NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

455 results found for: I

ibandronate: (i-BAN-droh-nayt); A drug that is used to prevent and treat osteoporosis, and is being studied in the treatment of cancer that has spread to the bones. It belongs to the family of drugs called bisphosphonates.
IBMFS: Inherited bone marrow failure syndrome. A rare disorder in which a person’s bone marrow is unable to make enough blood cells and there is a family history of the same disorder. There are several different inherited bone marrow failure syndromes. Patients with an IBMFS are at high risk of forming acute leukemia or certain solid tumors. Also called inherited bone marrow failure syndrome.
Ibrance: (I-brans); A drug used to treat women and men with certain types of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that is advanced or has spread. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ibrance blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Also called palbociclib.
ibritumomab tiuxetan: (ih-brih-TOO-moh-mab ty-UK-seh-tan); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ibritumomab tiuxetan contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells and some types of lymphoma cells. It also contains the compound tiuxetan, which allows certain radioactive substances to be attached to the monoclonal antibody. This may help kill cancer cells. Ibritumomab tiuxetan is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immunoconjugate. Also called Zevalin.
ibrutinib: (i-BROO-tih-nib); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma). It is also used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with chronic graft versus host disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ibrutinib blocks a protein called BTK, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also lower the body’s immune response. Ibrutinib is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Imbruvica.
IBS: A disorder of the intestines commonly marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person’s bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, with one occurring after the other. Also called irritable bowel syndrome, irritable colon, mucus colitis, and spastic colon.
ibuprofen: (I-byoo-PROH-fen); A drug used to treat fever, swelling, pain, and redness by preventing the body from making a substance that causes inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Also called Advil and Motrin.
ICD: A small device used to correct a heartbeat that is abnormal (too fast, too slow, or irregular). The device is placed by surgery in the chest or abdomen. Wires are passed through a vein to connect the device to the heart. When it detects abnormal heartbeats, it sends an electrical shock to the heart to restore the heartbeat to normal. Also called implantable cardioverter-defibrillator.
ICE: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas that have come back and do not respond to other treatments. It includes the drugs ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. Also called ICE regimen.
ICE regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination that is used to treat non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin lymphomas that have come back and do not respond to other treatments. It includes the drugs ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide phosphate. Also called ICE.
ICI 182780: A drug used to treat certain types of breast cancer. It is used alone or with ribociclib succinate in postmenopausal women who have not been treated with hormone therapy or whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is also used with palbociclib or abemaciclib in women whose disease got worse after treatment with hormone therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. ICI 182780 binds to proteins called estrogen receptors, which are found in some breast cancer cells. These proteins may cause cancer cells to grow. ICI 182780 blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiestrogen. Also called Faslodex and fulvestrant.
ICI D1694: An anticancer drug that stops tumor cells from growing by blocking the ability of cells to make DNA. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called raltitrexed.
Iclusig: (i-KLOO-sig); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of chronic myelogenous leukemia or Philadelphia chromosome–positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia. It is used in patients whose cancer is newly diagnosed, has the T315I mutation, or cannot be treated with other kinase inhibitors. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iclusig blocks BCR::ABL1 and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Iclusig is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called ponatinib hydrochloride.
Idamycin PFS: (I-duh-MY-sin ...); A drug used with other drugs to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Idamycin PFS blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of anthracycline antibiotic and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and idarubicin hydrochloride.
idarubicin hydrochloride: (I-duh-ROO-bih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used with other drugs to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Idarubicin hydrochloride blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of anthracycline antibiotic and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor. Also called 4-demethoxydaunorubicin and Idamycin PFS.
IDC-P: A type of cancer that usually begins in the glandular (secretory) tissue that lines the prostate and spreads to the ducts within the prostate. IDC-P tends to be large when it is found and tends to grow and spread quickly to other parts of the body. It usually has a poor prognosis (chance of recovery) and is likely to come back after treatment. Also called intraductal carcinoma of the prostate and intraductal prostate carcinoma.
IDEC-Y2B8: A drug used with the drug rituximab to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of B-cell tumors. IDEC-Y2B8 contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells. It also contains a radioactive substance called yttrium Y 90, which may help kill cancer cells. IDEC-Y2B8 is a type of radioimmunoconjugate. Also called 90Y-ibritumomab tiuxetan, 90Y-Zevalin, and yttrium Y 90-ibritumomab tiuxetan.
idecabtagene vicleucel: (I-deh-KAB-tuh-jeen vik-LOO-sel); A treatment used for adults with multiple myeloma that came back or did not get better after treatment with at least two lines of anticancer therapy that included an immunomodulating agent, a proteasome inhibitor, and an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody. Idecabtagene vicleucel is made using a patient’s T cells (a type of immune system cell). A gene for a special receptor called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is added to the T cells in the laboratory. These changed T cells called CAR T cells are grown in large numbers in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion. Idecabtagene vicleucel binds to a protein called BCMA, which is found on myeloma cells and some types of immune cells. This helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Idecabtagene vicleucel is a type of cellular immunotherapy called CAR T-cell therapy. Also called Abecma.
idelalisib: (i-deh-luh-LIH-sib); A drug used with rituximab to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia that has come back. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Idelalisib blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called Zydelig.
IDH1 gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that helps break down fats for energy and protect cells from harmful molecules. Mutations (changes) in the IDH1 gene have been found in several genetic conditions and in some types of cancer, including acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and brain cancer. These changes may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow and spread in the body. Also called isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 gene.
IDH2 gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that is found inside small structures in cells called mitochondria and that helps the mitochondria make energy for many cell functions. Mutations (changes) in the IDH2 gene have been found in certain genetic conditions and in some types of cancer, including acute myelogenous leukemia and brain cancer. These changes may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow and spread in the body. Also called isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 gene.
Idhifa: (ide-HEE-fuh); A drug used to treat adults with acute myeloid leukemia that has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment. It is used in patients whose cancer has a mutation (change) in the IDH2 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Idhifa blocks the protein made by the mutated IDH2 gene. Blocking this protein may help keep cancer cells from growing. Idhifa is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called enasidenib mesylate.
idiopathic: (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik); Describes a disease of unknown cause.
idiopathic myelofibrosis: (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik MY-eh-loh-fy-BROH-sis); A progressive, chronic disease in which the bone marrow is replaced by fibrous tissue and blood is made in organs such as the liver and the spleen, instead of in the bone marrow. This disease is marked by an enlarged spleen and progressive anemia. Also called agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis, myelosclerosis with myeloid metaplasia, and primary myelofibrosis.
idiopathic pneumonia syndrome: (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik noo-MOH-nyuh SIN-drome); A set of pneumonia-like symptoms (such as fever, chills, coughing, and breathing problems) that occur with no sign of infection in the lung. Idiopathic pneumonia syndrome is a serious condition that can occur after a stem cell transplant.
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik PUL-muh-NAYR-ee fy-BROH-sis); A disease in which the alveoli (tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles in the lungs) are overgrown with fibrous tissue. The cause of the disease is unknown and it gets worse over time. Symptoms include difficult, painful breathing and shortness of breath.
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: (IH-dee-oh-PA-thik THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nik PUR-pyoo-ruh); A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which may be seen as purple areas in the skin, mucous membranes, and outer linings of organs. Also called immune thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and ITP.
idoxifene: (i-DOK-sih-feen); A drug that blocks the effects of estrogen.
idoxuridine: (I-dox-YOOR-ih-deen); A drug that reduces the risk of cancer cell growth by interfering with the cells' DNA.
IDRF: A term used in the staging of neuroblastoma. It describes certain features of the tumor found on an imaging test, such as an MRI or CT scan, that affect how much of the tumor can be removed by surgery. For example, a tumor that surrounds major blood vessels, such as the aorta or vena cava, or involves two areas of the body, such as the neck and chest, is considered an IDRF. The presence of IDRFs means that it may be more difficult to remove the tumor safely and is a factor in how the stage of disease is determined. Also called image-defined risk factor.
IEN: A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells on the surface of or in the tissue that lines an organ, such as the cervix, breast, prostate, anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and mouth. The changes in the cells may be low grade or high grade, depending on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and how much of the tissue is affected. Sometimes, the abnormal cells may become cancer and spread to nearby normal tissue. Also called intraepithelial neoplasia.
IEP: An education plan for children with certain disabilities or health conditions, such as cancer. By law, these children must receive special education services and other support they need in school. An IEP describes which special services the child needs and how those needs will be met. This may include special class placement, extra help with class assignments and tests, tutoring, and other services such as counseling, speech therapy, and physical therapy. IEPs are covered in the U.S. law, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Also called individualized education plan.
IFA: A mixture of oil and water that is combined with a specific antigen to boost the immune response to that antigen. It is being studied in immunotherapy and as a way to increase the immune response to cancer vaccines. It is a type of immune modulator. Also called incomplete Freund's adjuvant and Montanide ISA-51.
Ifex: (I-fex); A drug used with other drugs to treat malignant testicular germ cell tumors that have already been treated with two other types of anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ifex damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of antimetabolite. Also called ifosfamide.
IFN alpha-2B: (… AL-fuh …); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. IFN alpha-2B is a form of interferon alfa (a substance normally made by cells in the immune system) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called interferon alfa-2b, Intron A, and recombinant interferon alfa-2b.
iFOBT: A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card for testing. The test uses an antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, FIT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, immunochemical fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test.
ifosfamide: (i-FOS-fuh-mide); A drug used with other drugs to treat malignant testicular germ cell tumors that have already been treated with two other types of anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ifosfamide damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of antimetabolite. Also called Ifex.
Ig: (I-jee); A protein that is made by B cells and plasma cells (types of white blood cells) and helps the body fight infection. Some Igs may be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with certain conditions or certain types of cancer, including multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Measuring the amount of specific Igs in the blood and urine may help diagnose cancer or find out how well treatment is working or if cancer has come back. Some Igs may be used as tumor markers. Also called immunoglobulin.
IGF: A protein made by the body that stimulates the growth of many types of cells. IGF is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). There are two forms of IGF called IGF-1 and IGF-2. Higher than normal levels of IGF-1 may increase the risk of several types of cancer. IGF is a type of growth factor and a type of cytokine. Also called insulin-like growth factor and somatomedin.
IGF-1R inhibitor OSI-906: (… in-HIH-bih-ter ...); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It blocks a protein called IGF-1R, which is found at high levels in some types of tumors. IGF-1R is needed for cell growth and blocking it may cause tumor cells to die. IGF-1R inhibitor OSI-906 is a type of IGF-1R inhibitor. Also called OSI-906.
IGFR: A protein found on the surface of some types of cells that binds to insulin-like growth factor (IGF). This causes the cells to grow and divide. IGFR is found at high levels on the surface of several types of cancer cells, which causes these cells to grow rapidly in the presence of IGF. Also called insulin-like growth factor receptor.
IgG-RFT5-dgA: A monoclonal antibody linked to a toxic substance. It is being studied in the treatment of melanoma that has spread to distant parts of the body. IgG-RFT5-dgA is made in the laboratory. It can find and kill certain white blood cells that prevent the immune system from killing cancer cells. Also called RFT5-dgA immunotoxin.
IGRT: A procedure that uses a computer to create a picture of a tumor to help guide the radiation beam during radiation therapy. The pictures are made using CT, ultrasound, X-ray, or other imaging techniques. IGRT makes radiation therapy more accurate and causes less damage to healthy tissue. Also called image-guided radiation therapy.
IH636 grape seed extract: (… grayp seed EK-strakt); A substance being studied for its ability to prevent damage to normal tissue caused by radiation therapy. It is a type of antioxidant.
IL: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. ILs regulate immune responses. ILs made in the laboratory are used as biological response modifiers to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. An interleukin is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin.
IL-1: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1 is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. There are two forms of IL-1, alpha and beta, which act the same. IL-1 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-1 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-1.
IL-1-alfa: (... AL-fuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1-alfa, one form of IL-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of IL-1, IL-1-beta, acts the same as IL-1-alfa. IL-1-alfa made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-1-alfa is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-alpha, interleukin-1-alfa, and interleukin-1-alpha.
IL-1-alpha: (... AL-fuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1-alpha, one form of IL-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of IL-1, IL-1-beta, acts the same as IL-1-alpha. IL-1-alpha made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-1-alpha is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-alfa, interleukin-1-alfa, and interleukin-1-alpha.
IL-1-beta: (... BAY-tuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1-beta, one form of IL-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of IL-1, IL-1-alpha, acts the same as IL-1-beta. IL-1-beta made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-1-beta is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1B and interleukin-1-beta.
IL-10: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-10 is made by activated macrophages and by some T lymphocytes. It reduces inflammation by blocking production of cytokines by immune cells. IL-10 also increases antibody production by plasma cells and helps them live longer. IL-10 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system. It is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-10.
IL-11: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-11 is made by support cells in the bone marrow. It causes the growth of several types of blood cells. Oprelvekin (IL-11 made in the laboratory) is used as a biological response modifier to increase the number of platelets, especially in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. IL-11 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-11.
IL-12: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-12 is made mainly by B lymphocytes and macrophages. It causes other immune cells to make cytokines and increases the growth of T lymphocytes. It may also block the growth of new blood vessels. IL-12 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-12 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-12.
IL-13: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-13 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It reduces inflammation by blocking production of cytokines by macrophages. It also increases the number and activity of B lymphocytes. IL-13 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. It is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-13.
IL-1B: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-1B, one form of IL-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of IL-1, IL-1-alpha, acts the same as IL-1B. IL-1B made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-1B is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-beta and interleukin-1-beta.
IL-2: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-2 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It increases the growth and activity of other T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and affects the development of the immune system. Aldesleukin (IL-2 made in the laboratory) is being used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-2 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-2.
IL-3: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-3 is made mainly by a type of T lymphocyte. It increases the number of blood cells made by the bone marrow. IL-3 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-3 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-3.
IL-4: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-4 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It causes B lymphocytes to increase and to make antibodies and also increases the production of T lymphocytes. IL-4 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-4 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-4.
IL-5: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-5 is made mainly by some T lymphocytes. It causes B lymphocytes to make more antibodies and increases the number of eosinophils. IL-5 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. It is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-5.
IL-6: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-6 is made mainly by some T lymphocytes. It causes B lymphocytes to make more antibodies and also causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. IL-6 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-6 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-6.
