a cell and cause biochemical changes in it. Lectins are made by both animals and plants.
LED therapy: (...THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment with drugs that become active and may kill cancer cells when exposed to light. LED therapy is a type of photodynamic therapy, which uses a special type of light to activate the drug. Also called light-emitting diode therapy.
LEEP: A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called loop electrosurgical excision procedure and loop excision.
leflunomide: (leh-FLOO-noh-mide); An anticancer drug that works by inhibiting a cancer cell growth factor. Also called SU101.
legal aid organization: (LEE-gul ayd OR-guh-nih-ZAY-shun); A group or agency that gives legal help to some people with low incomes. Health legal aid organizations help people with problems related to accessing health care services and obtaining health insurance coverage.
Legius syndrome: (LEE-jus SIN-drome); A rare genetic condition marked by flat brown spots on the skin. The number of brown spots on the skin tends to increase throughout childhood. Other signs and symptoms include an abnormally large head, unusual facial features, and freckling in the armpits and groin. People with this syndrome may have mild learning and developmental delays. Legius syndrome is a type of disease called a RASopathy that is caused by mutations (changes) in the SPRED1 gene. This gene makes a protein involved in a cell signaling pathway that controls many important cell functions. Also called neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome.
leiomyoma: (LY-oh-my-OH-muh); A benign smooth muscle tumor, usually in the uterus or gastrointestinal tract. Also called fibroid.
leiomyosarcoma: (LY-oh-MY-oh-sar-KOH-muh); A malignant (cancer) tumor of smooth muscle cells that can arise almost anywhere in the body, but is most common in the uterus, abdomen, or pelvis.
lemon: (LEH-mun); A small, yellow citrus fruit that is a source of citric acid and ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The juice is used to flavor food and drink and to prevent scurvy. Lemon oil (scented liquid taken from the peel) is used in aromatherapy. The scientific name of the lemon tree is Citrus limon.
lenalidomide: (leh-nuh-LIH-doh-mide); A drug that is similar to thalidomide and is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, multiple myeloma, or anemia caused by certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Lenalidomide may help the immune system kill abnormal blood cells or cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Lenalidomide is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called CC-5013 and Revlimid.
lens: (lenz); A clear disk that focuses light, as in a camera or microscope. In the eye, the lens is a clear, curved structure at the front of the eye behind the pupil. It focuses light rays that enter the eye through the pupil, making an image on the retina (light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye).
lentinan: (LEN-tih-nun); A beta-glucan (a type of polysaccharide) from the mushroom Lentinus edodes (shiitake mushroom). It has been studied in Japan as a treatment for cancer.
lenvatinib mesylate: (len-VA-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lenvatinib mesylate blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Lenvatinib mesylate is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Lenvima.
Lenvima: (len-VEE-muh); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of endometrial cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lenvima blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Lenvima is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called lenvatinib mesylate.
LEP-ETU: A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that is contained in very tiny, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. LEP-ETU blocks the ability of cells to divide and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called liposomal paclitaxel, LipoTaxen, paclitaxel liposome, and PNU-93914.
lepirudin: (LEH-pih-ROO-din); A drug that inhibits blood clotting. It is being studied in cancer treatment.
leptin: (LEP-tin); A hormone made by fat cells that helps control the feeling of hunger, the amount of fat stored in the body, and body weight.
leptomeningeal: (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul); Having to do with the two innermost meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord).
leptomeningeal carcinoma: (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed and cerebrospinal fluid and pressure to build up in the brain. Leptomeningeal carcinoma can happen in many types of cancer, but it is most common in people with breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma. Also called carcinomatous meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal metastasis, and neoplastic meningitis.
leptomeningeal carcinomatosis: (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis); A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed and cerebrospinal fluid and pressure to build up in the brain. Leptomeningeal carcinomatosis can happen in many types of cancer, but it is most common in people with breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma. Also called carcinomatous meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinoma, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal metastasis, and neoplastic meningitis.
leptomeningeal metastasis: (LEP-toh-meh-NIN-jee-ul meh-TAS-tuh-sis); A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed and cerebrospinal fluid and pressure to build up in the brain. Leptomeningeal metastasis can happen in many types of cancer, but it is most common in people with breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma. Also called carcinomatous meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinoma, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal carcinomatosis, meningeal metastasis, and neoplastic meningitis.
leridistim: (leh-RIH-dih-stim); A substance being studied for its ability to stimulate the production of blood cells during chemotherapy. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called SC-70935.
lesion: (LEE-zhun); An area of abnormal or damaged tissue caused by injury, infection, or disease. A lesion can occur anywhere in or on the body, such as the skin, blood vessels, brain, and other organs. Examples of lesions include wounds, ulcers, abscesses, sores, cysts, and tumors. A lesion may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
lestaurtinib: (leh-STOR-tih-nib); A drug being studied in the treatment of acute leukemias and some other types of cancer. It binds to a protein that is present on the surface of some types of cancer cells and stops them from dividing. Lestaurtinib is a type of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of indolocarbazole alkaloid. Also called CEP-701.
lethargy: (LEH-thur-jee); A condition marked by drowsiness and an unusual lack of energy and mental alertness. It can be caused by many things, including illness, injury, or drugs.
letrozole: (LEH-truh-zole); A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Letrozole lowers the amount of estrogen made by the body. This may stop the growth of cancer cells that need estrogen to grow. Letrozole is a type of aromatase inhibitor. Also called Femara.
leucovorin calcium: (LOO-koh-VOR-in KAL-see-um); A form of folic acid used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of colorectal cancer and anemia and to lessen the toxic effects of the anticancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the action of folic acid. Leucovorin calcium is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Leucovorin is the active ingredient of leucovorin calcium. Also called citrovorum factor and folinic acid.
leukapheresis: (LOO-kuh-feh-REE-sis); Removal of the blood to collect specific blood cells. The remaining blood is returned to the body.
leukemia: (loo-KEE-mee-uh); Cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.
leukemia cell: (loo-KEE-mee-uh sel); An abnormal type of white blood cell that builds up in the bone marrow and blood of patients with leukemia, causing there to be less room for healthy blood cells. This can cause infection, anemia, and easy bleeding. Leukemia cells may also collect in the lymph nodes, spleen, and liver and cause them to swell. They may also spread to the brain, spinal cord, and testicles.
leukemic leptomeningitis: (loo-KEE-mik MEH-nin-JY-tis); A serious problem that may occur in leukemia. In leukemic leptomeningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed. Also called leukemic meningitis and meningeal leukemia.
leukemic meningitis: (loo-KEE-mik MEH-nin-JY-tis); A serious problem that may occur in leukemia. In leukemic meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed. Also called leukemic leptomeningitis and meningeal leukemia.
Leukeran: (LOO-keh-run); A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Leukeran damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called chlorambucil.
leukocyte: (LOO-koh-site); A type of blood cell that is made in the bone marrow and found in the blood and lymph tissue. Leukocytes are part of the body’s immune system. They help the body fight infection and other diseases. Types of leukocytes are granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils), monocytes, and lymphocytes (T cells and B cells). Checking the number of leukocytes in the blood is usually part of a complete blood cell (CBC) test. It may be used to look for conditions such as infection, inflammation, allergies, and leukemia. Also called WBC and white blood cell.
leukopenia: (LOO-koh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in the blood.
leukoplakia: (LOO-koh-PLAY-kee-uh); An abnormal patch of white or gray tissue that usually forms on the inside of the mouth, especially on the gums, tongue, inside of the cheek, and under the tongue. The patch does not come off when scraped. Leukoplakia is most commonly caused by smoking or chewing tobacco, but may also be caused by heavy alcohol use, poorly fitting dentures, or jagged, broken, or sharp teeth that rub against the tissues in the mouth. Most leukoplakias are benign (not cancer), but some may be precancerous or an early sign of cancer.
leuprolide acetate: (LOO-proh-lide A-seh-tayt); A drug used under the brand names Eligard and Lupron Depot to treat prostate cancer and under the brand name Lupron Depot to treat problems with the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and uterine fibroids (noncancerous growths of the uterus) . It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Leuprolide acetate initially causes the pituitary gland to make more luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), temporarily increasing testosterone levels in men and estrogen levels in women. With continued use, leuprolide acetate lowers the amount of LH and FSH the pituitary gland releases, leading to a drop in testosterone levels in men and estrogen levels in women. Leuprolide acetate may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone to grow and stop the growth of endometrial tissue and uterine fibroids. It is a type of hormone therapy called a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Also called Eligard and Lupron Depot.
leuprolide mesylate: (LOO-proh-lide MEH-zih-layt); A drug used to treat adults with advanced prostate cancer. Leuprolide mesylate initially causes the pituitary gland to make more luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), temporarily increasing testosterone levels in men. With continued use, leuprolide mesylate lowers the amount of LH and FSH the pituitary gland releases, leading to a drop in testosterone levels. Leuprolide mesylate may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone to grow. It is a type of hormone therapy called a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist. Also called Camcevi.
leuvectin: (loo-VEK-tin); An agent that delivers the gene for interleukin-2 (IL-2) into cells to increase production of IL-2 by the cells.
levamisole: (lee-VA-mih-sole); An antiparasitic drug that is also being studied in cancer therapy with fluorouracil.
levels of evidence: (LEH-vulz ... EH-vih-dents); A ranking system used to describe the strength of the results measured in a clinical trial or research study. The design of the study (such as a case report for an individual patient or a randomized double-blinded controlled clinical trial) and the endpoints measured (such as survival or quality of life) affect the strength of the evidence.
levetiracetam: (LEE-veh-ty-RA-seh-tam); A drug used to treat seizures (involuntary muscle movements) caused by epilepsy (a group of brain disorders). Levetiracetam is being studied in the treatment of seizures in patients with cancer that has spread to the brain. It is a type of anticonvulsant. Also called Keppra.
levocarnitine: (LEE-voh-KAR-nih-teen); A form of carnitine, which is a substance made in muscle and liver tissue and found in certain foods, such as meat, poultry, fish, and some dairy products. Levocarnitine is also a drug that is used to treat patients who do not make enough carnitine and is being studied as a way to prevent tissue damage caused by chemotherapy. Carnitine is a type of dietary supplement. Also called Carnitor and L-carnitine.
levofloxacin: (LEE-voh-FLOK-suh-sin); A substance used to treat bacterial infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called quinolone antibiotics.
levoleucovorin calcium: (LEE-voh-LOO-koh-VOR-in KAL-see-um); A drug used to lessen the toxic effects of the anticancer drug methotrexate or other substances that block the action of folic acid. It is also used with fluorouracil as palliative therapy to treat advanced colorectal cancer. Levoleucovorin calcium is a form of folic acid. It is a type of chemoprotective agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called Fusilev.
levonorgestrel: (LEE-voh-nor-JES-trel); A form of the hormone progesterone that is made in the laboratory and used to prevent pregnancy. It is being studied in the prevention of ovarian and endometrial cancer, and in the treatment of other conditions. Levonorgestrel is a type of oral contraceptive. Also called L-norgestrel and Plan B.
Levulan Kerastick: (LEH-vyoo-lan KAYR-uh-stik); A drug that contains the active ingredient aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride and is used with photodynamic therapy to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that may become cancer). When Levulan Kerastick is taken up by abnormal cells, including cancer cells, and then exposed to certain types of light, it becomes active and kills the cells. Levulan Kerastick is a type of photosensitizing agent.
Lexapro: (LEK-suh-proh); A drug used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of drugs called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Also called escitalopram.
lexatumumab: (lek-suh-TOO-moo-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It binds to a protein called TRAIL-R2 on the surface of some tumor cells, which may kill the tumor cells. Lexatumumab is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called anti-TRAIL R2 mAb HGS-ETR2 and HGS-ETR2.
Leydig cell tumor: (LY-dig sel TOO-mer); A rare tumor that usually forms in the testicles. It may also form in the ovaries, but this is very rare. Leydig cell tumors make a male sex hormone called testosterone. These tumors can cause early puberty and an abnormal growth of breast tissue in males. In females, they can cause male features such as facial hair and a deep voice. Leydig cell tumors are usually benign (not cancer), but they may sometimes become malignant (cancer). Leydig cell tumors tend to have a good prognosis if diagnosed and treated early. They can occur in both adults and children. Leydig cell tumors are a type of sex cord-stromal tumor.
LFS: A rare, inherited disorder that is caused by mutations (changes) in the TP53 gene. Having Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the risk of developing many types of cancer. Cancers often develop at an early age, and more than one type of cancer may occur in the same person. LFS is a type of hereditary cancer syndrome. Also called Li-Fraumeni syndrome.
LGD1069: A drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that did not get better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LGD1069 binds to and activates proteins called retinoid X receptors, which may stop the growth of cancer cells and kill them. It is a type of retinoid. Also called bexarotene and Targretin.
LH: A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make follicles release their eggs and to make hormones that get the uterus ready for a fertilized egg to be implanted. In males, it acts on the testes to cause cells to grow and make testosterone. Also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and lutropin.
LH-RH: A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. LH-RH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone. Also called GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LHRH, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
Lhermitte's sign: (layr-MEETZ ...); A sensation similar to an electrical shock radiating from the back of the head down the spine as the neck is bent forward.
LHRH: A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. LHRH causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone. Also called GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LH-RH, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone.
LHRH agonist: (... A-guh-nist); A substance that keeps the testicles and ovaries from making sex hormones by blocking other hormones that are needed to make them. In men, LHRH agonists cause the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some LHRH agonists are used to treat prostate cancer. Also called GnRH agonist, GnRHa, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist.
LHRH antagonist: (… an-TA-guh-nist); A substance that blocks the pituitary gland from making hormones called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, this causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, this causes the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some LHRH antagonists are used to treat advanced prostate cancer. They are also used to treat certain gynecologic conditions and are being studied in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Also called GnRH antagonist, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist.
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: (lee-FRAH-meh-nee SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder that is caused by mutations (changes) in the TP53 gene. Having Li-Fraumeni syndrome increases the risk of developing many types of cancer. Cancers often develop at an early age, and more than one type of cancer may occur in the same person. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a type of hereditary cancer syndrome. Also called LFS.
liarozole: (lee-AYR-oh-zole); An anticancer drug that promotes differentiation by increasing the levels of retinoic acid within the tumor.
libido: (lih-BEE-doh); Sexual desire or the mental energy or emotion related to sex.
Libtayo: (lib-TY-oh); A drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat different types of cancer. Libtayo is used to treat certain types of basal cell carcinoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (types of skin cancer) that are locally advanced or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and may have the PD-L1 protein, but does not have a mutation (change) in the EGFR, ALK, or ROS1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Libtayo may block PD-1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called cemiplimab.
licorice root extract: (LIH-kuh-rish … EK-strakt); A substance prepared from dried roots of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra. It is used as a flavoring in medicines, drinks, and sweets, and it is being studied in the treatment of cancer. Licorice root extract contains several compounds that reduce inflammation, kill certain bacteria and viruses, act like estrogen and other hormones, and may cause cancer cells to die. It is a type of antioxidant.
lidocaine: (LY-doh-kane); A substance used to relieve pain by blocking signals at the nerve endings in skin. It can also be given intravenously to stop heart arrhythmias. It is a type of local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic.
lifestyle risk factor: (... FAK-ter); Personal behaviors or choices that can increase a person’s chance of developing a disease. Lifestyle risk factors can often be avoided, controlled, or changed to reduce the risk of certain diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, obesity, and heart disease. Some examples of lifestyle risk factors include cigarette smoking or other tobacco use, having an unhealthy diet, not getting enough exercise, and drinking too much alcohol.
lifetime risk: (LIFE-time risk); A measure of the risk that a certain event will happen during a person’s lifetime. In cancer research, it is usually given as the likelihood that a person who is free of a certain type of cancer will develop or die from that type of cancer during his or her lifetime. For example, a woman with no known risk factors for breast cancer has a lifetime risk of developing breast cancer of about 12%. This means one out of every eight women will develop breast cancer during her lifetime.
lifileucel: (LIH-fih-LOO-sel); A treatment used for adults with melanoma that has spread to other parts of the body or cannot be removed by surgery. It is used in patients whose cancer did not get better after treatment with an antibody that blocks PD-1 (and treatment with a BRAF inhibitor, for those with a BRAF mutation). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lifileucel is made using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (a type of immune cell that can recognize and kill tumor cells) from a patient’s tumor. These lymphocytes are tested in the laboratory to find out which ones best recognize the tumor cells. The selected lymphocytes are then grown in large numbers in the laboratory and given back to the patient to help the immune system kill the tumor cells. Lifileucel is a type of cellular immunotherapy called tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte therapy. Also called Amtagvi.
ligation: (ly-GAY-shun); The process of tying off blood vessels so that blood cannot flow to a part of the body or to a tumor.
light cigarette: (lite SIH-guh-ret); A type of cigarette that is claimed to give off less tobacco tar than a regular cigarette when smoked. Light cigarettes have been shown to be no safer than regular cigarettes, and smoking them does not lower the risk of cancer or other diseases. A person smoking a light cigarette can inhale the same amount of tobacco tar, nicotine, and harmful, cancer-causing chemicals as in a regular cigarette, depending on how the cigarette is smoked. Cigarettes are no longer allowed to be labeled or advertised as light cigarettes. Also called low tar cigarette.
light microscope: (lite MY-kroh-SKOPE); A microscope (device to magnify small objects) in which objects are lit directly by white light.
light therapy: (… THAYR-uh-pee); The treatment of disease with certain types of light. Light therapy can use lasers, LED, fluorescent lamps, and ultraviolet or infrared radiation. Also called phototherapy.
light-emitting diode therapy: (lite-ee-MIH-ting DY-ode THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment with drugs that become active and may kill cancer cells when exposed to light. Light-emitting diode therapy is type of photodynamic therapy which uses a special type of light to activate the drug. Also called LED therapy.
lignan: (LIG-nun); A member of a group of substances found in plants that have shown estrogenic and anticancer effects. Lignans have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems.
limb perfusion: (lim per-FYOO-zhun); A procedure that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb), and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where the cancer occurred. Also called isolated limb perfusion.
limb-salvage surgery: (lim-SAL-vij SER-juh-ree); Surgery to remove a tumor in a limb (arm or leg) without removing the whole limb. The bone and tissue around the tumor may also be removed, and an implant may be used to replace the part of the limb removed. Limb-salvage surgery is done to help save the use and appearance of the limb. It is used to treat cancers of the bone and soft tissue. Also called limb-sparing surgery.
limb-sparing surgery: (lim-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree); Surgery to remove a tumor in a limb (arm or leg) without removing the whole limb. The bone and tissue around the tumor may also be removed, and an implant may be used to replace the part of the limb removed. Limb-sparing surgery is done to help save the use and appearance of the limb. It is used to treat cancers of the bone and soft tissue. Also called limb-salvage surgery.
limbic system: (LIM-bik SIS-tem); A network of structures in the brain involved in memory and emotions.
limited-stage small cell lung cancer: (LIH-mih-ted-stayj ... sel lung KAN-ser); Cancer is found in one lung, the tissues between the lungs, and nearby lymph nodes only.