IL-7: One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. IL-7 is made by cells that cover and support organs, glands, and other structures in the body. It causes the growth of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. IL-7 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. IL-7 is a type of cytokine. Also called interleukin-7 and lymphopoietin-1.
ileostomy: (IL-ee-OS-toh-mee); An opening into the ileum, part of the small intestine, from the outside of the body. An ileostomy provides a new path for waste material to leave the body after part of the intestine has been removed.
ileum: (IH-lee-um); The last part of the small intestine. It connects to the cecum (first part of the large intestine). The ileum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach and other parts of the small intestine. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body.
ileus: (IH-lee-us); Blockage of the intestines
iloprost: (I-loh-prost); A substance that is being studied in the prevention of lung cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called prostaglandin analogs.
ILX-295501: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug. It belongs to the family of drugs called diarylsulfonylureas.
ILX23-7553: A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug.
IM: Within or into muscle. Also called intramuscular.
IM-862: An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors.
image-defined risk factor: (IH-mij-deh-FIND … FAK-ter); A term used in the staging of neuroblastoma. It describes certain features of the tumor found on an imaging test, such as an MRI or CT scan, that affect how much of the tumor can be removed by surgery. For example, a tumor that surrounds major blood vessels, such as the aorta or vena cava, or involves two areas of the body, such as the neck and chest, is considered an image-defined risk factor. The presence of image-defined risk factors means that it may be more difficult to remove the tumor safely and is a factor in how the stage of disease is determined. Also called IDRF.
image-guided radiation therapy: (IH-mij-GY-ded RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A procedure that uses a computer to create a picture of a tumor to help guide the radiation beam during radiation therapy. The pictures are made using CT, ultrasound, X-ray, or other imaging techniques. Image-guided radiation therapy makes radiation therapy more accurate and causes less damage to healthy tissue. Also called IGRT.
imagery therapy: (IH-muh-jree THAYR-uh-pee); A technique in which a person visualizes positive images or scenarios in their mind. During imagery therapy, a person uses all their senses in their imagination to help relax the body and develop a sense of well-being. Imagery therapy may be used to help relieve stress, pain, anxiety, and depression and to help with symptoms related to disease, such as cancer. Also called guided imagery and guided visualization.
imaging: (IH-muh-jing); In medicine, a process that makes pictures of areas inside the body. Imaging uses methods such as x-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves), and radio waves.
imaging procedure: (IH-muh-jing proh-SEE-jer); A type of test that makes detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Imaging procedures use different forms of energy, such as x-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves), radio waves, and radioactive substances. They may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Examples of imaging procedures are computed tomography (CT), mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine tests. Also called imaging test.
imaging test: (IH-muh-jing …); A type of test that makes detailed pictures of areas inside the body. Imaging tests use different forms of energy, such as x-rays (high-energy radiation), ultrasound (high-energy sound waves), radio waves, and radioactive substances. They may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. Examples of imaging tests are computed tomography (CT), mammography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and nuclear medicine tests. Also called imaging procedure.
imatinib mesylate: (ih-MA-tih-nib MEH-zih-layt); A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a certain type of a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Imatinib mesylate blocks certain proteins made by the BCR::ABL1, PDGFR, or c-KIT oncogene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Imatinib mesylate is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Gleevec, Imkeldi, and STI571.
Imbruvica: (im-BROO-vih-kuh); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, or Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma). It is also used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with chronic graft versus host disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imbruvica blocks a protein called BTK, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also lower the body’s immune response. Imbruvica is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called ibrutinib.
IMC-1121B: A drug that binds to the protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to help keep new blood vessels from forming and is used to treat different types of cancer. It is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of non-small cell lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), colorectal cancer, stomach cancer, and gastroesophageal junction cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. IMC-1121B may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called anti-VEGFR-2 fully human monoclonal antibody IMC-1121B, Cyramza, and ramucirumab.
IMC-A12: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It is a monoclonal antibody that is made in the laboratory and can bind to substances in the body. IMC-A12 blocks the action of a protein needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) inhibitor. Also called cixutumumab.
Imdelltra: (im-DEL-trah); A drug used to treat adults with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer that got worse during or after treatment with platinum chemotherapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imdelltra binds to a protein called CD3, which is found on T cells (a type of white blood cell). It also binds to a protein called DLL3, which is found on some types of cancer cells. This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Imdelltra is a type of bispecific T-cell engager. Also called tarlatamab.
imetelstat sodium: (ih-MEH-tel-stat SOH-dee-um); A drug used to treat low-risk or intermediate-1 risk myelodysplastic syndromes in adults with anemia. It is used in patients who need regular red blood cell transfusions and did not respond to or cannot be treated with an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imetelstat sodium binds to an enzyme called telomerase, which is found at high levels in certain types of cells, including cancer cells. Blocking the activity of this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and cause them to die. Imetelstat sodium is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called Rytelo.
imexon: (i-MEK-son); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer, including pancreatic, lung, breast, prostate, melanoma, and multiple myeloma. It belongs to the family of drugs called cyanoaziridine derivatives. Also called Amplimexon.
Imfinzi: (im-FIN-zee); A drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat different types of cancer. Imfinzi is used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of biliary tract cancer (including bile duct cancer and gallbladder cancer), bladder cancer, endometrial cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), non-small cell lung cancer, and small cell lung cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imfinzi may block PD-L1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called durvalumab.
imipenem: (IH-mih-PEH-nem); An antibiotic drug used to treat severe or very resistant infection. It belongs to the family of drugs called carbapenems.
imiquimod: (IH-mih-KWIH-mod); A drug used to treat certain skin conditions. Imiquimod is used under the brand names Aldara and Zyclara to treat actinic keratosis (a skin condition that may become cancer) in adults who have a normal immune system and to treat genital warts or perianal warts in adults and in children aged 12 years or older. The Aldara brand of imiquimod is also used to treat superficial basal cell skin cancer in adults who have a normal immune system. Imiquimod is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. It may help the immune system kill abnormal cells, including cancer cells. Imiquimod is a type of immunomodulating agent.
Imjudo: (im-JOO-doh); A drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat different types of cancer. Imjudo is used with durvalumab to treat adults with hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer) that cannot be removed by surgery. It is also used with durvalumab and platinum chemotherapy to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and does not have an abnormal EGFR or ALK gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imjudo may block CTLA-4 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called tremelimumab.
Imkeldi: (im-KEL-dee); A drug used to treat certain types of leukemia and other blood cancers, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, skin tumors called dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and a certain type of a rare condition called systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Imkeldi blocks certain proteins made by the BCR::ABL1, PDGFR, or c-KIT oncogene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Imkeldi is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Gleevec, imatinib mesylate, and STI571.
Imlygic: (im-LY-jik); A drug used to treat melanoma that has recurred (come back) after surgery. It is used in patients whose cancer is in the skin and lymph nodes and cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Imlygic is made with a form of the herpesvirus that has been changed in the laboratory to infect and break down cancer cells without harming normal cells. It may also help the immune system kill cancer cells. Imlygic is injected directly into tumors in the skin and lymph nodes. It is a type of oncolytic virus therapy. Also called T-VEC and talimogene laherparepvec.
immature teratoma: (IH-muh-CHOOR TAYR-uh-TOH-muh); A type of germ cell tumor that is often made up of several different types of tissue, such as hair, muscle, and bone. Immature teratomas have cells that look very different from normal cells under a microscope. They are usually malignant (cancer) and may spread to other parts of the body. Some immature teratomas make enzymes or hormones that may cause signs and symptoms of disease. Immature teratomas usually occur in the sacrum or tailbone in newborns or in the ovaries of girls at the start of puberty.
IMMU-106: A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of lymphoma. It binds to the protein CD20, which is found on B cells (a type of immune system cell) and some types of lymphoma cells. This causes the immune system to kill the cancer cells. IMMU-106 is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called hA20, HCD20, and veltuzumab.
IMMU-110: A substance being studied in the treatment of multiple myeloma and several other types of cancer. It binds to CD74, a protein on the surface of myeloma cells and certain other types of cells. It may help kill cancer cells. IMMU-110 is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called hLL1 and milatuzumab.
immune adjuvant: (ih-MYOON A-juh-vunt); A drug that stimulates the immune system to respond to disease.
immune cell: (ih-MYOON sel); A cell that is part of the immune system and helps the body fight infections and other diseases. Immune cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrow and become different types of white blood cells. These include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and lymphocytes (B cells and T cells).
immune checkpoint inhibitor: (ih-MYOON CHEK-poynt in-HIH-bih-ter); A type of drug that blocks proteins called checkpoints that are made by some types of immune system cells, such as T cells, and some cancer cells. These checkpoints help keep immune responses from being too strong and sometimes can keep T cells from killing cancer cells. When these checkpoints are blocked, T cells can kill cancer cells better. Examples of checkpoint proteins found on T cells or cancer cells include PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4/B7-1/B7-2. Some immune checkpoint inhibitors are used to treat cancer.
immune checkpoint protein: (ih-MYOON CHEK-poynt PROH-teen); A type of protein found on some immune cells, such as T cells and antigen-presenting cells, and some cancer cells. These proteins help keep the body’s immune response from being so strong that it harms healthy cells. Some immune checkpoint proteins on T cells bind with partner immune checkpoint proteins on cancer cells, which signals the T cells to stay in an inactive state, preventing them from killing the cancer cells. Drugs that block these proteins can help T cells find and kill cancer cells and are being used in the treatment of some types of cancer. Examples of immune checkpoint proteins are PD-1 and CTLA-4 on T cells and PD-L1 on some cancer cells.
immune complex hemolytic anemia: (ih-MYOON KOM-plex HEE-moh-LIH-tik uh-NEE-mee-uh); A condition in which the body’s immune system stops red blood cells from forming or causes them to clump together. Immune complex hemolytic anemia can occur in patients who have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Also called autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immunohemolytic anemia.
immune function: (ih-MYOON FUNK-shun); Production and action of cells that fight disease or infection.
immune response: (ih-MYOON reh-SPONTS); The way the body defends itself against substances it sees as harmful or foreign. In an immune response, the immune system recognizes the antigens (usually proteins) on the surface of substances or microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, and attacks and destroys, or tries to destroy, them. Cancer cells also have antigens on their surface. Sometimes, the immune system sees these antigens as foreign and mounts an immune response against them. This helps the body fight cancer.
immune system: (ih-MYOON SIS-tem); A complex network of cells, tissues, organs, and the substances they make that helps the body fight infections and other diseases. The immune system includes white blood cells and organs and tissues of the lymph system, such as the thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and bone marrow.
immune system disorder: (ih-MYOON SIS-tem dis-OR-der); A condition that affects the immune system. The immune system is made up of cells, tissues, and organs that help the body fight infections and other diseases. There are many different types of immune system disorders, including immunodeficiency disease, autoimmune disorders, and allergic disorders. Immunodeficiency disease occurs when a part of the immune system is missing or not working properly. Autoimmune disorders occur when the immune system recognizes its own tissues as foreign and attacks them. Allergic disorders occur when the immune system overreacts to substances that are usually not harmful, such as pollen, molds, and certain foods. Cancers of the immune system (such as leukemia and lymphoma) are also immune system disorders.
immune system modulator: (ih-MYOON SIS-tem MAH-juh-lay-ter); A substance that stimulates or suppresses the immune system and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases. Specific immune system modulators, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and vaccines, affect specific parts of the immune system. Nonspecific immune system modulators, such as BCG and levamisole, affect the immune system in a general way. Also called immunomodulating agent.
immune system tolerance: (ih-MYOON SIS-tem TAH-leh-runts); The failure of the immune system to respond to an antigen that previously caused an immune response.
immune thrombocytopenia: (ih-MYOON THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which may be seen as purple areas in the skin, mucous membranes, and outer linings of organs. Also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, and ITP.
immune thrombocytopenic purpura: (ih-MYOON THROM-boh-sy-toh-PEE-nik PUR-pyoo-ruh); A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which may be seen as purple areas in the skin, mucous membranes, and outer linings of organs. Also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia, and ITP.
immunity: (ih-MYOO-nih-tee); In medicine, the immune system’s way of protecting the body against an infectious disease. The three types of immunity are innate, adaptive, and passive. Innate immunity includes barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes, that keep harmful substances from entering the body. It is the first response of the body’s immune system to a foreign substance. Adaptive immunity occurs in response to being infected with or vaccinated against a microorganism. The body makes an immune response, which can prevent future infection with the microorganism. Adaptive immunity can last a person’s entire life. Passive immunity occurs when a person receives antibodies to a disease rather than making them through his or her own immune system. Passive immunity provides immediate protection but only lasts a few weeks or months.
immunization: (IH-myoo-nih-ZAY-shun); A technique used to cause an immune response that results in resistance to a specific disease, especially an infectious disease.
immunoassay: (IH-myoo-noh-A-say); A test that uses the binding of antibodies to antigens to identify and measure certain substances. Immunoassays may be used to diagnose disease. Also, test results can provide information about a disease that may help in planning treatment (for example, when estrogen receptors are measured in breast cancer).
immunoassay fecal occult blood test: (IH-myoo-noh-A-say FEE-kul uh-KULT ...); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card for testing. The test uses an antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, FIT, iFOBT, immunochemical fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test.
immunochemical fecal occult blood test: (IH-myoo-noh-KEH-mih-kul FEE-kul uh-KULT...); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card for testing. The test uses an antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, FIT, iFOBT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, and immunologic fecal occult blood test.
immunocompetence: (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-peh-tents); The ability to produce a normal immune response.
immunocompetent: (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-peh-tent); Having the ability to produce a normal immune response.
immunocompromised: (IH-myoo-noh-KOM-proh-mized); Having a weakened immune system. People who are immunocompromised have a reduced ability to fight infections and other diseases. This may be caused by certain diseases or conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, malnutrition, and certain genetic disorders. It may also be caused by certain medicines or treatments, such as anticancer drugs, radiation therapy, and stem cell or organ transplant. Also called immunosuppressed.
immunoconjugate: (IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-gut); An agent made up of an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, that is chemically linked to a cell-killing substance such as a toxin, a radioactive molecule, or a drug. The antibody part of the immunoconjugate targets cancer cells and the linked substance may kill the cells or make them visible in the body. Some immunoconjugates are used to treat cancer or to help find cancer cells in the body.
immunoconjugate therapy: (IH-myoo-noh-KON-jih-gut THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses an immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, that is chemically linked to a cell-killing substance such as a toxin, radioisotope, or drug. The immune substance targets certain types of cells and the linked substance kills the targeted cells without harming other cells. Immunoconjugates are used in the treatment of cancer. Examples include antibody-drug conjugates, immunotoxins, and some targeted therapy drugs.