LIN: A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (glands that make milk) of the breast. This condition rarely becomes cancer. However, having LIN in one breast increases the risk of breast cancer in either breast. Types of LIN include atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Also called lobular intraepithelial neoplasia and lobular neoplasia.
linac: (LIH-nak); A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat cancer. Also called linear accelerator, mega-voltage linear accelerator, and MeV linear accelerator.
linear accelerator: (LIH-nee-er ak-SEH-leh-RAY-ter); A machine that uses electricity to form a stream of fast-moving subatomic particles. This creates high-energy radiation that may be used to treat cancer. Also called linac, mega-voltage linear accelerator, and MeV linear accelerator.
linitis plastica: (lih-NY-tis plas-TIH-kuh); A rare type of stomach cancer that begins in the lining of the stomach and spreads to the muscles of the stomach wall. This causes the wall of the stomach to become thick, hard, and rubbery, which leads to trouble digesting food. Also called gastric scirrhous carcinoma.
linseed: (LIN-seed); The seed of the flax plant. It is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acid, fiber, and a compound called lignin. It is being studied in the prevention of several types of cancer. Also called flaxseed.
lintuzumab: (lin-TOO-zoo-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes and some types of leukemia. It binds to CD33, a protein on the surface of certain normal blood stem cells and some abnormal blood cells. It causes the immune system to kill these cells. Lintuzumab is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called MoAb HuM195 and monoclonal antibody HuM195.
Lioresal: (lih-OR-eh-sal); A drug that is used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. Lioresal relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. It is a type of antispasmodic. Also called baclofen and Kemstro.
liothyronine sodium: (LY-oh-THY-roh-neen SOH-dee-um); A drug that is used to treat certain thyroid (a gland located near the voice box) conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of thyroid cancer. Liothyronine sodium is made in the laboratory and is a form of the thyroid hormone triiodthyronine (T3). Also called Cytomel and Triostat.
lipid: (LIH-pid); Fat.
Lipiodol: (LIH-pee-oh-dol); A form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine. Lipiodol is given by injection and builds up in the blood and lymph vessels in tumors. It is used for imaging (taking pictures) of the salivary glands and the lymph system. It is also being studied in the imaging of other organs such as the liver, lung, stomach, and thyroid. It is a type of diagnostic imaging agent. Also called ethiodized oil, Ethiodol, and iodized oil.
Lipitor: (LIH-pih-tor); A drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood and to prevent stroke, heart attack, and angina (chest pain). It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer and other conditions. Lipitor blocks an enzyme that helps make cholesterol in the body. It also causes an increase in the breakdown of cholesterol. It is a type of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor and a type of statin. Also called atorvastatin calcium.
lipoma: (lih-POH-muh); A benign (not cancer) tumor made of fat cells.
lipophilic: (LIH-poh-FIH-lik); Able to dissolve, be dissolved in, or absorb lipids (fats).
liposarcoma: (LIH-poh-sar-KOH-muh); A rare type of cancer that begins in fat cells. It usually forms in the layer of fat just under the skin or in the deep soft tissues of the legs (especially in the thigh or back of the knee) or in the abdomen. It may also form in other parts of the body. Most liposarcomas are painless and tend to grow slowly, but some may grow quickly and spread to nearby tissue or to other parts of the body. Liposarcomas usually occur in adults, and are rare in children and adolescents. They are a type of soft tissue sarcoma.
liposomal: (LY-poh-SOH-mul); A drug preparation that contains the active drug inside very tiny, fat-like particles. This form is easier for the body to absorb and allows more drug to get to the target area of the body, such as a tumor. Liposomal drugs may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of the drug.
liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride: (LY-poh-SOH-mul DOK-soh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A form of the anticancer drug doxorubicin that is contained inside very tiny, fat-like particles and is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, and multiple myeloma. Liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of doxorubicin hydrochloride. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride is a type of anthracycline antibiotic and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called Doxil and doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome.
liposomal paclitaxel: (LY-poh-SOH-mul PA-klih-TAK-sil); A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that is contained in very tiny, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. Liposomal paclitaxel blocks the ability of cells to divide and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called LEP-ETU, LipoTaxen, paclitaxel liposome, and PNU-93914.
liposomal SN-38: (LY-poh-SOH-mul…); A form of the anticancer drug irinotecan that is contained in very tiny, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than irinotecan alone. Liposomal SN-38 is being studied in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. Liposomal SN-38 blocks the ability of cells to divide and grow. It may stop the growth of tumor cells. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor and a type of irinotecan (CPT-11) derivative. Also called SN-38 liposome.
liposome: (LY-poh-some); A very tiny, fat-like particle that is made in the laboratory. In medicine, liposomes containing drugs or other substances are used in the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Drugs given in liposomes may have fewer side effects and work better than the same drugs given alone.
liposuction: (LY-poh-SUK-shun); A surgical procedure in which a vacuum device is used to remove extra fat from the body. Liposuction is usually done to smooth and reshape an area of the body to improve appearance. It may also be done to remove lipomas (fatty tumors that are not cancer) and to treat gynecomastia (the abnormal growth of breast tissue in males). It may also be done to relieve symptoms of lymphedema (a condition in which extra lymph fluid builds up in tissues and causes swelling) and as part of breast reduction surgery.
LipoTaxen: (LIH-poh-TAK-sen); A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that is contained in very tiny, fat-like particles. It may have fewer side effects and work better than paclitaxel. It is being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer. LipoTaxen blocks the ability of cells to divide and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called LEP-ETU, liposomal paclitaxel, paclitaxel liposome, and PNU-93914.
liquid biopsy: (LIH-kwid BY-op-see); A laboratory test done on a sample of blood, urine, or other body fluid to look for cancer cells from a tumor or small pieces of DNA, RNA, or other molecules released by tumor cells into a person’s body fluids. Liquid biopsy allows multiple samples to be taken over time, which may help doctors understand what kind of genetic or molecular changes are taking place in a tumor. A liquid biopsy may be used to help find cancer at an early stage. It may also be used to help plan treatment or to find out how well treatment is working or if cancer has come back.
liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: (LIH-kwid KROH-muh-TAH-gruh-fee-mas-spek-TRAH-meh-tree); A laboratory technique that combines two different processes to separate, identify, and measure the amount of different substances in a liquid sample. In the liquid chromatography (LC) part of the process, a liquid sample is passed through a column filled with a material that separates the different substances in the sample. In the mass spectrometry (MS) part of the process, the separated substances then pass through a special machine that reports the molecular weight, structure, identity, and number of different substances in the sample. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry has many uses, including screening for drugs, identifying toxins in the environment, and detecting certain metabolic disorders in infants. Also called LC-MS.
liquid-based Pap test: (LIH-kwid-bayst ...); A type of Pap test. A Pap test is a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix for examination under a microscope. It is used to detect cancer or changes that may lead to cancer. A Pap test can also show conditions that are not cancer, such as infection or inflammation. In a liquid-based Pap test, the cells are rinsed into a small container of liquid. The cells are then placed onto slides by a special machine and examined under a microscope to see if the cells are abnormal.
lisinopril: (ly-SIH-noh-pril); A drug used to treat high blood pressure and certain heart conditions. It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of side effects caused by some anticancer drugs. It blocks certain enzymes that cause blood vessels to constrict (narrow). It is a type of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Also called Prinivil and Zestril.
lisocabtagene maraleucel: (LIH-soh-KAB-tuh-jeen MAR-uh-LOO-sel); A treatment used for adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or certain types of large B-cell lymphoma that relapsed (came back) or did not get better after treatment with at least one or two lines of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lisocabtagene maraleucel is made using a patient’s T cells (a type of immune system cell). A gene for a special receptor called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is added to the T cells in the laboratory. These changed T cells called CAR T cells are grown in large numbers in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion. Lisocabtagene maraleucel binds to a protein called CD19, which is found on most B-cell lymphoma cells. This helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Lisocabtagene maraleucel is a type of cellular immunotherapy called CAR T-cell therapy. Also called Breyanzi.
lisofylline: (lih-SAH-fuh-lin); A drug that may protect healthy cells from chemotherapy and radiation without inhibiting the effects of these therapies on tumor cells.
liter: (LEE-ter); A measure of volume for a liquid, using the metric system. One liter is equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters (cc), 1,000 milliliters (mL), or 1.0567 quarts (qt). Also called L.
lithium: (LIH-thee-um); A soft metal. Lithium salts are used to treat certain mental disorders, especially bipolar (manic depressive) disorder. Lithium salts include lithium carbonate and lithium citrate.
LITT: A type of treatment that uses heat created by a laser beam to remove or destroy abnormal tissue, such as cancer tissue. During LITT, an imaging test, such as MRI, is used to help guide a wire or catheter (thin tube) into the abnormal area of tissue. A laser inserted through the catheter creates heat, which destroys the abnormal tissue. LITT may be used to treat certain types of brain tumors, including tumors that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body, radiation necrosis (tissue death caused by radiation therapy), and some types of epilepsy. Also called laser interstitial thermal therapy.
live virus vaccine: (… VY-rus vak-SEEN); A vaccine made from a virus that has been weakened so it does not cause the disease the virus usually causes. A live virus vaccine helps the body’s immune system recognize and fight infections caused by the non-weakened form of the virus. Examples of live virus vaccines are the chickenpox vaccine and the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. It is not safe for pregnant women or people with weak immune systems to receive a live virus vaccine.
liver: (LIH-ver); A large organ located in the upper abdomen. The liver cleanses the blood and aids in digestion by secreting bile.
liver and bile duct cancer: (LIH-ver ... bile dukt KAN-ser); Primary liver cancer is cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. The most common type of primary liver cancer is hepatocellular carcinoma, which occurs in the tissue of the liver. When cancer starts in other parts of the body and spreads to the liver, it is called liver metastasis. Bile duct cancer forms in the small ducts (tubes) that carry bile (fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat) between the liver and gallbladder and the intestine. Bile duct cancer is also called cholangiocarcinoma. Intrahepatic bile duct cancer is found inside the liver. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is found outside the liver.
liver cancer: (LIH-ver KAN-ser); Primary liver cancer is cancer that forms in the tissues of the liver. Secondary liver cancer is cancer that spreads to the liver from another part of the body.
liver function test: (LIH-ver FUNK-shun ...); A blood test to measure the blood levels of certain substances released by the liver. A high or low level of certain substances can be a sign of liver disease.
liver metastasis: (LIH-ver meh-TAS-tuh-sis); Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the liver.
liver X receptor alpha pathway: (LIH-ver … reh-SEP-ter AL-fuh PATH-way); Describes a group of proteins in a cell that work together to help control how certain genes are expressed and how cholesterol, lipids (fats), bile acids, and steroid hormones are made in the body. Changes in the liver X receptor alpha pathway may lead to diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Drugs or substances that affect this pathway are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases. Also called LXR alpha pathway.
liver-spleen scan: (LIH-ver ... skan); A procedure used to check for abnormal areas in the liver or spleen. A very small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into a vein and travels through the blood to the liver and spleen. It is detected by a scanner linked to a computer, which forms an image of the areas where the radioactive substance collects. A liver-spleen scan may be used to help find cancer in the liver or spleen, cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other liver or spleen problems.
living will: (LIH-ving wil); A type of advance directive that states the specific types of medical care that a person wishes to receive if that person is no longer able to make medical decisions because of a terminal illness or being permanently unconscious. A living will usually has instructions about whether to use certain treatments to help keep a person alive, such as the use of dialysis (kidney) machines, breathing tubes, feeding tubes, and CPR. In the United States, the laws for living wills may be different for each state, and not every state may allow them.
LMB-1 immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-2 immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-7 immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMB-9 immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
LMP400: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that break and rejoin DNA strands. These enzymes are needed for cells to divide and grow. Blocking them may cause cancer cells to die. LMP400 also helps anticancer drugs kill cancers that are resistant to some other drugs. LMP400 is a type of indenoisoquinoline and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor.
LMP776: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes that break and rejoin DNA strands. These enzymes are needed for cells to divide and grow. Blocking them may cause cancer cells to die. LMP776 also helps anticancer drugs kill cancers that are resistant to some other drugs. LMP776 is a type of indenoisoquinoline and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor.
lobaplatin: (LOH-buh-PLA-tin); A substance that contains the metal platinum and may kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. It is a type of alkylating agent.
lobe: (lobe); A portion of an organ, such as the liver, lung, breast, thyroid, or brain.
lobectomy: (loh-BEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove a whole lobe (section) of an organ (such as the lungs, liver, brain, or thyroid gland).
lobeline: (LOH-beh-leen); A substance that comes from a plant known as Indian tobacco, which is different from the tobacco used to make smoking products. It has been studied as a way to help people stop smoking. It is a type of alkaloid.
lobradimil: (loh-BRAY-dih-mil); A substance that is being studied for its ability to help other drugs reach the brain. It belongs to the family of drugs called bradykinin agonists. Also called RMP-7.
lobular capillary hemangioma: (LAH-byoo-ler KA-pih-layr-ee hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh); A benign (not cancer) blood vessel tumor that usually forms on the skin. It may also form on mucous membranes and inside capillaries (small blood vessels) or other places on the body. Lobular capillary hemangiomas usually appear as raised, bright red lesions that may grow quickly and bleed a lot. The lesions are sometimes caused by injury or use of certain medicines and often come back after treatment. They usually occur in older children and young adults but may occur at any age. Lobular capillary hemangiomas are a type of vascular tumor. Also called pyogenic granuloma.
lobular carcinoma: (LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Cancer that begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Lobular carcinoma may be either lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or invasive lobular carcinoma. LCIS is a noninvasive condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. LCIS rarely becomes invasive cancer, but having LCIS in one breast increases the risk of developing invasive cancer in either breast. In invasive lobular carcinoma, cancer has spread from the lobules to surrounding normal tissue. It can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body.
lobular carcinoma in situ: (LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules of the breast. This condition seldom becomes invasive cancer. However, having lobular carcinoma in situ in one breast increases the risk of developing breast cancer in either breast. Also called LCIS.
lobular intraepithelial neoplasia: (LAH-byoo-ler IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (glands that make milk) of the breast. This condition rarely becomes cancer. However, having lobular intraepithelial neoplasia in one breast increases the risk of breast cancer in either breast. Types of lobular intraepithelial neoplasia include atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Also called LIN and lobular neoplasia.
lobular neoplasia: (LAH-byoo-ler NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lobules (glands that make milk) of the breast. This condition rarely becomes cancer. However, having lobular neoplasia in one breast increases the risk of breast cancer in either breast. Types of lobular neoplasia include atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS). Also called LIN and lobular intraepithelial neoplasia.
lobule: (LAH-byool); A small lobe or a subdivision of a lobe.
local anesthesia: (LOH-kul A-nes-THEE-zhuh); A temporary loss of feeling in one small area of the body caused by special drugs called anesthetics. The patient stays awake but has no feeling in the area of the body treated with the anesthetic. Local anesthetics may be injected or put on the skin to lessen pain during medical, surgical, or dental procedures. Some are available over-the-counter (without a doctor’s order) and may help lessen local pain, irritation, and itching caused by conditions such as cold sores, sunburn, poison ivy, and minor cuts.
local therapy: (LOH-kul THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that is directed to a specific organ or limited area of the body, such as the breast or an abnormal growth on the skin. Examples of local therapy used in cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and topical therapy (medicine in a lotion or cream that is applied to the skin). Also called localized therapy.
localized: (LOH-kuh-lized); In medicine, describes disease that is limited to a certain part of the body. For example, localized cancer is usually found only in the tissue or organ where it began, and has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body. Some localized cancers can be completely removed by surgery.
localized cancer: (LOH-kuh-lized KAN-ser); Describes cancer that is found only in the tissue or organ where it first began and that has not spread to nearby lymph nodes or to other parts of the body.
localized gallbladder cancer: (LOH-kuh-lized GAWL-bla-der KAN-ser); Cancer found only in the tissues that make up the wall of the gallbladder. Localized gallbladder cancer can be removed completely in an operation.
localized therapy: (LOH-kuh-lized THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that is directed to a specific organ or limited area of the body, such as the breast or an abnormal growth on the skin. Examples of localized therapy used in cancer are surgery, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, laser therapy, and topical therapy (medicine in a lotion or cream that is applied to the skin). Also called local therapy.
locally advanced cancer: (LOH-kuh-lee ad-VANST KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread from where it started to nearby tissue or lymph nodes.
locally recurrent cancer: (LOH-kuh-lee ree-KER-ent KAN-ser); Cancer that has recurred (come back) at or near the same place as the original (primary) tumor, usually after a period of time during which the cancer could not be detected.
locus: (LOH-kus); Specific place where something is located or occurs. It may refer to a specific place on the body (such as an acupuncture point) or the place on a chromosome where a specific gene is found.
locus heterogeneity: (LOH-kus HEH-teh-roh-jeh-NEE-ih-tee); A term that describes when mutations (changes) in different genes cause the same disease or condition. Each mutation by itself is enough to cause the disease or condition. For example, xeroderma pigmentosum (a rare, inherited disorder with a very high risk of developing skin cancer and other types of cancer) is caused by having a mutation in one of at least nine different genes involved in repairing damaged DNA.
Lofibra: (loh-FY-bruh); A drug used to treat high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. Lofibra is being studied in the treatment of advanced cancers in young patients and in the treatment of other conditions. It is a type of antilipidemic agent. Also called fenofibrate and TriCor.
lometrexol: (loh-meh-TREK-sol); A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifolates.
lomustine: (loh-MUS-teen); A drug used to treat brain tumors that have already been treated with surgery or radiation therapy and Hodgkin lymphoma that got worse after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lomustine damages the cell's DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of nitrosourea. Also called CCNU and Gleostine.
lonafarnib: (loh-nah-FAR-nib); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called enzyme inhibitors. Also called SCH 66336.
loncastuximab tesirine: (LON-kas-TUK-sih-mab TEH-sih-reen); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that relapsed (came back) or did not get better after treatment with at least two other types of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Loncastuximab tesirine contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD19, which is found on some lymphoma cells. It also contains an anticancer drug, which may help kill cancer cells. Loncastuximab tesirine is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called Zynlonta.
long-term side effect: (... eh-FEKT); A problem that is caused by a disease or treatment of a disease and may continue for months or years. Long-term side effects of cancer treatment include heart, lung, kidney, or gastrointestinal tract problems; pain, numbness, tingling, loss of feeling, or heat or cold sensitivity in the hands or feet; fatigue; hearing loss; cataracts; and dry eyes or dry mouth.
longitudinal cohort study: (LON-jih-TOO-dih-nul KOH-hort STUH-dee); A type of research study that follows large groups of people over a long time. The groups are alike in many ways but differ by a certain characteristic (for example, female nurses who smoke and those who do not smoke). A particular outcome (such as the development of lung cancer) is compared between the groups. The same people in each group are assessed many times throughout the study.