immunocytochemistry: (IH-myoo-noh-SY-toh-KEH-mih-stree); A laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of cells. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to the antigen in the cell sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. Immunocytochemistry is used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. It may also be used to help tell the difference between different types of cancer.
immunodeficiency: (IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see); The decreased ability of the body to fight infections and other diseases.
immunodeficiency syndrome: (IH-myoo-noh-deh-FIH-shun-see SIN-drome); The inability of the body to produce an immune response.
immunofluorescence: (IH-myoo-noh-floor-EH-sents); A method used in the lab to detect certain antigens (markers) on a cell or in a tissue sample. Immunofluorescence uses antibodies that have a special dye attached to them to bind to the antigen in the sample. After binding, this dye allows cells or tissue that have the antigen to be seen under a microscope with a special light. Immunofluorescence may be used to help diagnose certain infections or diseases, such as cancer.
immunogenicity: (IH-myoo-noh-jeh-NIH-sih-tee); The ability of a substance that contains antigens to cause the body to make an immune response against that substance. The immune system recognizes antigens on the surface of substances it sees as foreign, such as vaccines, bacteria, viruses, or cancer cells, and makes an immune response against them. The strength of an immune response depends on how immunogenic a substance is.
immunoglobulin: (IH-myoo-noh-GLAH-byoo-lin); A protein that is made by B cells and plasma cells (types of white blood cells) and helps the body fight infection. Some immunoglobulins may be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with certain conditions or certain types of cancer, including multiple myeloma and Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia. Measuring the amount of specific immunoglobulins in the blood and urine may help diagnose cancer or find out how well treatment is working or if cancer has come back. Some immunoglobulins may be used as tumor markers. Also called Ig.
immunohemolytic anemia: (IH-myoo-noh-HEE-moh-LIH-tik uh-NEE-mee-uh); A condition in which the body’s immune system stops red blood cells from forming or causes them to clump together. Immunohemolytic anemia can occur in patients who have chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Also called autoimmune hemolytic anemia and immune complex hemolytic anemia.
immunohistochemistry: (IH-myoo-noh-HIS-toh-KEH-mih-stree); A laboratory method that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. After the antibodies bind to the antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen can then be seen under a microscope. Immunohistochemistry is used to help diagnose diseases, such as cancer. It may also be used to help tell the difference between different types of cancer.
immunologic fecal occult blood test: (IH-myoo-noh-LAH-jik FEE-kul uh-KULT...); A test that checks for occult (hidden) blood in the stool. A small sample of stool is placed in a special collection tube or on a special card for testing. The test uses an antibody that binds to a blood protein called hemoglobin to detect any blood. Blood in the stool may be a sign of colorectal cancer or other problems, such as polyps, ulcers, or hemorrhoids. Also called fecal immunochemical test, FIT, iFOBT, immunoassay fecal occult blood test, and immunochemical fecal occult blood test.
immunological adjuvant: (IH-myoo-noh-LAH-jih-kul A-juh-vunt); A substance used to help boost the immune response to a vaccine so that less vaccine is needed.
immunology: (IH-myoo-NAH-loh-jee); The study of the body's immune system.
immunomodulating agent: (IH-myoo-noh-MOD-yoo-lay-ting AY-jent); A substance that stimulates or suppresses the immune system and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases. Specific immunomodulating agents, such as monoclonal antibodies, cytokines, and vaccines, affect specific parts of the immune system. Nonspecific immunomodulating agents, such as BCG and levamisole, affect the immune system in a general way. Also called immune system modulator.
immunomodulation: (IH-myoo-noh-MAH-juh-LAY-shun); Change in the body's immune system, caused by agents that activate or suppress its function.
immunophenotyping: (IH-myoo-noh-FEE-noh-ty-ping); A process that uses antibodies to identify cells based on the types of antigens or markers on the surface of the cells. This process is used in basic research and to help diagnose diseases, such as specific types of leukemia and lymphoma. Immunophenotyping may also be used to separate cells into different groups based on the markers they have on the surface.
immunoscintigraphy: (IH-myoo-noh-sin-TIH-gruh-fee); An imaging procedure in which antibodies labeled with radioactive substances are given to the person. A picture is taken of sites in the body where the antibody localizes.
immunosignature: (IH-myoo-noh-SIG-nuh-cher); Information about the antibodies in a person’s blood at a given point in time. Over time, the antibodies can change and immunosignatures might be used to help track a person’s health and diagnose infections, cancer, or other medical conditions earlier.
immunostimulant: (IH-myoo-noh-STIM-yoo-lunt); A substance that increases the ability of the immune system to fight infection and disease.
immunosuppressed: (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREST); Having a weakened immune system. People who are immunosuppressed have a reduced ability to fight infections and other diseases. This may be caused by certain diseases or conditions, such as AIDS, cancer, diabetes, malnutrition, and certain genetic disorders. It may also be caused by certain medicines or treatments, such as anticancer drugs, radiation therapy, and stem cell or organ transplant. Also called immunocompromised.
immunosuppression: (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-shun); Suppression of the body's immune system and its ability to fight infections and other diseases. Immunosuppression may be deliberately induced with drugs, as in preparation for bone marrow or other organ transplantation, to prevent rejection of the donor tissue. It may also result from certain diseases such as AIDS or lymphoma or from anticancer drugs.
immunosuppressive: (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv); Describes the ability to decrease the body's immune system responses.
immunosuppressive agent: (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv AY-jent); An agent that decreases the body’s immune responses. It reduces the body’s ability to fight infections and other diseases, such as cancer. Immunosuppressive agents may be used to keep a person from rejecting a bone marrow or organ transplant. They are also used in the treatment of conditions marked by overactive immune responses, such as autoimmune diseases and allergies.
immunosuppressive therapy: (IH-myoo-noh-suh-PREH-siv THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that lowers the activity of the body’s immune system. This reduces its ability to fight infections and other diseases, such as cancer. Immunosuppressive therapy may be used to keep a person from rejecting a bone marrow or organ transplant. It may also be used to treat conditions in which the immune system is overactive, such as autoimmune diseases and allergies. Some types of immunosuppressive therapy may increase a person’s risk of cancer by lowering the body’s ability to kill cancer cells.
immunotherapy: (IH-myoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of therapy that uses substances to stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, and other diseases. Some types of immunotherapy only target certain cells of the immune system. Others affect the immune system in a general way. Types of immunotherapy include cytokines, vaccines, bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and some monoclonal antibodies.
immunotoxin: (IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); An immune substance, such as a monoclonal antibody, cytokine, or immunoglobulin, chemically linked to a toxic substance. The immune substance binds to specific proteins or receptors found on some cancer cells. This allows the linked toxic substance to enter the cancer cells and kill them without harming nearby healthy cells.
Imodium: (ih-MOH-dee-um); A drug used to treat diarrhea. Imodium works by binding to mu opioid receptors in the intestines, which slows the movement of the muscles in the intestines. This gives the body more time to absorb water and electrolytes from the feces (waste matter), resulting in firmer and less frequent bowel movements. Imodium is a type of synthetic opioid agonist that works only in the gut when used as directed. Also called loperamide hydrochloride.
impairment: (im-PAYR-ment); A loss of part or all of a physical or mental ability, such as the ability to see, walk, or learn.
implant: (IM-plant); A substance or object that is put in the body as a prosthesis, or for treatment or diagnosis.
implant displacement views: (… dis-PLAYS-ment vyooz); A procedure used to do a mammogram (x-ray of the breasts) in women with breast implants. The implant is pushed back against the chest wall and the breast tissue is pulled forward and around it so the tissue can be seen in the mammogram. Also called Eklund displacement views and Eklund views.
implant radiation therapy: (... RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive implants, such as pellets, seeds, ribbons, wires, needles, balloons, or capsules, are placed in the body, directly into or near the tumor. The radiation is delivered through a flexible tube called a catheter or a larger device called an applicator. Implant radiation therapy is often used to treat cancers of the head and neck, breast, cervix, prostate, and eye. Depending on the type of cancer and treatment plan, the implant may be kept in place for a few minutes, many days, or permanently. Also called brachytherapy and radiation brachytherapy.
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: (im-PLAN-tuh-bul KAR-dee-oh-VER-ter-dee-FIH-brih-LAY-ter); A small device used to correct a heartbeat that is abnormal (too fast, too slow, or irregular). The device is placed by surgery in the chest or abdomen. Wires are passed through a vein to connect the device to the heart. When it detects abnormal heartbeats, it sends an electrical shock to the heart to restore the heartbeat to normal. Also called ICD.
implantable pump: (im-PLAN-tuh-bul …); A small device installed under the skin to administer a steady dose of drugs.
impotence: (IM-puh-tents); In medicine, refers to the inability to have an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse. Also called erectile dysfunction.
impotent: (IM-poh-tent); In medicine, describes the inability to have an erection of the penis adequate for sexual intercourse.
IMRT: A type of 3-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor. Also called intensity-modulated radiation therapy.
in situ: (in SY-too); In its original place. For example, in carcinoma in situ, abnormal cells are found only in the place where they first formed. They have not spread.
in vitro: (in VEE-troh); In the laboratory (outside the body). The opposite of in vivo (in the body).
in vitro fertilization: (in VEE-troh FER-tih-lih-ZAY-shun); A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and combined with sperm outside the body to form embryos. The embryos are grown in the laboratory for several days and then either placed in a woman’s uterus or cryopreserved (frozen) for future use. Also called IVF.
in vivo: (in VEE-voh); In the body. The opposite of in vitro (outside the body or in the laboratory).
in-transit metastasis: (in-TRAN-zit meh-TAS-tuh-sis); A type of metastasis in which skin cancer spreads through a lymph vessel and begins to grow more than 2 centimeters away from the primary tumor but before it reaches the nearest lymph node.
inalimarev: (IH-nuh-LIH-muh-rev); A cancer vaccine made with a form of vaccinia virus that does not cause disease in humans. It is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. The virus is changed in the laboratory to make human proteins, including the tumor markers called CEA and MUC-1, that may help immune cells in the body kill tumor cells. Also called PANVAC-V and recombinant vaccinia-CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM vaccine.
inavolisib: (IH-nuh-voh-LIH-sib); A drug used with palbociclib and fulvestrant to treat adults with certain types of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that has a mutation (change) in the PIK3CA gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Inavolisib works by blocking the activity of a protein called PI3K-alpha that signals cancer cells to multiply. It also helps break down mutant versions of this protein found in some cancer cells. This may keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Inavolisib is a type of targeted therapy drug called an enzyme inhibitor. Also called Itovebi.
incidence: (IN-sih-dents); The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed each year.
incision: (in-SIH-zhun); A cut made in the body to perform surgery.
incisional biopsy: (in-SIH-zhuh-nul BY-op-see); A surgical procedure in which a cut is made through the skin to remove a sample of abnormal tissue or part of a lump or suspicious area. The tissue is then checked under a microscope for signs of disease.
inclusion: (in-KLOO-zhun); Being part of something. Can also refer to creating an environment that encourages a person or group to feel like they belong and are supported, respected, and valued. Inclusion brings people with different racial, ethnic, cultural, and social backgrounds and experiences together in a safe, positive, and caring environment.
incomplete colonoscopy: (in-kum-PLEET KOH-luh-NOS-koh-pee); A colonoscopy that was attempted but could not be completed. A colonoscopy is an examination of the inside of the colon using a thin, lighted, tube-like instrument called a colonoscope to look for polyps, cancer, or other abnormal areas in the colon. An incomplete colonoscopy occurs when the health care provider is not able to advance the colonoscope through the entire colon to the cecum (a pouch that connects the colon to the small intestine). An incomplete colonoscopy is more likely to occur if the colon is not completely clear of stool or if a person has a low body weight, is a young female, or is having pain due to the test. Other factors that may lead to an incomplete colonoscopy include the presence of scar tissue, diverticulosis (small sacs or pouches in the walls of the colon), or a twisted, looped, or abnormally long colon.
incomplete Freund's adjuvant: (in-kum-PLEET froyndz A-juh-vunt); A mixture of oil and water that is combined with a specific antigen to boost the immune response to that antigen. It is being studied in immunotherapy and as a way to increase the immune response to cancer vaccines. It is a type of immune modulator. Also called IFA and Montanide ISA-51.
incomplete penetrance: (in-kum-PLEET PEH-neh-trunts); A term that describes when some people with a disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene develop the disease while others don’t. For example, certain gene mutations cause cancer, but because of incomplete penetrance, not everyone who has the mutation will develop cancer. Currently, there is no way to know which people who have a cancer-causing gene mutation will develop cancer. Also called reduced penetrance.
incontinence: (in-KON-tih-nents); Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence).
incubated: (IN-kyoo-bay-ted); Grown in the laboratory under controlled conditions. For example, white blood cells can be grown in special conditions so that they attack specific cancer cells when returned to the body.
IND: A substance that has been tested in the laboratory and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for testing in people. Clinical trials test how well INDs work and whether they are safe to use. An IND may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition but still be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental drug, investigational agent, investigational drug, and investigational new drug.
Inderal: (IN-deh-ral); A drug that contains the active ingredient propranolol hydrochloride and is used to treat high blood pressure, including before surgery in patients with pheochromocytoma, and many other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of cancer. Inderal blocks certain receptors on nerve cells and causes blood vessels to relax and widen. This improves blood flow and lowers blood pressure and heart rate. Inderal is a type of beta blocker.
Indian cress: (IN-dee-un kres); Parts of the flowering plant have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anticancer effects. The scientific name is Nasturtium officinale. Also called watercress.
Indian elm: (IN-dee-un elm); The inner bark of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. Also called gray elm, red elm, slippery elm, sweet elm, Ulmus fulva, and Ulmus rubra.
Indian rhubarb: (IN-dee-un ROO-barb); The root of this plant has been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The scientific name is Rheum palmatum or Rheum officinale. Also called Chinese rhubarb, da-huang, rhubarb, and Turkish rhubarb.
Indian saffron: (IN-dee-un SA-fron); An East Indian plant that is a member of the ginger family and is used as a spice and food color. It is a major ingredient found in curry powder. The underground stem of the Indian saffron plant has been used for many years in traditional Asian medicine to treat certain conditions. The substance in Indian saffron that gives it a yellow color is called curcumin, which may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in the body. Indian saffron can be made into a capsule, tablet, extract, powder, or tea and taken by mouth as a dietary supplement. It can also be made into a paste to treat skin conditions. Indian saffron is being studied in the prevention and treatment of some types of cancer. Its scientific name is Curcuma longa. Also called jiang huang and turmeric.