Lonsurf: (LON-serf); A combination of two drugs used alone or with bevacizumab to treat adults with certain types of colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, or gastroesophageal junction cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and has already been treated with other anticancer treatments. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lonsurf stops cells from making DNA, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of antimetabolite and a type of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor. Also called trifluridine and tipiracil hydrochloride.
loop electrosurgical excision procedure: (loop ee-LEK-troh-SER-jih-kul ek-SIH-zhun proh-SEE-jer); A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called LEEP and loop excision.
loop excision: (...ek-SIH-zhun); A technique that uses electric current passed through a thin wire loop to remove abnormal tissue. Also called LEEP and loop electrosurgical excision procedure.
loperamide hydrochloride: (loh-PER-uh-mide HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to treat diarrhea. Loperamide hydrochloride works by binding to mu opioid receptors in the intestines, which slows the movement of the muscles in the intestines. This gives the body more time to absorb water and electrolytes from the feces (waste matter), resulting in firmer and less frequent bowel movements. Loperamide hydrochloride is a type of synthetic opioid agonist that works only in the gut when used as directed. Also called Imodium.
lopinavir: (loh-PIH-nuh-veer); A drug used with another drug, called ritonavir, to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Lopinavir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may help some anticancer drugs work better. It is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor.
lopinavir/ritonavir: (loh-PIH-nuh-veer/ry-TOH-nuh-veer); A combination of the drugs ritonavir and lopinavir. It is used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Lopinavir/ritonavir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may help other anticancer drugs work better or may block the growth of cancer cells. Ritonavir blocks the breakdown of lopinavir. Lopinavir/ritonavir is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor. Also called Kaletra.
Loqtorzi: (lok-TOR-zee); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of nasopharyngeal cancer (a type of head and neck cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Loqtorzi binds to a protein called PD-1, which is found on T cells (a type of immune cell). Blocking this protein may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Loqtorzi is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called toripalimab.
lorazepam: (lor-A-zeh-pam); A drug that is used to treat anxiety and certain seizure disorders (such as epilepsy), and to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. It belongs to the families of drugs called antiemetics and benzodiazepines.
Lorbrena: (lor-BREH-nuh); A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is ALK positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lorbrena blocks certain proteins made by the ALK gene. Blocking these proteins may stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Lorbrena is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called lorlatinib.
lorlatinib: (lor-LA-tih-nib); A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is ALK positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lorlatinib blocks certain proteins made by the ALK gene. Blocking these proteins may stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Lorlatinib is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Lorbrena.
lorvotuzumab mertansine: (LOR-voh-TOO-zoo-mab mer-TAN-seen); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer, including Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and other types of soft tissue sarcoma. Lorvotuzumab mertansine contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD56 on some types of cancer cells. It also contains an anticancer drug called DM1, which may help kill cancer cells after lorvotuzumab mertansine binds to them. Lorvotuzumab mertansine is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called BB-10901.
losartan potassium: (loh-SAR-tan puh-TA-see-um); A drug used to treat high blood pressure. Losartan potassium blocks the action of chemicals that make blood vessels constrict (get narrower). It is a type of angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Also called Cozaar.
losoxantrone: (loh-SOK-san-trone); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called antipyrazoles.
lovastatin: (LOH-vuh-STA-tin); A drug used to lower the amount of cholesterol in the blood. It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Lovastatin is a type of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin). Also called Mevacor.
low birth weight: (loh berth wayt); A term used to describe an infant born weighing 5.5 pounds (2500 grams) or less. A low birth weight may occur when an infant is born too early (premature). These infants may have an increased risk of serious health problems. Smoking cigarettes, being exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke, drinking alcohol, and taking certain drugs during pregnancy can increase the risk of having an infant with a low birth weight.
low grade: (loh grayd); A term used to describe cells and tissue that look almost normal under a microscope. Low-grade cancer cells look more like normal cells and tend to grow and spread more slowly than high-grade cancer cells. Cancer grade may be used to help plan treatment and determine prognosis. Low-grade cancers usually have a better prognosis than high-grade cancers and may not need treatment right away.
low tar cigarette: (loh tar SIH-guh-ret); A type of cigarette that is claimed to give off less tobacco tar than a regular cigarette when smoked. Low tar cigarettes have been shown to be no safer than regular cigarettes, and smoking them does not lower the risk of cancer or other diseases. A person smoking a low tar cigarette can inhale the same amount of tobacco tar, nicotine, and harmful, cancer-causing chemicals as in a regular cigarette, depending on how the cigarette is smoked. Cigarettes are no longer allowed to be labeled or advertised as low tar cigarettes. Also called light cigarette.
low-dose chemotherapy: (loh-dose KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which low doses of anticancer drugs are given on a continuous or frequent, regular schedule (such as daily or weekly), usually over a long time. Low-dose chemotherapy causes less severe side effects than standard chemotherapy. Giving low doses of chemotherapy may stop the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Also called metronomic chemotherapy.
low-dose computed tomography: (loh-dose kum-PYOO-ted toh-MAH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine that gives off a very low dose of radiation to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. Low-dose computed tomography is recommended as a screening test for adults who have a high risk of developing lung cancer based on their age and smoking history. Also called LDCT and low-dose CT scan.
low-dose CT scan: (loh-dose ... skan); A procedure that uses a computer linked to an x-ray machine that gives off a very low dose of radiation to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. The pictures are taken from different angles and are used to create 3-D views of tissues and organs. Low-dose CT scan is recommended as a screening test for adults who have a high risk of developing lung cancer based on their age and smoking history. Also called LDCT and low-dose computed tomography.
low-dose radiation therapy: (loh-dose RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); Radiation treatment in which the total dose of radiation is less than that given in standard radiation therapy. In low-dose radiation therapy, the total dose may be given in fewer treatments or over a shorter period of time (fewer days or weeks) than standard radiation therapy. This may cause less damage to nearby healthy tissue.
low-grade DCIS: (loh-grayd …); A condition in which cells that look mostly like normal cells under a microscope are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Low-grade DCIS tends to grow more slowly than intermediate-grade or high-grade DCIS. It is also less likely to come back or become invasive breast cancer and spread to other tissues. Also called grade I DCIS, grade I ductal carcinoma in situ, and low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.
low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ: (loh-grayd DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too); A condition in which cells that look mostly like normal cells under a microscope are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ tends to grow more slowly than intermediate-grade or high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. It is also less likely to come back or become invasive breast cancer and spread to other tissues. Also called grade I DCIS, grade I ductal carcinoma in situ, and low-grade DCIS.
low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma: (… FY-broh-MIK-soyd sar-KOH-muh); A rare, slow-growing type of cancer that usually forms in the deep soft tissues of the legs or trunk (chest and abdomen). The cancer may come back many years after treatment and spread to the lungs and the lining of the wall of the chest cavity. The cancer cells usually have a certain genetic change called a translocation (part of one chromosome switches places with part of another chromosome). Low-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma usually occurs in young and middle-aged adults. It is a type of soft tissue sarcoma.
low-grade lymphoma: (... lim-FOH-muh); A type of lymphoma that tends to grow and spread slowly, and has few symptoms. Also called indolent lymphoma.
low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: (... SKWAY-mus IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul LEE-zhun); An area of abnormal cells that forms on the surface of certain organs, such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and esophagus. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions look slightly abnormal when looked at under a microscope. They are usually caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and are found when a Pap test or biopsy is done. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions usually go away on their own without treatment, but sometimes they can become cancer and spread into nearby tissue. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion is sometimes called mild dysplasia. Also called LSIL.
low-risk cancer: (loh-risk KAN-ser); Cancer that tends to grow slowly, usually does not spread to other parts of the body, and may have a good chance of being cured. Knowing whether a cancer is low risk may help plan treatment. Some low-risk cancers may not need treatment right away.
low-risk HPV: (loh-risk …); A group of human papillomaviruses (HPV) that can infect cells on the moist surfaces or inner lining of some organs and body cavities, such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, mouth, and throat, but rarely cause cancer. Low-risk HPV infections, most often HPV types 6 and 11, can cause warts on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, larynx, or other parts of the respiratory tract. Low-risk HPV is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact, most often during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be transmitted during childbirth, but this is less common. Also called low-risk human papillomavirus.
low-risk human papillomavirus: (loh-risk HYOO-mun PA-pih-LOH-muh-VY-rus); A group of human papillomaviruses (HPV) that can infect cells on the moist surfaces or inner lining of some organs and body cavities, such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, anus, mouth, and throat, but rarely cause cancer. Low-risk human papillomavirus infections, most often HPV types 6 and 11, can cause warts on or around the genitals, anus, mouth, larynx, or other parts of the respiratory tract. Low-risk human papillomavirus is transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact, most often during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. It can also be transmitted during childbirth, but this is less common. Also called low-risk HPV.
lower extremity: (LOH-er ek-STREH-mih-tee); The part of the body that includes the leg, ankle, and foot.
lower GI series: (LOH-er ... SEER-eez); X-rays of the colon and rectum that are taken after a person is given a barium enema.
lower jaw bone: (LOH-er jaw bone); The lower jaw bone is the largest and strongest bone in the face. It forms the lower part of the jaw and part of the mouth. The lower jaw bone is the only moveable bone of the skull and is attached to muscles involved in chewing and other mouth movements. It also holds the bottom teeth in place. Also called mandible.
LOXO-101: A drug used to treat adults and children with certain types of solid tumors that have spread or cannot be removed by surgery and have the NTRK gene fusion. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LOXO-101 blocks the TRK protein, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called larotrectinib sulfate, Trk inhibitor LOXO-101, and Vitrakvi.
LP: A procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lower part of the spine to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This is done by placing the needle between two bones in the spine and into the subarachnoid space (the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue around the spinal cord). After the CSF sample is removed, it is checked under a microscope for signs of infection, inflammation, or diseases, such as cancer or certain nervous system conditions. An LP may also be done to measure or reduce CSF pressure around the spinal cord and brain, to inject drugs, such as chemotherapy or anesthesia drugs, directly into the CSF, or to inject contrast dye for certain imaging tests. Also called lumbar puncture and spinal tap.
LPHL: A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is marked by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, which used to be called popcorn cells. These cells are different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cells found in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. LPHL may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, NLPHL, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
LRMDA gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in the formation of cells that make the pigment melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes. Mutations (changes) in the LRMDA gene have been found in a rare inherited condition called oculocutaneous albinism type 7. People with this condition have vision problems, very fair skin, and a high risk of developing skin cancer.
LSIL: An area of abnormal cells that forms on the surface of certain organs, such as the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, and esophagus. LSILs look slightly abnormal when looked at under a microscope. They are usually caused by infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) and are found when a Pap test or biopsy is done. LSILs usually go away on their own without treatment, but sometimes they can become cancer and spread into nearby tissue. LSIL is sometimes called mild dysplasia. Also called low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion.
LU 79553: An anticancer drug that kills cancer cells by affecting DNA synthesis.
LU-103793: An anticancer drug that reduces the risk of tumor cell growth and reproduction.
lubricant: (LOO-brih-kunt); An oily or slippery substance.
Lumakras: (LOO-muh-kras); A drug used alone to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery, and with panitumumab to treat colorectal cancer that has spread. It is used in patients who have a certain mutation (change) in the KRAS gene and whose cancer was treated with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lumakras blocks a protein (KRAS p.G12C) made by the mutated KRAS gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of targeted therapy. Also called sotorasib.
lumbar puncture: (LUM-bar PUNK-cher); A procedure in which a thin, hollow needle is inserted into the lower part of the spine to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This is done by placing the needle between two bones in the spine and into the subarachnoid space (the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue around the spinal cord). After the CSF sample is removed, it is checked under a microscope for signs of infection, inflammation, or diseases, such as cancer or certain nervous system conditions. A lumbar puncture may also be done to measure or reduce CSF pressure around the spinal cord and brain, to inject drugs, such as chemotherapy or anesthesia drugs, directly into the CSF, or to inject contrast dye for certain imaging tests. Also called LP and spinal tap.
LUMBAR/PELVIS/SACRAL syndrome: (LUM-bar/PEL-vus/SAY-krul SIN-drome); A rare disorder marked by a hemangioma (a benign blood vessel tumor) that spreads across a large area of the lower back or genital area. Other health problems that affect the urinary system, genitals, rectum, anus, brain, spinal cord, and nerve function may also occur. LUMBAR/PELVIC/SACRAL syndrome is most common in infants.
lumen: (LOO-men); The cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ such as a blood vessel or the intestine.
Lumigan: (LOO-mih-gun); The drug bimatoprost used to treat glaucoma (a build-up of fluid in the eye). It lowers pressure in the eye by increasing the flow of natural eye fluids out of the eye. One drop of Lumigan is put directly in the eye once a day.
luminal A breast cancer: (LOO-mih-nul … brest KAN-ser); A subtype of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Luminal A breast cancer cells typically have estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) proteins inside them and a small amount or none of a protein called HER2 on their surface. Luminal A breast cancer cells also tend to have low levels of a protein called Ki-67, which is found only in cells that are dividing. Under a microscope, luminal A breast cancer cells look more like normal cells than other subtypes of breast cancer. They tend to grow slowly and have a good prognosis. Most breast cancers are luminal A.
luminal B breast cancer: (LOO-mih-nul … brest KAN-ser); A subtype of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Luminal B breast cancer cells typically have estrogen receptor (ER) proteins but not progesterone receptor (PR) proteins inside them. The cancer cells may or may not have the HER2 protein on their surface. Luminal B breast cancer cells often have high levels of a protein called Ki-67, which is found only in cells that are dividing. Luminal B breast cancers tend to grow more quickly and have a slightly poorer prognosis than luminal A breast cancers.
lumpectomy: (lum-PEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. Also called breast-conserving surgery, breast-sparing surgery, partial mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy.
lung: (lung); One of a pair of organs in the chest that supplies the body with oxygen, and removes carbon dioxide from the body.
lung biopsy: (… BY-op-see); The removal of a small piece of lung tissue to be checked by a pathologist for cancer or other diseases. The tissue may be removed using a bronchoscope (a thin, lighted, tube-like instrument that is inserted through the trachea and into the lung). It may also be removed using a fine needle inserted through the chest wall, by surgery guided by a video camera inserted through the chest wall, or by an open biopsy. In an open biopsy, a doctor makes an incision between the ribs, removes a sample of lung tissue, and closes the wound with stitches.
lung cancer: (lung KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the lung, usually in the cells lining air passages. The two main types are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are diagnosed based on how the cells look under a microscope.
lung disorder: (… dis-OR-der); A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system. Lung disorders may be caused by infection, by smoking tobacco, or by breathing in secondhand tobacco smoke, radon, asbestos, or other forms of air pollution. Lung disorders include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), pulmonary fibrosis, pneumonia, and lung cancer. Also called pulmonary disease and respiratory disease.
lung function: (… FUNK-shun); A term used to describe how well the lungs work in helping a person breathe. During breathing, oxygen is taken into the lungs, where it passes into the blood and travels to the body’s tissues. Carbon dioxide, a waste product made by the body’s tissues, is carried to the lungs, where it is breathed out. There are different tests to measure lung function. Also called pulmonary function.
lung function test: (… FUNK-shun …); A test used to measure how well the lungs work. It measures how much air the lungs can hold and how quickly air is moved into and out of the lungs. It also measures how much oxygen is used and how much carbon dioxide is given off during breathing. A lung function test can be used to diagnose a lung disease and to see how well treatment for the disease is working. Also called PFT and pulmonary function test.
lung metastasis: (...meh-TAS-tuh-sis); Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lung.
Lunsumio: (lun-SUM-ee-oh); A drug used to treat adults with follicular lymphoma that came back or did not get better after treatment with at least two other types of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lunsumio binds to a protein called CD3, which is found on T cells (a type of white blood cell). It also binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells (another type of white blood cell) and some lymphoma cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Lunsumio is a type of bispecific monoclonal antibody. Also called mosunetuzumab.
Lupron Depot: (LOO-pron DEE-poh); A drug used under the brand names Eligard and Lupron Depot to treat prostate cancer and under the brand name Lupron Depot to treat problems with the endometrium (lining of the uterus) and uterine fibroids (noncancerous growths of the uterus) . It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Lupron Depot initially causes the pituitary gland to make more luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), temporarily increasing testosterone levels in men and estrogen levels in women. With continued use, Lupron Depot lowers the amount of LH and FSH the pituitary gland releases, leading to a drop in testosterone levels in men and estrogen levels in women. Lupron Depot may stop the growth of cancer cells that need testosterone to grow and stop the growth of endometrial tissue and uterine fibroids. It is a type of hormone therapy called a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. Also called Eligard and leuprolide acetate.
lupus: (LOO-pus); A chronic, inflammatory, connective tissue disease that can affect the joints and many organs, including the skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, and nervous system. It can cause many different symptoms; however, not everyone with lupus has all of the symptoms. Also called SLE and systemic lupus erythematosus.
lurbinectedin: (LOOR-bih-NEK-teh-din); A drug used to treat adults with small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and got worse during or after treatment with platinum chemotherapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lurbinectedin may kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called Zepzelca.
lurtotecan: (LOOR-toh-TEE-kan); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called topoisomerase inhibitors.
luspatercept: (lus-PA-ter-cept); A drug used to treat anemia in adults with certain types of myelodysplastic syndromes or myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms who need regular red blood cell transfusions and whose anemia did not respond to or cannot be treated with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. Luspatercept is also used to treat anemia in adults with beta thalassemia (an inherited blood disorder) who need regular red blood cell transfusions. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Luspatercept helps the bone marrow make more red blood cells. It is a type of antianemic and a type of recombinant fusion protein. Also called Reblozyl.
Lutathera: (LOO-tuh-THAYR-uh); A radioactive drug used to treat adults and children aged 12 years and older with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are somatostatin receptor positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lutathera binds to a protein called somatostatin receptor, which is found on some neuroendocrine tumor cells. Lutathera builds up in these cells and gives off radiation that may kill them. It is a type of radioconjugate and a type of somatostatin analog. Also called lutetium Lu 177-dotatate.
luteinizing hormone: (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone); A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make follicles release their eggs and to make hormones that get the uterus ready for a fertilized egg to be implanted. In males, it acts on the testes to cause cells to grow and make testosterone. Also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, LH, and lutropin.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone: (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone); A hormone made by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone causes the pituitary gland in the brain to make and secrete the hormones luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In men, these hormones cause the testicles to make testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to make estrogen and progesterone. Also called GnRH, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, LH-RH, and LHRH.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist: (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone A-guh-nist); A substance that keeps the testicles and ovaries from making sex hormones by blocking other hormones that are needed to make them. In men, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists cause the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, they cause the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists are used to treat prostate cancer. Also called GnRH agonist, GnRHa, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, and LHRH agonist.
luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist: (LOO-tih-NY-zing HOR-mone-reh-LEE-sing HOR-mone an-TA-guh-nist); A substance that blocks the pituitary gland from making hormones called follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). In men, this causes the testicles to stop making testosterone. In women, this causes the ovaries to stop making estrogen and progesterone. Some luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonists are used to treat advanced prostate cancer. They are also used to treat certain gynecologic conditions and are being studied in the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Also called GnRH antagonist, gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist, and LHRH antagonist.
lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan: (loo-TEE-shee-um … vy-PIH-voh-tide teh-TRAK-seh-tan); A radioactive drug used to treat adults with PSMA-positive prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels. It is used in patients whose cancer has been treated with an androgen receptor inhibitor and who can either delay or have received treatment with a type of anticancer drug called a taxane. Lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan binds to a protein called PSMA, which is found on some prostate cancer cells. It gives off radiation that may kill the cancer cells. Lutetium Lu 177 vipivotide tetraxetan is a type of radioconjugate. Also called Pluvicto.
lutetium Lu 177-dotatate: (loo-TEE-shee-um … DOH-tuh-tayt); A radioactive drug used to treat adults and children aged 12 years and older with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are somatostatin receptor positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lutetium Lu 177-dotatate binds to a protein called somatostatin receptor, which is found on some neuroendocrine tumor cells. Lutetium Lu 177-dotatate builds up in these cells and gives off radiation that may kill them. It is a type of radioconjugate and a type of somatostatin analog. Also called Lutathera.
lutetium texaphyrin: (loo-TEE-shee-um tek-SA-fih-rin); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer using photodynamic therapy. It belongs to the family of drugs called metallotexaphyrins. Also called motexafin lutetium.
lutropin: (LOO-troh-pin); A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make follicles release their eggs and to make hormones that get the uterus ready for a fertilized egg to be implanted. In males, it acts on the testes to cause cells to grow and make testosterone. Also called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone, LH, and luteinizing hormone.