Indian valerian: (IN-dee-un vuh-LEER-ee-un); A plant whose roots are used as a sedative and to treat certain medical conditions. It is being studied as a way to improve sleep in cancer patients undergoing treatment. Also called garden heliotrope, garden valerian, Mexican valerian, Pacific valerian, valerian, Valeriana officinalis, and Valerianae radix.
indication: (IN-dih-KAY-shun); In medicine, a sign, symptom, or medical condition that leads to the recommendation of a treatment, test, or procedure.
indinavir: (in-DIH-nuh-veer); A drug that interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
indirect ophthalmoscopy: (IN-duh-REKT OF-thul-MOS-koh-pee); An exam of the inside of the back of the eye using a beam of light and a hand-held lens. Indirect ophthalmoscopy gives a wider view inside the eye than an exam using an ophthalmoscope does.
indium In 111-anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A: (IN-dee-um … MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee …); A substance being studied in the imaging of some types of cancer. M5A is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CEA on the surface of some tumor cells. It is linked to a radioisotope called indium In 111. The combined substance is injected into the blood, and a machine is used to find cells in the body that bind to it. Indium In 111-anti-CEA monoclonal antibody M5A is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
indium In 111-CHX-A DTPA trastuzumab: (IN-dee-um … tras-TOO-zoo-mab); A substance being studied in the imaging of breast cancer and some other types of cancer. It is made by attaching a radioactive substance called indium In 111 to the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Trastuzumab binds to the human growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) on some breast cancer cells and on several other types of cancer cells. Indium In 111-CHX-A DTPA trastuzumab is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
indium In 111-ibritumomab tiuxetan: (IN-dee-um … ih-brih-TOO-moh-mab ty-UK-seh-tan); A radiolabeled monoclonal antibody used to find certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the diagnosis of other types of B-cell tumors. Indium In 111-ibritumomab tiuxetan is made up of the monoclonal antibody ibritumomab plus the radioisotope indium In 111. It binds to a protein called CD20, which is found on B cells. A machine is used to find which cells in the body have taken up indium In 111-ibritumomab tiuxetan. Indium In 111-ibritumomab tiuxetan is a type of radioimmunoconjugate. Also called 111In-ibritumomab tiuxetan and 111In-Zevalin.
indium In 111-pentetreotide: (IN-dee-um … PEN-teh-TREE-oh-tide); A radioactive drug used to find certain types of neuroendocrine tumors (tumors that form from cells that release hormones). Indium In 111-pentetreotide binds to a protein called somatostatin receptor, which is found on some neuroendocrine tumor cells. Indium In 111-pentetreotide builds up in these cells and gives off radiation that can be detected by a scanner to help show where the tumor cells are in the body.
individualized education plan: (in-dih-VIH-joo-wuh-lized EH-juh-KAY-shun plan); An education plan for children with certain disabilities or health conditions, such as cancer. By law, these children must receive special education services and other support they need in school. An individualized education plan describes which special services the child needs and how those needs will be met. This may include special class placement, extra help with class assignments and tests, tutoring, and other services such as counseling, speech therapy, and physical therapy. Individualized education plans are covered in the U.S. law, Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Also called IEP.
indole: (IN-dole); A type of chemical found in plants and in certain vegetables, such as broccoli, cabbage, and cauliflower. Indoles may promote good health and are being studied in the prevention of certain types of cancer, including breast cancer, prostate cancer, and colon cancer. An indole is a type of phytochemical.
indole-3-carbinol: (IN-dole … KAR-bih-nol); A substance that is being studied as a cancer prevention drug. It is found in cruciferous vegetables.
indolent: (IN-doh-lent); A type of cancer that grows slowly.
indolent lymphoma: (IN-doh-lent lim-FOH-muh); A type of lymphoma that tends to grow and spread slowly, and has few symptoms. Also called low-grade lymphoma.
indomethacin: (IN-doh-MEH-thuh-sin); A drug that reduces pain, fever, swelling, and redness. It is also being used to reduce tumor-induced suppression of the immune system and to increase the effectiveness of anticancer drugs. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
induction therapy: (in-DUK-shun THAYR-uh-pee); The first treatment given for a disease. It is often part of a standard set of treatments, such as surgery followed by chemotherapy and radiation. When used by itself, induction therapy is the one accepted as the best treatment. If it doesn’t cure the disease or it causes severe side effects, other treatment may be added or used instead. Also called first-line therapy, primary therapy, and primary treatment.
industrial hemp: (in-DUH-stree-ul hemp); An herb that comes from a variant of the Cannabis sativa plant and contains fiber, seeds, and oil used to make many different industrial and consumer products. These include textiles, building materials, paper, fabrics, soap, food, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. Industrial hemp and marijuana come from the same species of Cannabis sativa, but the industrial hemp variant contains very low levels of delta-9-THC (the main active chemical in marijuana that causes drug-like effects in the body). The industrial hemp and marijuana variants of Cannabis sativa have their own chemical and genetic makeup and are regulated, grown, and used in different ways. Also called hemp.
infantile fibrosarcoma: (IN-fun-TILE FY-broh-sar-KOH-muh); A type of cancer that forms in fibrous (connective) tissue. Infantile fibrosarcoma usually occurs in infants and young children but it may also be found before birth by ultrasound. It can occur anywhere in the body. The tumor is often large and fast-growing, but it rarely spreads to other parts of the body. The cancer cells usually have a certain genetic change called a translocation (part of one chromosome switches places with part of another chromosome). Infantile fibrosarcoma is a type of soft tissue sarcoma. Also called congenital fibrosarcoma.
infantile genetic agranulocytosis: (IN-fun-TILE jeh-NEH-tik ay-GRAN-yoo-loh-sy-TOH-sis); An inherited disorder in which there is a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell that is important in fighting infections). Infants with the disorder get infections caused by bacteria, and are at an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplasia (a bone marrow disorder). Also called congenital neutropenia, genetic infantile agranulocytosis, Kostmann disease, Kostmann neutropenia, and Kostmann syndrome.
infantile hemangioma: (IN-fun-TILE hee-MAN-jee-OH-muh); A benign (not cancer) blood vessel tumor that forms on the skin, in the tissue below the skin, or in an organ. Infantile hemangiomas may be raised or flat and usually appear as bright red-blue lesions on the skin. They may sometimes be called a “strawberry mark”. They can occur anywhere on or in the body, but usually form on the skin of the head and neck. Infantile hemangiomas are not usually seen at birth but appear when the infant is 3 to 6 weeks old. They usually get bigger, then stop growing and slowly go away on their own. Infantile hemangiomas are the most common type of vascular tumor in children.
infantile hemangiopericytoma: (IN-fun-TILE hee-MAN-jee-oh-PAYR-ih-sy-TOH-muh); A rare type of soft tissue tumor that begins in cells that wrap around blood vessels. Infantile hemangiopericytomas may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). They usually occur in infants and young children but may also be found before birth by ultrasound. They can occur anywhere in the body, but usually occur in the arms, legs, pelvis, or head and neck. In children older than 1 year, infantile hemangiopericytomas are more likely to spread to other parts of the body, including the lymph nodes and lungs. Children younger than 1 year may have a better prognosis.
infantile myofibromatosis: (IN-fun-TILE MY-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis); A rare condition in which one or more fibrous (connective tissue) tumors form in the skin, muscle, or bone. Sometimes, they also form in internal organs. The tumors are usually benign (not cancer) and do not spread to other parts of the body, but they can grow large and damage nearby organs. They may go away without treatment. Infantile myofibromatosis occurs most often in the first 2 years of life, or it may be present at birth. It is a type of soft tissue tumor.
infantile rickets: (IN-fun-TILE RIH-kets); A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they don’t have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or by not getting enough sunlight. In adults, this condition is called osteomalacia. Also called juvenile rickets, rachitis, and rickets.
infection: (in-FEK-shun); The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections can begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it. An infection can cause fever and other health problems, depending on where it occurs in the body. When the body’s immune system is strong, it can often fight the germs and cure an infection. Some cancer treatments can weaken the immune system, which may lead to infection.
inferior vena cava: (in-FEER-ee-er VEE-nuh KAY-vuh); A large vein that empties into the heart. It carries blood from the legs and feet and from organs in the abdomen and pelvis.
infertile: (in-FER-til); Unable to produce children.
infertility: (IN-fer-TIH-lih-tee); The inability to produce children.
infiltrating breast cancer: (IN-fil-TRAY-ting brest KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast to surrounding normal tissue. The most common type of infiltrating breast cancer is infiltrating ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Another type is infiltrating lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Infiltrating breast cancer can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called invasive breast cancer.
infiltrating cancer: (IN-fil-TRAY-ting KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called invasive cancer.
infiltrating ductal carcinoma: (IN-fil-TRAY-ting DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh); The most common type of infiltrating breast cancer. It begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple) and spreads outside the ducts to surrounding normal tissue. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called invasive ductal carcinoma.
infiltrating lobular carcinoma: (IN-fil-TRAY-ting LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A type of invasive breast cancer that begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast and spreads to surrounding normal tissue. It can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called invasive lobular carcinoma.
inflammation: (IN-fluh-MAY-shun); A normal part of the body’s response to injury or infection. Inflammation occurs when the body releases chemicals that trigger an immune response to fight off infection or heal damaged tissue. Once the injury or infection is healed, the inflammatory process ends. Chronic inflammation is an abnormal immune response in which the inflammatory process does not end when it should or may begin when there is no infection or injury. Over time, chronic inflammation can damage healthy cells, tissues, and organs. This can lead to diseases such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, asthma, Alzheimer disease, and autoimmune conditions.
inflammatory: (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee); Having to do with inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, and a feeling of heat that helps protect tissues affected by injury or disease).
inflammatory bowel disease: (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee BOW-ul dih-ZEEZ); A general term that refers to the inflammation of the colon and rectum. Inflammatory bowel disease includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease.
inflammatory breast cancer: (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee brest KAN-ser); A rare, fast-growing type of breast cancer in which cancer cells block lymph vessels in the skin of the breast, causing the breast to look swollen or inflamed. Inflammatory breast cancer usually does not form a lump that can be felt and may not be seen on a mammogram. Instead, the skin of the breast may appear pink, reddish purple, or bruised and have dimpling or ridges that look like the skin of an orange. These symptoms usually come on quickly. Most inflammatory breast cancers are invasive ductal carcinomas, which means they develop from cells that line the milk ducts of the breast and then spread beyond the ducts. Inflammatory breast cancer is more commonly diagnosed in younger women, Black women, and in women with overweight or obesity.
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: (in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee MY-oh-FY-broh-BLAS-tik TOO-mer); A rare type of cancer that is made up of smooth muscle cells, connective tissue cells, and certain types of immune cells. It can occur anywhere in the body, but it usually occurs in the lung, abdomen, pelvis, or back of the abdomen. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors rarely spread to other parts of the body but they are likely to recur (come back) after treatment. The tumor cells may have a certain genetic change called a translocation (part of one chromosome switches places with part of another chromosome). Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors usually occur in children and young adults. They are a type of soft tissue sarcoma.
infliximab: (in-FLIK-sih-mab); A monoclonal antibody that blocks the action of a cytokine called tumor necrosis factor alfa. It is being studied in the treatment and prevention of weight loss and loss of appetite in patients with advanced cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called monoclonal antibodies.
influenza A virus: (IN-floo-EN-zuh … VY-rus); One of three types of virus that cause the illness called influenza (flu). The influenza A virus can infect people, birds, pigs, horses, and other animals. It is the main cause of most influenza epidemics.
informed consent: (in-FORMD kun-SENT); A process in which patients are given important information, including possible risks and benefits, about a medical procedure or treatment, genetic testing, or a clinical trial. This is to help them decide if they want to be treated, tested, or take part in the trial. Patients are also given any new information that might affect their decision to continue. Also called consent process.
infrared coagulation: (IN-fruh-RED koh-A-gyuh-LAY-shun); A technique in which abnormal tissue is exposed to a burst of infrared light (a type of radiation). This causes blood in veins in the tissue to coagulate (harden) and the abnormal tissue to shrink. It is being studied in the prevention of anal cancer in some patients with HIV.
infrared thermography: (IN-fruh-RED ther-MAH-gruh-fee); In medicine, a procedure in which an infrared camera (one that senses heat) is used to measure temperature differences on the surface of the body. The camera makes pictures that show areas of possible abnormal cell growth because abnormal tissue gives off more heat than normal tissue does.
infratentorium: (IN-fruh-ten-TOR-ee-um); The lower back part of the brain that contains the cerebellum and brain stem. Examples of tumors that form in the infratentorium are medulloblastomas and brain stem gliomas.
Infugem: (in-FYOO-jem); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast, non-small cell lung, ovarian, and pancreatic cancers that are advanced or have spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Infugem stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite. Also called gemcitabine hydrochloride and Gemzar.
infusion: (in-FYOO-zhun); A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called intravenous infusion.
ingenol mebutate gel: (IN-jeh-nol MEH-byoo-tayt …); A drug applied to the skin to treat actinic keratosis (thick, scaly growths on the skin that may become cancer). Ingenol mebutate gel may help kill abnormal cells. It is a type of cytotoxic agent. Also called Picato.
ingestion: (in-JES-chun); Taking into the body by mouth.
inguinal orchiectomy: (IN-gwih-nul OR-kee-EK-toh-mee); An operation in which the testicle is removed through an incision in the groin.
inhalation: (IN-huh-LAY-shun); In medicine, refers to the act of taking a substance into the body by breathing.
inhaler: (in-HAY-ler); A device for giving medicines in the form of a spray that is inhaled (breathed in) through the nose or mouth. Inhalers are used to treat certain medical problems, such as bronchitis, angina, emphysema, and asthma. They are also used to help relieve symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking.
inherited: (in-HAYR-ih-ted); In medicine, describes the passing of genetic information from parent to child through the genes in sperm and egg cells. Also called hereditary.
inherited bone marrow failure syndrome: (in-HAYR-ih-ted bone MAYR-oh FAYL-yer SIN-drome); A rare disorder in which a person’s bone marrow is unable to make enough blood cells and there is a family history of the same disorder. There are several different types of inherited bone marrow failure syndrome, and patients with one of them are at high risk of forming acute leukemia or certain solid tumors. Also called IBMFS.
inherited cancer syndrome: (in-HAYR-ih-ted KAN-ser SIN-drome); A type of inherited disorder in which there is a higher-than-normal risk of certain types of cancer. Inherited cancer syndromes are caused by mutations (changes) in certain genes passed from parents to children. In an inherited cancer syndrome, certain patterns of cancer may be seen within families. These patterns include having several close family members (such as a mother, daughter, and sister) with the same type of cancer, developing cancer at an early age, or having two or more types of cancer develop in the same person. Examples of inherited cancer syndromes are hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, and Lynch syndrome. Also called family cancer syndrome and hereditary cancer syndrome.
inherited erythroblastopenia: (in-HAYR-ih-ted eh-RITH-roh-BLAS-toh-PEE-nee-uh); A very rare disorder in which the bone marrow doesn’t make enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. Patients may have deformed thumbs and other physical problems. They also have an increased risk of leukemia and sarcoma, especially osteosarcoma (bone cancer). Patients with inherited erythroblastopenia may have a mutation (change) in one of the genes that make proteins found in the cell’s ribosomes. Also called Blackfan–Diamond anemia, congenital hypoplastic anemia, congenital pure red cell aplasia, DBA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, and erythrogenesis imperfecta.
inherited predisposition: (in-HAYR-ih-ted PREE-dih-spuh-ZIH-shun); An inherited increase in the risk of developing a disease. Also called genetic predisposition, genetic susceptibility, and hereditary predisposition.
iniparib: (ih-nih-PAR-ib); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Iniparib may kill cancer cells. Also called BSI-201.
injection: (in-JEK-shun); Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body; often called a "shot."