Luvox: (LOO-vox); A drug used to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is a type of antidepressant agent and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Also called fluvoxamine.
LVA: Surgery done to help relieve symptoms of lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues). Lymphedema can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked. During an LVA, lymph vessels are rerouted to connect directly to nearby veins in the affected part of the body so that lymph can flow around the damaged or blocked area. This creates a new path for lymph to re-enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. Also called LVB, lymphaticovenous anastomosis, and lymphovenous bypass.
LVB: Surgery done to help relieve symptoms of lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues). Lymphedema can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked. During an LVB, lymph vessels are rerouted to connect directly to nearby veins in the affected part of the body so that lymph can flow around the damaged or blocked area. This creates a new path for lymph to re-enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. Also called LVA, lymphaticovenous anastomosis, and lymphovenous bypass.
LXR alpha pathway: (… AL-fuh PATH-way); Describes a group of proteins in a cell that work together to help control how certain genes are expressed and how cholesterol, lipids (fats), bile acids, and steroid hormones are made in the body. Changes in the LXR alpha pathway may lead to diseases such as heart disease and cancer. Drugs or substances that affect this pathway are being studied in the prevention and treatment of cancer and other diseases. Also called liver X receptor alpha pathway.
LY231514: A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. LY231514 stops cells from using folic acid to make DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite and a type of antifolate. Also called Alimta, pemetrexed disodium, and Pemfexy.
LY293111: A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists.
LY317615: A substance being studied in the treatment of certain types of cancer, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, breast, colon, lung, ovarian, and prostate. LY317615 blocks certain cell signaling pathways, and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of serine threonine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called enzastaurin hydrochloride.
LY335979: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. LY335979 may help kill cancer cells that are resistant to anticancer drugs. Also called zosuquidar trihydrochloride.
LY353381 hydrochloride: (... HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A substance being studied in the treatment of osteoporosis and breast cancer. LY353381 hydrochloride is made in the laboratory and binds to estrogen receptors in the body. It is a type of selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Also called arzoxifene hydrochloride.
lycopene: (LY-kuh-peen); A red pigment found in tomatoes and some fruits. It is an antioxidant and may help prevent some types of cancer.
lymph: (limf); Clear, watery fluid that comes from plasma (the liquid part of the blood) that has leaked through the blood capillary walls into the spaces around cells. Lymph carries white blood cells, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body in lymph vessels. As lymph flows through the lymph vessels, it collects extra fluids, cellular debris, and harmful substances from the tissues and is filtered by lymph nodes. The filtered lymph returns to the bloodstream to help maintain fluid balance in the body and immune health. Also called lymphatic fluid.
lymph gland: (limf gland); A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system. Lymph glands filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease. There are hundreds of lymph glands found throughout the body. They are connected to one another by lymph vessels. Clusters of lymph glands are found in the neck, axilla (underarm), chest, abdomen, and groin. For example, there are about 20-40 lymph glands in the axilla. Also called lymph node.
lymph node: (limf node); A small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system. Lymph nodes filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease. There are hundreds of lymph nodes found throughout the body. They are connected to one another by lymph vessels. Clusters of lymph nodes are found in the neck, axilla (underarm), chest, abdomen, and groin. For example, there are about 20-40 lymph nodes in the axilla. Also called lymph gland.
lymph node biopsy: (limf node BY-op-see); A procedure in which all or part of a lymph node is removed and checked under a microscope for signs of infection or disease, such as cancer. There are several types of lymph node biopsies, including excisional biopsy (removal of entire lymph node), incisional biopsy (removal of part of a lymph node), core needle biopsy (removal of tissue from a lymph node using a wide needle), and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (removal of tissue from a lymph node using a thin needle).
lymph node dissection: (limf node dy-SEK-shun); A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. For a regional lymph node dissection, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymph node dissection, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymphadenectomy.
lymph node drainage: (limf node DRAY-nij); The flow of lymph from an area of tissue into a particular lymph node.
lymph node mapping: (limf node MA-ping); The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymphatic mapping.
lymph system: (limf SIS-tem); The tissues and organs that help the body fight infection and disease. The lymph system includes the lymph nodes, lymph vessels (thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells), bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids, and lymph tissue in the small intestine and other parts of the body. The lymph system is an important part of the body's immune system. It also plays an important role in maintaining healthy fluid levels in the body, removing cellular debris and harmful substances from the tissues, and helping the body absorb certain fats and other molecules. Also called lymphatic system.
lymph vessel: (limf ...); A thin tube that collects lymph (clear watery fluid) from tissues in different parts of the body and returns it to the bloodstream. Lymph vessels branch, like blood vessels, throughout the body. They vary in size but are typically larger than blood capillaries and smaller than most veins. Also called lymphatic vessel.
lymphadenectomy: (LIM-fa-deh-NEK-toh-mee); A surgical procedure in which the lymph nodes are removed and a sample of tissue is checked under a microscope for signs of cancer. For a regional lymphadenectomy, some of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed; for a radical lymphadenectomy, most or all of the lymph nodes in the tumor area are removed. Also called lymph node dissection.
lymphadenopathy: (limf-A-deh-NAH-puh-thee); Disease or swelling of the lymph nodes.
lymphangiogram: (lim-FAN-jee-oh-gram); An x-ray or computer image of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into the body to make the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes easier to see in the image. A lymphangiogram may be used to check for blockages or leaks in the lymphatic system and to help diagnose certain conditions, such as lymphedema or lymphoma. It may also be used with a lymph node biopsy to find out whether cancer has spread.
lymphangiography: (lim-FAN-jee-AH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses x-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make pictures of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into the body to make the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes easier to see in the pictures. Lymphangiography may be used to check for blockages or leaks in the lymphatic system and to help diagnose certain conditions, such as lymphedema or lymphoma, or find out whether cancer has spread. It may also be used to help plan treatment or find out how well treatment is working. Lymphangiography is also sometimes used before surgery to learn more about the structure of a person's lymphatic system. Also called lymphography.
lymphangiosarcoma: (lim-FAN-jee-oh-sar-KOH-muh); A type of cancer that begins in the cells that line lymph vessels.
lymphangitic carcinomatosis: (LIM-fan-JIH-tik KAR-sih-NOH-muh-TOH-sis); A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the lymph vessels (the thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells through the body’s lymph system). The cancer cells build up in the lymph vessels, which causes them to become blocked. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis usually occurs in the lungs. It can happen in many types of cancer, but it is most common in people with cancers of the breast, lung, colon, stomach, pancreas, or prostate. Also called carcinomatous lymphangitis.
lymphatic basin: (lim-FA-tik BAY-sin); A group of lymph nodes that receives and filters lymph that flows from a certain area of the body. Special dyes may be used to stain and identify the lymphatic basin in the tissues around a tumor, so that lymph nodes that may contain cancer can be removed and checked by a pathologist.
lymphatic fluid: (lim-FA-tik FLOO-id); Clear, watery fluid that comes from plasma (the liquid part of the blood) that has leaked through the blood capillary walls into the spaces around cells. Lymphatic fluid carries white blood cells, nutrients, and other substances throughout the body in lymph vessels. As lymphatic fluid flows through the lymph vessels, it collects extra fluids, cellular debris, and harmful substances from the tissues and is filtered by lymph nodes. The filtered lymphatic fluid returns to the bloodstream to help maintain fluid balance in the body and immune health. Also called lymph.
lymphatic mapping: (lim-FA-tik MA-ping); The use of dyes and radioactive substances to identify lymph nodes that may contain tumor cells. Also called lymph node mapping.
lymphatic system: (lim-FA-tik SIS-tem); The tissues and organs that help the body fight infection and disease. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, lymph vessels (thin tubes that carry lymph and white blood cells), bone marrow, spleen, thymus, tonsils and adenoids, and lymph tissue in the small intestine and other parts of the body. The lymphatic system is an important part of the body's immune system. It also plays an important role in maintaining healthy fluid levels in the body, removing cellular debris and harmful substances from the tissues, and helping the body absorb certain fats and other molecules. Also called lymph system.
lymphatic vessel: (lim-FA-tik ...); A thin tube that collects lymph (clear watery fluid) from tissues in different parts of the body and returns it to the bloodstream. Lymphatic vessels branch, like blood vessels, throughout the body. They vary in size but are typically larger than blood capillaries and smaller than most veins. Also called lymph vessel.
lymphaticovenous anastomosis: (lim-FA-tih-koh-VEE-nus uh-NAS-toh-MOH-sis); Surgery done to help relieve symptoms of lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues). Lymphedema can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked. During a lymphaticovenous anastomosis, lymph vessels are rerouted to connect directly to nearby veins in the affected part of the body so that lymph can flow around the damaged or blocked area. This creates a new path for lymph to re-enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. Also called LVA, LVB, and lymphovenous bypass.
lymphedema: (LIM-fuh-DEE-muh); A condition in which lymph builds up in tissues and causes swelling. Lymphedema usually affects an arm or leg, but it can also affect other parts of the body. Lymphedema can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked, which affects the flow of lymph in the body. This is most commonly caused by cancer or cancer treatment, such as surgery or radiation therapy. It can also be caused by infection with certain parasites or by having certain inherited conditions in which the lymph nodes or lymph vessels are abnormal or absent. Lymphedema cannot be cured, but treatment can help relieve swelling, pain, and other symptoms.