Inlyta: (in-LY-tuh); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is used in patients whose cancer has not already been treated or whose cancer has not gotten better after treatment with one other systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Inlyta blocks proteins called growth factor receptors, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Inlyta is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called axitinib.
innate immunity: (ih-NAYT ih-MYOO-nih-tee); Immunity that is present at birth and lasts a person’s entire life. Innate immunity is the first response of the body’s immune system to a harmful foreign substance. When foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, certain cells in the immune system can quickly respond and try to destroy them. Innate immunity also includes barriers, such as skin, mucous membranes, tears, and stomach acid, that help keep harmful substances from entering the body.
Innohep: (IH-noh-HEP); A drug that is used with another drug, warfarin, to treat blood clots that form deep in the veins and to prevent new blood clots from forming. It is a type of anticoagulant. Also called tinzaparin sodium.
inoperable: (in-AH-peh-ruh-bul); Describes a condition that cannot be treated by surgery.
inositol: (ih-NOH-sih-TOL); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Inositol helps cells make membranes and respond to messages from their environment. It has the same chemical formula as glucose (the chief source of energy for living organisms) but has a different arrangement of atoms. It is found in beans, peas, brown rice, wheat bran and nuts. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Inositol is being studied in the prevention of cancer. Also called myoinositol.
inositol hexaphosphate: (ih-NOH-sih-TOL HEK-suh-FOS-fayt); A substance found in many foods that come from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans, and in large amounts in cereals and legumes. It is being studied in the prevention of cancer. Also called IP6 and phytic acid.
inotuzumab ozogamicin: (ih-noh-TOO-zoo-mab OH-zoh-ga-MIH-sin); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is CD22 positive (expresses the protein CD22). It is used in patients whose cancer came back or did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Inotuzumab ozogamicin contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD22, which is found on some leukemia cells. It also contains an anticancer drug, which may help kill cancer cells. Inotuzumab ozogamicin is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called Besponsa.
Inqovi: (in-KOH-vee); A combination of decitabine and cedazuridine used to treat adults with myelodysplastic syndromes, including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Decitabine stops cells from making DNA, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Cedazuridine prevents the breakdown of decitabine in the body, which may allow more cancer cells to be killed. Inqovi is a type of antimetabolite and a type of cytidine deaminase inhibitor. Also called decitabine and cedazuridine.
Inrebic: (in-REH-bik); A drug used to treat adults with intermediate-risk or high-risk myelofibrosis (MF), including primary MF, post-polycythemia vera MF, and post-essential thrombocythemia MF. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions. Inrebic blocks JAK2 and other proteins, which may help keep abnormal blood cells or cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called fedratinib hydrochloride.
INS316: A substance being studied in the diagnosis of lung diseases, including lung cancer. It helps bring up a sample of mucus from deep in the lungs and improves the quality of the sample for testing. It is a type of nucleoside triphosphate.
insomnia: (in-SOM-nee-uh); Difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep.
instillation: (in-stih-LAY-shun); In medicine, a method used to put a liquid into the body slowly or drop by drop.
Institutional Review Board: (IN-stih-TOO-shuh-nul reh-VYOO bord); A group of scientists, doctors, clergy, and patient advocates that reviews and approves the detailed plan for a clinical trial. Institutional Review Boards are meant to protect the people who take part in a clinical trial. They check to see that the trial is well designed, legal, ethical, does not involve unneeded risks, and includes a safety plan for patients. There is an Institutional Review Board at every health care facility that does clinical research, and every trial is reviewed by an Institutional Review Board before the trial begins. Also called IRB.
insulin: (IN-suh-lin); A hormone made by the islet cells of the pancreas. Insulin controls the amount of sugar in the blood by moving it into the cells, where it can be used by the body for energy.
insulin glargine: (IN-suh-lin GLAR-jeen); A drug used to control the amount of sugar in the blood of patients with diabetes. It is a form of the hormone insulin that is made in the laboratory. Insulin glargine controls blood sugar longer than insulin does. It is a type of therapeutic insulin. Also called insulin glargine recombinant and Lantus.
insulin glargine recombinant: (IN-suh-lin GLAR-jeen ree-KOM-bih-nunt); A drug used to control the amount of sugar in the blood of patients with diabetes. It is a form of the hormone insulin that is made in the laboratory. Insulin glargine recombinant controls blood sugar longer than insulin does. It is a type of therapeutic insulin. Also called insulin glargine and Lantus.
insulin glulisine: (IN-suh-lin GLOO-lih-seen); A drug used to control the amount of sugar in the blood of patients with diabetes mellitus. It is a form of the hormone insulin that is made in the laboratory. Insulin glulisine gets into the blood faster than insulin when it is injected under the skin before or shortly after a meal. It is a type of therapeutic insulin. Also called Apidra.
insulin-like growth factor: (IN-suh-lin-like grothe FAK-ter); A protein made by the body that stimulates the growth of many types of cells. Insulin-like growth factor is similar to insulin (a hormone made in the pancreas). There are two forms of insulin-like growth factor called IGF-1 and IGF-2. Higher than normal levels of IGF-1 may increase the risk of several types of cancer. Insulin-like growth factor is a type of growth factor and a type of cytokine. Also called IGF and somatomedin.
insulin-like growth factor receptor: (IN-suh-lin-like grothe FAK-ter reh-SEP-ter); A protein found on the surface of some types of cells that binds to insulin-like growth factor (IGF). This causes the cells to grow and divide. Insulin-like growth factor receptor is found at high levels on the surface of several types of cancer cells, which causes these cells to grow rapidly in the presence of IGF. Also called IGFR.
insulinoma: (IN-suh-lih-NOH-muh); An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas that make insulin. Insulinomas are usually benign (not cancer). They secrete insulin and are the most common cause of low blood sugar caused by having too much insulin in the body. Also called beta cell neoplasm, beta cell tumor of the pancreas, and pancreatic insulin-producing tumor.
integrative medicine: (IN-teh-gray-tiv MEH-dih-sin); An approach to medical care that recognizes the benefit of combining conventional (standard) therapies (such as drugs and surgery) with complementary therapies (such as acupuncture and yoga) that have been shown to be safe and effective. For example, acupuncture may be used with certain drugs to help lessen cancer pain or nausea and vomiting. Integrative medicine tries to address the physical, emotional, social, spiritual, and environmental factors that can affect a person’s health and well-being.
integrin: (IN-teh-grin); A type of protein found on the surface of cells that helps them attach to, and communicate with, nearby cells. Integrins also help cells attach to large molecules in the extracellular matrix, the substance that surrounds and gives structure to cells. Integrins help cells receive signals from other cells and from the surrounding environment, and they help control the activity of certain genes. They play an important role in cell growth, cell movement, and other cell functions. Integrins are involved in wound healing, blood vessel growth, and in the growth and spread of cancer cells. Drugs that target integrins are being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer.
intensification therapy: (in-TEN-sih-fih-KAY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that is given after cancer has disappeared following the initial therapy. Intensification therapy is used to kill any cancer cells that may be left in the body. It may include radiation therapy, a stem cell transplant, or treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells. Also called consolidation therapy and postremission therapy.
intensity-modulated radiation therapy: (in-TEN-sih-tee-MAH-juh-LAY-tid RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of 3-dimensional radiation therapy that uses computer-generated images to show the size and shape of the tumor. Thin beams of radiation of different intensities are aimed at the tumor from many angles. This type of radiation therapy reduces the damage to healthy tissue near the tumor. Also called IMRT.
intensive chemotherapy: (in-TEN-siv KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment that uses anticancer drugs given at high doses or over several months to try to cure cancer or cause a remission. Intensive chemotherapy is used to treat certain types of cancer, including leukemia and lymphoma, and may be given with other therapy before a bone marrow or stem cell transplant. It can lower the number of normal blood-forming cells in the bone marrow and can cause other severe side effects, so it is usually given in a hospital.
intercellular communication: (IN-ter-SEL-yoo-ler kuh-MYOO-nih-KAY-shun); The transfer of information from one cell to another. Cells signal each other by direct contact with each other or by the release of a substance from one cell that is taken up by another cell. Intercellular communication is important for cells to grow and work normally. Cells that lose the ability to respond to signals from other cells may become cancer cells. Also called cell-cell signaling and cell-to-cell signaling.
interfering thought: (IN-ter-FEER-ing thawt); An unpleasant memory or idea that occurs often in a person’s everyday thoughts and keeps him or her from thinking about other things. Interfering thoughts can make sleep difficult and make a person unable to carry out daily activities. Also called intrusive thought.
interferon: (in-ter-FEER-on); A natural substance that helps the body’s immune system fight infection and other diseases, such as cancer. Interferons are made in the body by white blood cells and other cells, but they can also be made in the laboratory to use as treatments for different diseases. In cancer therapy, interferons may help keep cancer cells from growing and may help kill cancer cells. There are three main types of interferons: interferon-alfa, interferon-beta, and interferon-gamma. An interferon is a type of cytokine and type of immunomodulating agent.
interferon alfa-2b: (in-ter-FEER-on AL-fuh …); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Interferon alfa-2b is a form of interferon alfa (a substance normally made by cells in the immune system) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called IFN alpha-2B, Intron A, and recombinant interferon alfa-2b.
interleukin: (in-ter-LOO-kin); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukins regulate immune responses. Interleukins made in the laboratory are used as biological response modifiers to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. An interleukin is a type of cytokine. Also called IL.
interleukin-1: (in-ter-LOO-kin …); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1 is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. There are two forms of interleukin-1, alpha and beta, which act the same. Interleukin-1 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-1 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1.
interleukin-1-alfa: (in-ter-LOO-kin ... AL-fuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1-alfa, one form of interleukin-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of interleukin-1, interleukin-1-beta, acts the same as interleukin-1-alfa. Interleukin-1-alfa made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-1-alfa is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-alfa, IL-1-alpha, and interleukin-1-alpha.
interleukin-1-alpha: (in-ter-LOO-kin … AL-fuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1-alpha, one form of interleukin-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of interleukin-1, interleukin-1-beta, acts the same as interleukin-1-alpha. Interleukin-1-alpha made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-1-alpha is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-alfa, IL-1-alpha, and interleukin-1-alfa.
interleukin-1-beta: (in-ter-LOO-kin ... BAY-tuh); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-1-beta, one form of interleukin-1, is made mainly by one type of white blood cell, the macrophage, and helps another type of white blood cell, the lymphocyte, fight infections. It also helps leukocytes pass through blood vessel walls to sites of infection and causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. The other form of interleukin-1, interleukin-1-alpha, acts the same as interleukin-1-beta. Interleukin-1-beta made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-1-beta is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-1-beta and IL-1B.
interleukin-10: (in-ter-LOO-kin …); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-10 is made by activated macrophages and by some T lymphocytes. It reduces inflammation by blocking production of cytokines by immune cells. Interleukin-10 also increases antibody production by plasma cells and helps them live longer. Interleukin-10 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system. It is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-10.
interleukin-11: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-11 is made by support cells in the bone marrow. It causes the growth of several types of blood cells. Oprelvekin (interleukin-11 made in the laboratory) is used as a biological response modifier to increase the number of platelets, especially in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. Interleukin-11 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-11.
interleukin-12: (in-ter-LOO-kin ...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-12 is made mainly by B lymphocytes and macrophages. It causes other immune cells to make cytokines and increases the growth of T lymphocytes. It may also block the growth of new blood vessels. Interleukin-12 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-12 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-12.
interleukin-13: (in-ter-LOO-kin …); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-13 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It reduces inflammation by blocking production of cytokines by macrophages. It also increases the number and activity of B lymphocytes. Interleukin-13 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. It is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-13.
interleukin-13 PE38QQR immunotoxin: (in-ter-LOO-kin … IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-13 with a toxin from Pseudomonas bacteria. It is a type of recombinant chimeric protein.
interleukin-2: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-2 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It increases the growth and activity of other T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes, and affects the development of the immune system. Aldesleukin (interleukin-2 made in the laboratory) is being used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-2 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-2.
interleukin-3: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-3 is made mainly by a type of T lymphocyte. It increases the number of blood cells made by the bone marrow. Interleukin-3 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-3 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-3.
interleukin-4: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-4 is made by a type of T lymphocyte. It causes B lymphocytes to increase and to make antibodies and also increases the production of T lymphocytes. Interleukin-4 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-4 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-4.
interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin: (in-ter-LOO-kin ... SY-toh-TOK-sin); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. Interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin is a type of recombinant chimeric protein. Also called interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin and NBI-3001.
interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin: (in-ter-LOO-kin ... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. Interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin is a type of recombinant chimeric protein. Also called interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin and NBI-3001.
interleukin-5: (in-ter-LOO-kin …); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-5 is made mainly by some T lymphocytes. It causes B lymphocytes to make more antibodies and increases the number of eosinophils. Interleukin-5 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. It is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-5.
interleukin-6: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-6 is made mainly by some T lymphocytes. It causes B lymphocytes to make more antibodies and also causes fever by affecting areas of the brain that control body temperature. Interleukin-6 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-6 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-6.
interleukin-7: (in-ter-LOO-kin...); One of a group of related proteins made by leukocytes (white blood cells) and other cells in the body. Interleukin-7 is made by cells that cover and support organs, glands, and other structures in the body. It causes the growth of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes. Interleukin-7 made in the laboratory is used as a biological response modifier to boost the immune system in cancer therapy. Interleukin-7 is a type of cytokine. Also called IL-7 and lymphopoietin-1.
intermediate grade: (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut grayd); A term used to describe how abnormal cancer cells look under a microscope. Intermediate-grade cancer cells look more abnormal than low-grade cancer cells but not as abnormal as high-grade cancer cells. They also tend to grow and spread more quickly than low-grade cancer cells but not as quickly as high-grade cancer cells. Cancer cell grade, along with cancer type and stage, may be used to help plan treatment and determine prognosis.
intermediate-grade DCIS: (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut-grayd …); A condition in which cells that look somewhat abnormal under a microscope are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Intermediate-grade DCIS tends to grow more quickly than low-grade DCIS but not as quickly as high-grade DCIS. It is also more likely than low-grade DCIS to come back or become invasive breast cancer and spread to other tissues but not as likely as high-grade DCIS. Also called grade II DCIS, grade II ductal carcinoma in situ, and intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ.
intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ: (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut-grayd DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too); A condition in which cells that look somewhat abnormal under a microscope are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Intermediate-grade ductal carcinoma in situ tends to grow more quickly than low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ but not as quickly as high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. It is also more likely than low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ to come back or become invasive breast cancer and spread to other tissues but not as likely as high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ. Also called grade II DCIS, grade II ductal carcinoma in situ, and intermediate-grade DCIS.
intermediate-grade lymphoma: (IN-ter-MEE-dee-ut-grayd lim-FOH-muh); A type of lymphoma that grows and spreads quickly and has severe symptoms. Also called aggressive lymphoma and high-grade lymphoma.
internal exam: (in-TER-nul eg-ZAM); A physical exam of the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and rectum. First, the vulva is checked for redness, swelling, sores, or other abnormalities. A speculum is then inserted into the vagina to widen it so the vagina and cervix can be checked for signs of disease. Cell samples may be taken for a Pap test or HPV test to screen for cervical cancer. The health care provider then inserts one or two lubricated, gloved fingers of one hand into the vagina and presses on the lower abdomen with the other hand to feel for lumps and check the size, shape, and position of the uterus and ovaries. The rectum may also be checked for lumps or abnormal areas. Also called pelvic exam.
internal medicine: (in-TER-nul MEH-dih-sin); A branch of medicine that specializes in preventing, diagnosing, and treating diseases in adults, without using surgery. An internal medicine doctor is often a person’s main health care provider and may coordinate treatment given by other specialists.
internal radiation therapy: (in-TER-nul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy in which a source of radiation is put inside the body. Brachytherapy is a type internal radiation therapy that involves placing radioactive implants, such as pellets, seeds, ribbons, wires, needles, balloons, or capsules, in the body, directly into or near the tumor. Systemic radiation therapy is a type of internal radiation therapy that uses a source of radiation that is swallowed or injected into the body and travels through the blood, finding and killing tumor cells throughout the body.
internal tandem duplication: (in-TER-nul TAN-dem DOO-plih-KAY-shun); A type of genetic change in which a DNA sequence in a gene is copied and inserted right after the original DNA sequence. This changes the sequence of the gene, which can affect the function of the protein made from the gene. Internal tandem duplications are associated with certain types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia. Also called ITD.
International Unit: (IN-ter-NA-shuh-nul YOO-nit); A unit used to measure the activity of many vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs. An International Unit is the amount of a substance that has a certain biological effect. For each substance there is an international agreement on the biological effect that is expected for 1 International Unit. Also called IU.
internist: (in-TER-nist); A doctor who has special training in internal medicine. An internist works with adult patients to prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases without using surgery.
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone: (IN-ter-STIH-shul sel-STIM-yoo-LAY-ting HOR-mone); A hormone made in the pituitary gland. In females, it acts on the ovaries to make follicles release their eggs and to make hormones that get the uterus ready for a fertilized egg to be implanted. In males, it acts on the testes to cause cells to grow and make testosterone. Also called LH, luteinizing hormone, and lutropin.
interstitial fluid: (IN-ter-STIH-shul FLOO-id); Fluid found in the spaces around cells. It comes from substances that leak out of blood capillaries (the smallest type of blood vessel). It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them. As new interstitial fluid is made, it replaces older fluid, which drains towards lymph vessels. When it enters the lymph vessels, it is called lymph. Also called tissue fluid.
interstitial radiation therapy: (IN-ter-STIH-shul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of internal radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into a tumor or body tissue.
interval breast cancer: (IN-ter-vul brest KAN-ser); Breast cancer that is diagnosed during the time between a regular screening mammogram that appears normal and the next screening mammogram. A “true” interval breast cancer was not present when the last screening mammogram was done. A “missed” interval breast cancer was present but missed when the last screening mammogram was read. Interval breast cancers tend to be larger, grow and spread more quickly, and have a worse prognosis than those found on screening mammograms. Researchers are studying interval breast cancer to learn how to identify women who may need more frequent mammograms or other screening tests for breast cancer.
intervention: (IN-ter-VEN-shun); In medicine, a treatment, procedure, or other action taken to prevent or treat disease, or improve health in other ways.
intervention group: (IN-ter-VEN-shun groop); The group in a clinical research study that receives the drug, vaccine, or other intervention being tested. Interventions may also include medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and surgery), medical devices, behavior changes (such as diet and exercise), education programs, and counseling. Also called experimental group and investigational group.
intestinal: (in-TES-tih-nul); Having to do with the intestines.
intestinal flora: (in-TES-tih-nul FLOR-uh); Bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines. They help digest food. Vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K are made by intestinal flora. Also called gut flora, gut microflora, intestinal microflora, and microflora.
intestinal microflora: (in-TES-tih-nul MY-kroh-FLOR-uh); Bacteria and other organisms that live inside the intestines. They help digest food. Vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K are made by intestinal microflora. Also called gut flora, gut microflora, intestinal flora, and microflora.
intestinal obstruction: (in-TES-tih-nul ub-STRUK-shun); A partial or complete block of the small or large intestine that keeps food, liquid, gas, and stool from moving through the intestines in a normal way. Intestinal obstructions may be caused by a twist in the intestines, hernias, inflammation, scar tissue from surgery, and certain types of cancer, such as cancers of the stomach, colon, and ovary. They may also be caused by conditions that affect the muscles of the intestine, such as paralysis. Signs and symptoms may include pain and swelling in the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, and problems passing gas. Most intestinal obstructions occur in the small intestine. Also called bowel obstruction.
intestinal villi: (in-TES-tih-nul VIH-ly); Tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They contain blood vessels and help absorb nutrients.
intestine: (in-TES-tin); The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. The intestine has two parts, the small intestine and the large intestine. Also called bowel.
intoplicine: (in-TOP-lih-seen); A substance that has been studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Intoplicine blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and DNA repair, and it may kill cancer cells. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor.
intoxicating pepper: (in-TOK-sih-KAYT-ing PEH-per); An herb native to islands in the South Pacific. Substances taken from the root have been used in some cultures to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. Intoxicating pepper may increase the effect of alcohol and of certain drugs used to treat anxiety and depression. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration advises users that intoxicating pepper may cause severe liver damage. The scientific name is Piper methysticum. Also called kava kava, rauschpfeffer, tonga, and yangona.
intra-arterial: (IN-truh-ar-TEER-ee-ul); Within an artery (blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to tissues and organs in the body).
intra-arterial brachytherapy: (IN-truh-ar-TEER-ee-ul BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy used to treat liver cancer or cancer that has spread to the liver. A thin, flexible tube is used to inject tiny beads that hold the radioactive substance yttrium Y 90 into the main blood vessel that carries blood to the liver. The beads collect in the tumor and in blood vessels near the tumor, and the yttrium Y 90 gives off radiation. This destroys the blood vessels that the tumor needs to grow and kills the cancer cells. Intra-arterial brachytherapy is a type of internal radiation therapy. Also called radioembolization.
intracarotid infusion: (IN-truh-kuh-RAH-tid in-FYOO-zhun); The introduction of fluids and drugs directly into the carotid artery, the main artery in the neck that carries blood from the heart to the brain.
intracavitary: (IN-truh-KA-vih-tayr-ee); Within a cavity or space, such as the abdomen, pelvis, or chest.
intracavitary radiation therapy: (IN-truh-KA-vih-tayr-ee RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A type of internal radiation therapy in which radioactive material sealed in needles, seeds, wires, or catheters is placed directly into a body cavity such as the chest cavity or the vagina.
intracellular: (IN-truh-SEL-yoo-ler); Inside a cell.
intracellular matrix: (IN-truh-SEL-yoo-ler MAY-trix); The large network consisting of protein fibers and other molecules that gives shape and structure to cells in the body. The intracellular matrix helps organize structures within the cell called organelles and other substances found in the fluid inside the cell. It plays an important role in many cell functions, including cell movement, signaling, and division. Abnormal changes in the intracellular matrix may lead to the development of many different diseases, including cancer. The intracellular matrix can also affect how cancer cells grow and spread in the body. Also called cytoskeleton.
intracolonic: (IN-truh-koh-LAH-nik); Within the colon.
intracranial tumor: (IN-truh-KRAY-nee-ul TOO-mer); A tumor that occurs in the brain.
intracutaneous: (IN-truh-kyoo-TAY-nee-us); Within the skin. Also called intradermal.
intradermal: (IN-truh-DER-mul); Within the skin. Also called intracutaneous.
intraductal breast carcinoma: (IN-truh-DUK-tul brest KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. In some cases, intraductal breast carcinoma may become invasive breast cancer and spread to other tissues. At this time, there is no way to know which abnormal cells could become invasive. Also called DCIS and ductal carcinoma in situ.
intraductal breast papilloma: (IN-truh-DUK-tul brest PA-pih-LOH-muh); A benign (not cancer), wart-like growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually found close to the nipple and may cause a discharge from the nipple. It may also cause pain and a lump in the breast that can be felt. It usually affects women aged 35-55 years. Having a single papilloma does not increase the risk of breast cancer. When there are multiple intraductal breast papillomas, they are usually found farther from the nipple. There may not be a nipple discharge and the papillomas may not be felt. Having multiple intraductal breast papillomas may increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called intraductal papilloma.
intraductal carcinoma of the prostate: (IN-truh-DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh ... PROS-tayt); A type of cancer that usually begins in the glandular (secretory) tissue that lines the prostate and spreads to the ducts within the prostate. Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate tends to be large when it is found and tends to grow and spread quickly to other parts of the body. It usually has a poor prognosis (chance of recovery) and is likely to come back after treatment. Also called IDC-P and intraductal prostate carcinoma.
intraductal papilloma: (IN-truh-DUK-tul PA-pih-LOH-muh); A benign (not cancer), wart-like growth in a milk duct of the breast. It is usually found close to the nipple and may cause a discharge from the nipple. It may also cause pain and a lump in the breast that can be felt. It usually affects women aged 35-55 years. Having a single papilloma does not increase the risk of breast cancer. When there are multiple intraductal papillomas, they are usually found farther from the nipple. There may not be a nipple discharge and the papillomas may not be felt. Having multiple intraductal papillomas may increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called intraductal breast papilloma.
intraductal prostate carcinoma: (IN-truh-DUK-tul PROS-tayt KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A type of cancer that usually begins in the glandular (secretory) tissue that lines the prostate and spreads to the ducts within the prostate. Intraductal prostate carcinoma tends to be large when it is found and tends to grow and spread quickly to other parts of the body. It usually has a poor prognosis (chance of recovery) and is likely to come back after treatment. Also called IDC-P and intraductal carcinoma of the prostate.
intraepithelial: (IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul); Within the layer of cells that form the surface or lining of an organ.
intraepithelial neoplasia: (IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh); A term used to describe the presence of abnormal cells on the surface of or in the tissue that lines an organ, such as the cervix, breast, prostate, anus, vagina, vulva, penis, and mouth. The changes in the cells may be low grade or high grade, depending on how abnormal the cells look under a microscope and how much of the tissue is affected. Sometimes, the abnormal cells may become cancer and spread to nearby normal tissue. Also called IEN.
intrahepatic: (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik); Within the liver.
intrahepatic bile duct: (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt); A bile duct that passes through and drains bile from the liver.
intrahepatic bile duct cancer: (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik bile dukt KAN-ser); A rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts inside the liver. A bile duct is a tube that carries bile (fluid made by the liver) between the liver and gallbladder and the small intestine. Only a small number of bile duct cancers are intrahepatic.
intrahepatic infusion: (IN-truh-heh-PA-tik in-FYOO-zhun); The delivery of anticancer drugs directly to the blood vessels of the liver.
intralesional: (IN-truh-LEE-zhuh-nul); Within an area of cancer, for example, within a tumor in the skin.
intraluminal intubation and dilation: (IN-truh-LOO-mih-nul IN-too-BAY-shun … dy-LAY-shun); A procedure in which a plastic or metal tube is inserted through the mouth into the esophagus (the tube that carries food to the stomach) to keep it open. This procedure may be used during radiation therapy for esophageal cancer.
intramuscular: (IN-truh-MUS-kyoo-ler); Within or into muscle. Also called IM.
intramuscular injection: (IN-truh-MUS-kyoo-ler in-JEK-shun); Injection into muscle.
intraocular: (IN-truh-AH-kyoo-ler); Within the eyeball.
intraocular melanoma: (IN-truh-AH-kyoo-ler MEH-luh-NOH-muh); A rare cancer that begins in the cells that make the dark-colored pigment, called melanin, in the uvea or uveal tract of the eye. The uvea is the middle layer of the wall of the eye and includes the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid. Intraocular melanoma of the iris is usually a small tumor that grows slowly and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. Intraocular melanoma of the ciliary body and choroid are usually larger tumors and are more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Intraocular melanoma is the most common type of eye cancer in adults. Also called uveal melanoma.
intraoperative radiation therapy: (IN-truh-AH-pruh-tiv RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during surgery. Also called IORT.