Lymphir: (LIM-fur); A drug used to treat adults with stage I, stage II, or stage III cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that came back or did not get better after treatment with at least one other systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lymphir is made by combining interleukin-2 (IL-2) with a bacterial toxin. The IL-2 part of the drug attaches to the cancer cells and the toxin kills them. Lymphir is a type of immunotoxin and a type of recombinant fusion protein. Also called denileukin diftitox.
lymphoblast: (LIM-foh-BLAST); A lymphocyte that has gotten larger after being stimulated by an antigen. Lymphoblast also refers to an immature cell that can develop into a mature lymphocyte.
lymphoblastic: (LIM-foh-BLAS-tik); Refers to lymphoblasts (a type of immature white blood cell).
lymphoblastic lymphoma: (LIM-foh-BLAS-tik lim-FOH-muh); An aggressive (fast-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in which too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the lymph nodes and the thymus gland. These lymphoblasts may spread to other places in the body. It is most common in teenagers and young adults and affects more males than females. It may be a T or B cell type. Also called precursor lymphoblastic lymphoma.
lymphocyte: (LIM-foh-site); A type of immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue. The two main types of lymphocytes are B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control immune responses. A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell.
lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: (LIM-foh-site-preh-DAH-mih-nunt HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh); A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is marked by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, which used to be called popcorn cells. These cells are different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cells found in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called LPHL, NLPHL, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
lymphocytic: (LIM-foh-SIH-tik); Refers to lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).
lymphocytic leukemia: (LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh); A type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes (white blood cells).
lymphocytic leukopenia: (LIM-foh-SIH-tik LOO-koh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Also called lymphocytopenia and lymphopenia.
lymphocytopenia: (LIM-foh-SY-toh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Also called lymphocytic leukopenia and lymphopenia.
lymphoepithelioma: (LIM-foh-EH-pih-THEE-lee-OH-muh); A type of cancer that begins in the tissues covering the nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose).
lymphography: (lim-FAH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses x-rays or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to make pictures of the lymphatic system. A dye is injected into the body to make the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes easier to see in the pictures. Lymphography may be used to check for blockages or leaks in the lymphatic system and to help diagnose certain conditions, such as lymphedema or lymphoma, or find out whether cancer has spread. It may also be used to help plan treatment or find out how well treatment is working. Lymphography is also sometimes used before surgery to learn more about the structure of a person's lymphatic system. Also called lymphangiography.
lymphoid: (LIM-foyd); Referring to lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Also refers to tissue in which lymphocytes develop.
lymphokine-activated killer cell: (LIM-foh-kine-AK-tih-vay-ted KIH-ler sel); A white blood cell that is stimulated in a laboratory to kill tumor cells. Also called LAK cell.
lymphoma: (lim-FOH-muh); Cancer that begins in cells of the immune system. There are two basic categories of lymphomas. One kind is Hodgkin lymphoma, which is marked by the presence of a type of cell called the Reed-Sternberg cell. The other category is non-Hodgkin lymphomas, which includes a large, diverse group of cancers of immune system cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can be further divided into cancers that have an indolent (slow-growing) course and those that have an aggressive (fast-growing) course. These subtypes behave and respond to treatment differently. Both Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur in children and adults, and prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and the type of cancer.
lymphomatoid granulomatosis: (lim-FOH-muh-toyd GRAN-yoo-loh-muh-TOH-sis); Destructive growth of lymph cells, usually involving the lungs, skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. Grades I and II are not considered cancer, but grade III is considered a lymphoma.
lymphomatous leptomeningitis: (lim-FOH-muh-tus LEP-toh-MEH-nin-JY-tis); A serious problem that may occur in lymphoma. In lymphomatous leptomeningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed. Also called lymphomatous meningitis.
lymphomatous meningitis: (lim-FOH-muh-tus MEH-nin-JY-tis); A serious problem that may occur in lymphoma. In lymphomatous meningitis, cancer cells have spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). The cancer may cause the meninges to be inflamed. Also called lymphomatous leptomeningitis.
lymphopenia: (LIM-foh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) in the blood. Also called lymphocytic leukopenia and lymphocytopenia.
lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma: (LIM-foh-plaz-muh-SIH-tik lim-FOH-muh); An indolent (slow-growing) type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma marked by abnormal levels of IgM antibodies in the blood and an enlarged liver, spleen, or lymph nodes. Also called Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
lymphopoietin-1: (LIM-foh-POY-eh-tin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Lymphopoietin-1 is made by cells that cover and support organs, glands, and other structures in the body. It causes the growth of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Lymphopoietin-1 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Lymphopoietin-1 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-7 and interleukin-7.
lymphoproliferative disorder: (LIM-foh-proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der); A disease in which cells of the lymphatic system grow excessively. Lymphoproliferative disorders are often treated like cancer.
lymphosarcoma: (LIM-foh-sar-KOH-muh); An obsolete term for a malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue.
lymphoscintigraphy: (LIM-foh-sin-TIH-gruh-fee); A method used to check the lymph system for disease. A radioactive substance that flows through the lymph ducts and can be taken up by lymph nodes is injected into the body. A scanner or probe is used to follow the movement of this substance on a computer screen. Lymphoscintigraphy is used to find the sentinel lymph node (the first node to receive lymph from a tumor), which may be removed and checked for tumor cells. Lymphoscintigraphy is also used to diagnose certain diseases or conditions, such as lymphoma or lymphedema.
lymphostatic elephantiasis: (lim-foh-STA-tik EH-luh-fun-TY-uh-sis); A chronic condition marked by extreme swelling in an arm, leg, or other part of the body caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues. The skin of the affected area usually feels hard and thick and may be darker in color. There may also be decreased mobility in the affected area. Lymphostatic elephantiasis can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked, which affects the flow of lymph in the body. This is most commonly caused by cancer or cancer treatment, such as surgery or radiation therapy. Lymphostatic elephantiasis is considered the most advanced stage of lymphedema. Also called stage III lymphedema.
lymphovenous bypass: (LIM-foh-VEE-nus BY-pass); Surgery done to help relieve symptoms of lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues). Lymphedema can occur when lymph vessels or nodes become damaged or blocked. During a lymphovenous bypass, lymph vessels are rerouted to connect directly to nearby veins in the affected part of the body so that lymph can flow around the damaged or blocked area. This creates a new path for lymph to re-enter the bloodstream and travel through the body. Also called LVA, LVB, and lymphaticovenous anastomosis.
lymphovenous transplant: (LIM-foh-VEE-nus TRANZ-plant); Surgery done to help relieve symptoms of lymphedema (swelling caused by a buildup of lymph in the tissues). Lymphedema can occur when lymph nodes or vessels become damaged or blocked. During a lymphovenous transplant, healthy tissue containing lymph nodes and vessels is taken from one part of the body, such as the neck, abdomen, or groin, and moved to the area with the damaged lymph nodes, usually in a person’s arm or leg. This may cause the lymph nodes and vessels in the healthy tissue to grow and help improve the flow of lymph in that area. Also called vascularized lymph node transfer and VLNT.
Lynch syndrome: (linch SIN-drome); An inherited disorder that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, and many other types of cancer, such as cancers of the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, bile duct, urinary tract, and brain, often before age 50. Lynch syndrome is caused by mutations (changes) in genes that affect DNA mismatch repair, a process that fixes mistakes that occur when DNA is copied. These genes are MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2, and EPCAM. Also called hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and HNPCC.
Lynparza: (lin-PAR-zuh); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, or ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lynparza blocks an enzyme involved in many cell functions, including the repair of DNA damage. Blocking this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from repairing their damaged DNA, causing them to die. Lynparza is a type of PARP inhibitor. Also called AZD2281, olaparib, and PARP inhibitor AZD2281.
Lyrica: (LEER-ih-kuh); A drug used to treat nerve pain caused by diabetes or herpes zoster infection and certain types of seizures. It is being studied in the prevention and treatment of nerve pain in the hands and feet of cancer patients given chemotherapy. Lyrica is a type of anticonvulsant. Also called pregabalin.
lysis: (LY-sis); In biology, lysis refers to the breakdown of a cell caused by damage to its plasma (outer) membrane. It can be caused by chemical or physical means (for example, strong detergents or high-energy sound waves) or by infection with a strain virus that can lyse cells.
lysosome: (LY-soh-some); A sac-like compartment inside a cell that has enzymes that can break down cellular components that need to be destroyed.
Lytgobi: (lite-GOH-bee); A drug used to treat adults with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (a type of cancer that forms in the bile ducts inside the liver) that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery and has an FGFR2 gene fusion or other change in the structure of the FGFR2 gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Lytgobi blocks a protein called FGFR, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called futibatinib.
lytic: (LIH-tik); Having to do with lysis. In biology, lysis refers to the disintegration of a cell by disruption of its plasma membrane. Lysis can be caused by chemical or physical means (e.g., high-energy sound waves) or by a virus infection.
lytic lesion: (LIH-tik LEE-zhun); Destruction of an area of bone due to a disease process, such as cancer.