intraoperative ultrasound: (IN-truh-AH-pruh-tiv UL-truh-sownd); A procedure that uses ultrasound (high-energy sound waves that are bounced off internal tissues and organs) during surgery. Sonograms (pictures made by ultrasound) of the inside of the body are viewed on a computer to help a surgeon find tumors or other problems during the operation. Also called IOUS.
intrapelvic: (IN-truh-PEL-vik); Within the pelvis, the lower part of the abdomen between the hip bones.
intrapericardial chemotherapy: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-KAR-dee-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected through a thin tube directly into the pericardium (the sac around the heart). Intrapericardial chemotherapy may be used to treat a condition called malignant pericardial effusion, in which fluid collects in the pericardium. It is most often caused by lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, leukemia, and lymphoma.
intraperitoneal: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul); Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). Also called IP.
intraperitoneal chemotherapy: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube.
intraperitoneal infusion: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul in-FYOO-zhun); A method of delivering fluids and drugs directly into the abdominal cavity through a thin tube. Also called peritoneal infusion.
intraperitoneal radiation therapy: (IN-truh-PAYR-ih-toh-NEE-ul RAY-dee-AY-shun THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which a radioactive liquid is put directly into the abdomen through a thin tube.
intrapleural: (IN-truh-PLOOR-ul); Within the pleural cavity.
intraspinal: (IN-truh-SPY-nul); Within the spine (backbone).
intrathecal: (IN-truh-THEE-kul); Describes the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Drugs can be injected into the fluid or a sample of the fluid can be removed for testing.
intrathecal chemotherapy: (IN-truh-THEE-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected into the fluid-filled space between the thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord.
intratumoral: (IN-truh-TOO-mer-ul); Within a tumor.
intrauterine: (IN-truh-YOO-teh-rin); Inside the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis in which a fetus develops).
intrauterine device: (IN-truh-YOO-teh-rin dee-VISE); A small, plastic T-shaped device that is placed inside the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis in which a fetus develops) to prevent pregnancy. Intrauterine devices prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg, and prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. The use of intrauterine devices is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer and other conditions. Also called IUD.
intravaginal: (IN-truh-VA-jih-nul); Having to do with the inside of the vagina (the birth canal).
intravasation: (in-TRA-vuh-SAY-shun); The movement of a cell or a foreign substance through the wall of a blood or lymph vessel into the vessel itself. In cancer, this is how cancer cells pass through a vessel wall and enter the blood or lymph systems. It is one way that cancer spreads in the body.
intravenous: (IN-truh-VEE-nus); Into or within a vein. Intravenous usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. Also called IV.
intravenous chemotherapy: (IN-truh-VEE-nus KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which anticancer drugs are given through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. The anticancer drugs travel through the blood to kill cancer cells in the body.
intravenous immunoglobulin: (IN-truh-VEE-nus IH-myoo-noh-GLAH-byoo-lin); A substance made from antibodies that have been taken from the blood of many healthy donors. It is given to a patient through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. Intravenous immunoglobulins are used to treat certain types of immune disorders in which there are low amounts of antibodies in the blood. They are also used to treat many different autoimmune disorders, infections, or other conditions. They may also be used to help prevent infections in patients who have had a stem cell or organ transplant. Intravenous immunoglobulins are a type of immunotherapy. Also called IVIG.
intravenous infusion: (IN-truh-VEE-nus in-FYOO-zhun); A method of putting fluids, including drugs, into the bloodstream. Also called infusion.
intravenous injection: (IN-truh-VEE-nus in-JEK-shun); Injection into a vein.
intravenous pyelogram: (IN-truh-VEE-nus PY-eh-loh-gram); An x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that is taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. An intravenous pyelogram may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous urogram, IVP, and IVU.
intravenous pyelography: (IN-truh-VEE-nus PY-eh-LAH-gruh-fee); An x-ray exam of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that uses a contrast dye injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. Intravenous pyelography may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous urography.
intravenous urogram: (IN-truh-VEE-nus YOOR-oh-gram); An x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that is taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. An intravenous urogram may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous pyelogram, IVP, and IVU.
intravenous urography: (IN-truh-VEE-nus yoor-AH-gruh-fee); An x-ray exam of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that uses a contrast dye injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. Intravenous urography may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous pyelography.
intraventricular infusion: (IN-truh-ven-TRIH-kyoo-ler in-FYOO-zhun); The delivery of a drug into a fluid-filled cavity within the heart or brain.
intravesical: (IN-truh-VEH-sih-kul); Within the bladder.
intravesical chemotherapy: (IN-truh-VEH-sih-kul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which anticancer drugs are put directly into the bladder through a thin, flexible tube inserted into the urethra (the tube through which urine leaves the body from the bladder). Intravesical chemotherapy may be used to treat some types of early-stage bladder cancer.
intravitreal chemotherapy: (IN-truh-VIH-tree-ul KEE-moh-THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment in which anticancer drugs are injected directly into the vitreous humor (gel-like fluid inside the eye). Intravitreal chemotherapy is used to treat retinoblastoma that has spread to the vitreous humor and has come back or has not gotten better after other treatment.
Intron A: (IN-tron…); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia, certain types of follicular lymphoma or melanoma, genital warts or perianal warts, or chronic hepatitis B or C. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer and other conditions. Intron A is a form of interferon alfa (a substance normally made by cells in the immune system) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called IFN alpha-2B, interferon alfa-2b, and recombinant interferon alfa-2b.
intrusive thought: (in-TROO-siv thawt); An unpleasant memory or idea that occurs often in a person’s everyday thoughts and keeps him or her from thinking about other things. Interfering thoughts can make sleep difficult and make a person unable to carry out daily activities. Also called interfering thought.
intubation: (IN-too-BAY-shun); A procedure in which a tube is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea (windpipe) or into a hollow organ, such as the stomach. Intubation of the trachea is usually done to keep a person’s airway open so oxygen can flow into the lungs and to help a person breathe when they cannot breathe on their own. It may also be done to give medicine directly into the lungs, to keep food or fluid from getting into the lungs, or to remove blockages from the airway. Intubation of the stomach is usually done to remove air or other substances from the stomach or to give drugs or liquid foods into the stomach or small intestine.
invasive breast cancer: (in-VAY-siv brest KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast to surrounding normal tissue. The most common type of invasive breast cancer is invasive ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Another type is invasive lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Invasive breast cancer can spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called infiltrating breast cancer.
invasive cancer: (in-VAY-siv KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread beyond the layer of tissue in which it developed and is growing into surrounding, healthy tissues. Also called infiltrating cancer.
invasive cervical cancer: (in-VAY-siv SER-vih-kul KAN-ser); Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in the cervix or to other parts of the body.
invasive ductal carcinoma: (in-VAY-siv DUK-tul KAR-sih-NOH-muh); The most common type of invasive breast cancer. It begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple) and spreads outside the ducts to surrounding normal tissue. Invasive ductal carcinoma can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
invasive hydatidiform mole: (in-VAY-siv HY-duh-TIH-dih-form …); A type of cancer that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm). It may spread to other parts of the body, such as the vagina, vulva, and lung. Also called chorioadenoma destruens.
invasive lobular carcinoma: (in-VAY-siv LAH-byoo-ler KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A type of invasive breast cancer that begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast and spreads to surrounding normal tissue. It can also spread through the blood and lymph systems to other parts of the body. Also called infiltrating lobular carcinoma.
invasive procedure: (in-VAY-siv proh-SEE-jer); A medical procedure that invades (enters) the body, usually by cutting or puncturing the skin or by inserting instruments into the body.
inverted nipple: (in-VER-ted NIH-pul); A nipple that turns inward into the breast or lies flat against the breast. An inverted nipple may be present at birth or may be caused by aging, breastfeeding, breast surgery, injury, infection, or certain breast conditions. It may also be a sign of breast cancer. Also called retracted nipple.
inverted papilloma: (in-VER-ted PA-pih-LOH-muh); A type of tumor in which surface epithelial cells grow downward into the underlying supportive tissue. It may occur in the nose and/or sinuses or in the urinary tract (bladder, renal pelvis, ureter, urethra). When it occurs in the nose or sinuses, it may cause symptoms similar to those caused by sinusitis, such as nasal congestion. When it occurs in the urinary tract, it may cause blood in the urine.
investigational: (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul); In clinical trials, refers to a drug (including a new drug, dose, combination, or route of administration) or procedure that has undergone basic laboratory testing and received approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be tested in human subjects. A drug or procedure may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition, but be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental.
investigational agent: (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul AY-jent); A substance that has been tested in the laboratory and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for testing in people. Clinical trials test how well investigational agents work and whether they are safe to use. An investigational agent may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition but still be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental drug, IND, investigational drug, and investigational new drug.
investigational drug: (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul ...); A substance that has been tested in the laboratory and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for testing in people. Clinical trials test how well investigational drugs work and whether they are safe to use. An investigational drug may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition but still be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental drug, IND, investigational agent, and investigational new drug.
investigational group: (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul groop); The group in a clinical research study that receives the drug, vaccine, or other intervention being tested. Interventions may also include medical procedures (such as radiation therapy and surgery), medical devices, behavior changes (such as diet and exercise), education programs, and counseling. Also called experimental group and intervention group.
investigational new drug: (in-VES-tih-GAY-shuh-nul ...); A substance that has been tested in the laboratory and has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for testing in people. Clinical trials test how well investigational new drugs work and whether they are safe to use. An investigational new drug may be approved by the FDA for use in one disease or condition but still be considered investigational in other diseases or conditions. Also called experimental drug, IND, investigational agent, and investigational drug.
investigator: (in-VES-tih-gay-ter); In research, a person who is involved in running a clinical trial or research study. The investigator may help prepare and carry out the protocol (plan) for the study, monitor the safety of the study, collect and analyze the data, and report the results of the study. Investigators can include doctors, scientists, nurses, and other research staff. Some clinical trials or research studies may have more than one investigator. Usually one of the investigators is the principal investigator, who is in charge of the whole study.
inviable: (in-VY-uh-bul); Not able to survive.
involuntary: (in-VAH-lun-TAYR-ee); An action that is not made by choice. In the body, involuntary actions (such as blushing) occur automatically, and cannot be controlled by choice.
involuntary nervous system: (in-VAH-lun-TAYR-ee NER-vus SIS-tem); The part of the nervous system that controls muscles of internal organs (such as the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and intestines) and glands (such as salivary glands and sweat glands). One part of the involuntary nervous system helps the body rest, relax, and digest food and another part helps a person fight or take flight in an emergency. Also called ANS and autonomic nervous system.
iobenguane I 123: (I-oh-BEN-gwayn …); A drug containing a form of radioactive iodine called I 123 that is used to find certain types of tumors, including pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. Radiation from I 123 may help show where cancer cells are in the body. Iobenguane I 123 is a type of radioconjugate. Also called 123I-MIBG, AdreView, and iodine I 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine.
iobenguane I 131: (I-oh-BEN-gwayn …); A drug that contains a form of radioactive iodine and is used to treat adults and children aged 12 years and older with certain types of malignant pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma that have spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iobenguane I 131 builds up in tumor cells and gives off radiation that may kill them. It is a type of radiotherapeutic agent. Also called 131I-MIBG, Azedra, and iodine I 131-metaiodobenzylguanidine.
iobenguane scan: (I-oh-BEN-gwayn skan); A procedure used to find neuroendocrine tumors, such as neuroblastomas and pheochromocytomas. A small amount of a substance called radioactive iobenguane is injected into a vein and travels through the bloodstream. Neuroendocrine tumor cells take up the radioactive iobenguane and are detected by a scanner. Also called metaiodobenzylguanidine scan and MIBG scan.
iodine: (I-oh-dine); An element that is necessary for the body to make thyroid hormone. It is found in shellfish and iodized salt.
iodine I 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine: (I-oh-dine … meh-tuh-I-oh-doh-BEN-zul-GWAH-nih-deen); A drug containing a form of radioactive iodine called I 123 that is used to find certain types of tumors, including pheochromocytomas and neuroblastomas. Radiation from I 123 may help show where cancer cells are in the body. Iodine I 123-metaiodobenzylguanidine is a type of radioconjugate. Also called 123I-MIBG, AdreView, and iobenguane I 123.
iodine I 131-ethiodized oil: (I-oh-dine … eh-THY-oh-dized oyl); A radioactive substance being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It is a form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine, some of which is the radioactive substance iodine I 131. Iodine I 131-ethiodized oil builds up in the blood and lymph vessels in the liver and may kill cancer cells. Also called iodine I 131-Lipiodol.
iodine I 131-Lipiodol: (I-oh-dine … LIH-pee-oh-dol); A radioactive substance being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It is a form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine, some of which is the radioactive substance iodine I 131. Iodine I 131-Lipiodol builds up in the blood and lymph vessels in the liver and may kill cancer cells. Also called iodine I 131-ethiodized oil.
iodine I 131-metaiodobenzylguanidine: (I-oh-dine ... meh-tuh-I-oh-doh-BEN-zul-GWAH-nih-deen); A drug that contains a form of radioactive iodine and is used to treat adults and children aged 12 years and older with certain types of malignant pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma that have spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iodine I 131-metaiodobenzylguanidine builds up in tumor cells and gives off radiation that may kill them. It is a type of radiotherapeutic agent. Also called 131I-MIBG, Azedra, and iobenguane I 131.
iodine I 131-monoclonal antibody BC8: (I-oh-dine … MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee…); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of leukemia and lymphoma. BC8 is a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD45, which is found on most white blood cells and some types of leukemia and lymphoma cells. It is linked to a radioactive substance called iodine I 131, which may help kill cancer cells. Iodine I 131-monoclonal antibody BC8 is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
iodine I 131-tositumomab: (I-oh-dine ... TAH-sih-TOO-moh-mab); A drug used with another drug to treat certain types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iodine I 131-tositumomab is a form of the monoclonal antibody tositumomab that is linked to the radioactive substance iodine I 131. It is a type of radioimmunoconjugate.
iodized oil: (I-oh-dized oyl); A form of poppy seed oil that contains iodine. Iodized oil is given by injection and builds up in the blood and lymph vessels in tumors. It is used for imaging (taking pictures) of the salivary glands and the lymph system. It is also being studied in the imaging of other organs such as the liver, lung, stomach, and thyroid. It is a type of diagnostic imaging agent. Also called ethiodized oil, Ethiodol, and Lipiodol.
iododoxorubicin: (I-oh-doh-DOK-soh-ROO-bih-sin); A substance that is being studied as a treatment for cancer and for primary systemic amyloidosis (a disease in which proteins are deposited in specific organs). It is a type of anthracycline antitumor antibiotic.
ion: (I-on); An atom or a molecule that has a positive or negative electrical charge. Examples are sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate. These ions help move nutrients into cells, help move waste out of cells, and help nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should.
ionizing radiation: (I-uh-NY-zing RAY-dee-AY-shun); A type of high-energy radiation that has enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule, causing it to become ionized. Ionizing radiation can cause chemical changes in cells and damage DNA. This may increase the risk of developing certain health conditions, such as cancer. Ionizing radiation can come from natural sources, such as radon and cosmic rays (rays that enter the earth's atmosphere from outer space). It may also come from medical imaging equipment, such as x-ray, CT scan, or PET scan machines. Nuclear power plant accidents and atomic weapons also release high levels of ionizing radiation. Being exposed to very high doses of ionizing radiation can cause immediate damage to a person’s body, including severe skin or tissue damage, acute radiation sickness, and death.
ionomycin: (I-on-oh-MY-sin); An antibiotic drug used to treat infection.
IORT: Radiation treatment aimed directly at a tumor during surgery. Also called intraoperative radiation therapy.
IOUS: A procedure that uses ultrasound (high-energy sound waves that are bounced off internal tissues and organs) during surgery. Sonograms (pictures made by ultrasound) of the inside of the body are viewed on a computer to help a surgeon find tumors or other problems during the operation. Also called intraoperative ultrasound.
IP: Within the peritoneal cavity (the area that contains the abdominal organs). Also called intraperitoneal.
IP6: A substance found in many foods that come from plants, including corn, wheat, rice, and soybeans, and in large amounts in cereals and legumes. It is being studied in the prevention of cancer. Also called inositol hexaphosphate and phytic acid.
ipilimumab: (ih-pih-LIH-myoo-mab); A drug that binds to the protein CTLA-4 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. Ipilimumab is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), malignant pleural mesothelioma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ipilimumab may block CTLA-4 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called MDX-010 and Yervoy.
ipsilateral: (IP-sih-LA-teh-rul); On the same side of the body as another structure or a given point.
iq’mik: (IK-mik); A type of smokeless tobacco that is made by mixing cured tobacco leaves with ashes from a certain type of fungus. It is used mainly in Alaska and is chewed. It contains nicotine and many harmful, cancer-causing chemicals. Using iq’mik can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancer of the mouth and other health problems.
IRB: A group of scientists, doctors, clergy, and patient advocates that reviews and approves the detailed plan for a clinical trial. IRBs are meant to protect the people who take part in a clinical trial. They check to see that the trial is well designed, legal, ethical, does not involve unneeded risks, and includes a safety plan for patients. There is an IRB at every health care facility that does clinical research, and every trial is reviewed by an IRB before the trial begins. Also called Institutional Review Board.
Iressa: (i-REH-suh); A drug used to treat non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and has certain mutations (changes) in the EGFR gene. It is used in patients whose cancer has not already been treated with other anticancer therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Iressa blocks certain proteins made by the EGFR gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Iressa is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called gefitinib and ZD1839.
irinotecan hydrochloride: (I-rih-noh-TEE-kan HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat colorectal cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not already been treated or whose cancer has recurred (come back) or has gotten worse after treatment with anticancer drugs that included fluorouracil. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Irinotecan hydrochloride blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair, and it may kill cancer cells. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor and a type of camptothecin analog. Irinotecan is the active ingredient of irinotecan hydrochloride. Also called Camptosar and CPT 11.
irinotecan sucrosofate: (I-rih-noh-TEE-kan soo-KROH-soh-fayt); A form of the anticancer drug irinotecan hydrochloride that is contained inside very tiny, fat-like particles and is used with other drugs to treat adults with pancreatic cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with other anticancer therapy or has gotten worse after treatment with gemcitabine hydrochloride. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Irinotecan sucrosofate may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of irinotecan hydrochloride. Irinotecan sucrosofate blocks a certain enzyme needed for cell division and DNA repair, and it may kill cancer cells. It is a type of topoisomerase inhibitor and a type of camptothecin analog. Also called Onivyde and PEP02.
iris: (I-ris); The colored tissue at the front of the eye that contains the pupil in the center. The iris helps control the size of the pupil to let more or less light into the eye.
irofulven: (i-roh-FUL-ven); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Irofulven attaches to the cell's DNA and may block cancer cell growth. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called 6-hydroxymethylacylfulvene.
iron: (I-urn); An important mineral the body needs to make hemoglobin, a substance in the blood that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. Iron is also an important part of many other proteins and enzymes needed by the body for normal growth and development. It is found in red meat, fish, poultry, lentils, beans, and foods with iron added, such as cereal.
iron overload: (I-urn OH-ver-lode); A condition in which the body takes up and stores more iron than it needs. The extra iron is stored in the liver, heart, and pancreas, which may cause liver disease, heart problems, organ failure, and cancer. It may also cause bronze skin, diabetes, pain in the joints and abdomen, tiredness, and impotence. Iron overload may be inherited, or it may be caused by blood transfusions. Also called hemochromatosis.
irradiated: (ih-RAY-dee-AY-ted); Treated with radiation.
irradiation: (ih-RAY-dee-AY-shun); The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, protons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy or brachytherapy). Systemic irradiation uses a radioactive substance, such as a radiolabeled monoclonal antibody, that travels in the blood to tissues throughout the body. Also called radiation therapy and radiotherapy.
irreversible enzyme inhibitor: (eer-ree-VER-sih-bul EN-zime in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that permanently blocks the action of an enzyme. In cancer treatment, irreversible enzyme inhibitors may block certain enzymes that cancer cells need to grow and may kill cancer cells. They are being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer.
irreversible toxicity: (eer-ree-VER-sih-bul tok-SIH-sih-tee); Side effects that are caused by toxic substances or something harmful to the body and do not go away.
irrigation: (EER-ih-GAY-shun); In medicine, washing out an organ (such as the stomach or colon), a body cavity, or a wound by flushing it with a fluid. Also called lavage.
irritable bowel syndrome: (EER-ih-tuh-bul BOW-ul SIN-drome); A disorder of the intestines commonly marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person’s bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, with one occurring after the other. Also called IBS, irritable colon, mucus colitis, and spastic colon.
irritable colon: (EER-ih-tuh-bul KOH-lun); A disorder of the intestines commonly marked by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in a person’s bowel habits. This may include diarrhea or constipation, or both, with one occurring after the other. Also called IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, mucus colitis, and spastic colon.
Isaac syndrome: (I-zik SIN-drome); A rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity that cannot be controlled, even during sleep. It often affects the muscles in the arms and legs, but may affect the whole body. Symptoms include muscle twitching, weakness, stiffness, and cramping; increased skin temperature, sweating, and heart rate; and problems with chewing, swallowing, speech, and breathing. The disorder often gets worse over time. Isaac syndrome usually occurs in people aged 15 to 60 years. It may occur with certain types of cancer and is sometimes inherited. Also called neuromyotonia.
isatuximab: (I-suh-TUK-sih-mab); A drug used with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Isatuximab binds to a protein called CD38, which is found on some types of immune cells and cancer cells, including myeloma cells. Isatuximab may block CD38 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called Sarclisa.
ischemia: (is-KEE-mee-uh); Lack of blood supply to a part of the body. Ischemia may cause tissue damage due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients.
ischemic necrosis: (is-KEE-mik neh-KROH-sis); A condition in which there is a loss of blood flow to bone tissue, which causes the bone to die. It is most common in the hips, knees, shoulders, and ankles. It may be caused by long-term use of steroid medicines, alcohol abuse, joint injuries, and certain diseases, such as cancer and arthritis. It may also occur at some point in time after cancer treatment that included methotrexate, bisphosphonates, or corticosteroids. Also called aseptic necrosis, avascular necrosis, and osteonecrosis.
iseganan hydrochloride: (i-seh-GAN-an HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A substance being studied in the treatment of oral mucositis (painful mouth sores) caused by cancer therapy and other conditions. Iseganan hydrochloride kills certain bacteria, fungi, and viruses by making holes in their outer membranes and causing them to burst. It is a type of synthetic antimicrobial peptide and a type of synthetic protegrin analog.
ISIS 2503: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
ISIS 3521: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
ISIS 5132: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer.
islet cell: (I-let sel); A pancreatic cell that produces hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that are secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones help control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Also called endocrine pancreas cell and islet of Langerhans cell.
islet cell carcinoma: (I-let sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A rare cancer that forms in islet cells (hormone-making cells) of the pancreas. Islet cells make several different hormones that affect body functions, including controlling the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and helping digest food in the stomach. Functional islet cell carcinomas make extra amounts of these hormones, which can cause symptoms. Nonfunctional islet cell carcinomas do not make extra amounts of hormones, but they may cause symptoms as they grow and spread. Also called pancreatic endocrine cancer.
islet cell tumor: (I-let sel TOO-mer); A tumor that forms in islet cells (hormone-making cells) of the pancreas. Islet cell tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Islet cells make several different hormones that affect body functions, including controlling the amount of glucose (sugar) in the blood and helping digest food in the stomach. Functional islet cell tumors make extra amounts of these hormones, which can cause symptoms. Nonfunctional islet cell tumors do not make extra amounts of hormones, but they may cause symptoms as they grow and spread. Also called pancreatic endocrine tumor and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor.
islet of Langerhans cell: (I-let … LANG-er-hanz sel); A pancreatic cell that produces hormones (e.g., insulin and glucagon) that are secreted into the bloodstream. These hormones help control the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Also called endocrine pancreas cell and islet cell.
isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 gene: (I-soh-SIH-trayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays … jeen); A gene that makes a protein that helps break down fats for energy and protect cells from harmful molecules. Mutations (changes) in the isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 gene have been found in several genetic conditions and in some types of cancer, including acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and brain cancer. These changes may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow and spread in the body. Also called IDH1 gene.
isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 gene: (I-soh-SIH-trayt dee-hy-DRAH-jeh-nays … jeen); A gene that makes a protein that is found inside small structures in cells called mitochondria and that helps the mitochondria make energy for many cell functions. Mutations (changes) in the isocitrate dehydrogenase-2 gene have been found in certain genetic conditions and in some types of cancer, including acute myelogenous leukemia and brain cancer. These changes may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow and spread in the body. Also called IDH2 gene.
isoflavone: (I-soh-FLAY-vone); An estrogen-like substance made by some plants, including the soy plant. Soy isoflavones are being studied in the prevention of cancer, hot flashes that occur with menopause, and osteoporosis (loss of bone density).
isointense: (I-soh-in-tents); Having the same intensity as another object. Used to describe the results of imaging tests, such as x-rays, MRIs, or CT scans.
isolated hepatic perfusion: (I-soh-LAY-ted heh-PA-tik per-FYOO-zhun); A procedure in which a catheter is placed into the artery that provides blood to the liver. A second catheter is placed into the vein that takes blood away from the liver. This temporarily separates the liver's blood supply from blood circulating throughout the rest of the body and allows high doses of anticancer drugs to be directed to the liver only.
isolated limb infusion: (I-soh-LAY-ted LIM in-FYOO-zhun); A procedure used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg but not to the rest of the body. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb). Catheters (small, flexible tubes) attached to a pump are put into an artery and a vein in the limb so that blood can be circulated through the pump into the limb. Anticancer drugs are injected into the catheters. Wrapping the limb in a heated blanket or warming the drugs or blood may help the drugs work better.
isolated limb perfusion: (I-soh-LAY-ted LIM per-FYOO-zhun); A procedure that may be used to deliver anticancer drugs directly to an arm or leg. The flow of blood to and from the limb is temporarily stopped with a tourniquet (a tight band around the limb), and anticancer drugs are put directly into the blood of the limb. This allows the person to receive a high dose of drugs in the area where the cancer occurred. Also called limb perfusion.
isolated lung perfusion: (I-soh-LAY-ted ... per-FYOO-zhun); A surgical procedure during which the circulation of blood to the lungs is separated from the circulation of blood through the rest of the body, and a drug is delivered directly into the lung circulation. This allows a higher concentration of chemotherapy to reach tumors in the lungs.
isolation: (I-soh-LAY-shun); State of being separated from others. Isolation is sometimes used to prevent disease from spreading.
isomer: (I-soh-mer); One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.
isosulfan blue: (I-soh-SUL-fan …); A dye made in the laboratory that helps identify the sentinel lymph node (the first lymph node that cancer spreads to from a primary tumor). Isosulfan blue is injected at the edge of a tumor and travels through the lymph fluid to lymph nodes near the tumor. The sentinel lymph node is identified by removing lymph nodes that are stained with the blue dye and looking for cancer cells under a microscope.
isotope: (I-soh-tope); A form of a chemical element in which the atoms have the same number of protons (part of the nucleus of an atom) but with a different number of neutrons (part of the nucleus of an atom). For example, carbon 12, carbon 13, and carbon 14 are isotopes of carbon. They all have six protons in the nucleus, but each has different number of neutrons. Isotopes may be used in certain medical tests and procedures.
isotretinoin: (I-soh-TREH-tih-noyn); A drug closely related to vitamin A that is used to treat severe acne and may also be used to treat other skin conditions and some types of cancer, including neuroblastoma. It is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of other types of cancer. Isotretinoin binds to and activates certain protein receptors in cells, including cancer cells. This may slow the growth of cancer cells and change how these cells look and act. Isotretinoin is a type of retinoid. Also called 13-cis retinoic acid.
ispinesib: (is-PIN-eh-sib); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. Ispinesib blocks a protein that tumor cells need to divide. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor. Also called SB-715992.
isthmus: (iz-muhs); A narrow part inside the body that connects two larger structures.
Istodax: (IH-stoh-dax); A drug used to treat adults with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that has already been treated with at least one other type of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Istodax blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of depsipeptide and a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor. Also called FR901228 and romidepsin.
ITD: A type of genetic change in which a DNA sequence in a gene is copied and inserted right after the original DNA sequence. This changes the sequence of the gene, which can affect the function of the protein made from the gene. ITDs are associated with certain types of cancer, such as acute myeloid leukemia. Also called internal tandem duplication.
Itovebi: (i-TOV-bee); A drug used with palbociclib and fulvestrant to treat adults with certain types of hormone-receptor positive, HER2-negative breast cancer that has a mutation (change) in the PIK3CA gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Itovebi works by blocking the activity of a protein called PI3K-alpha that signals cancer cells to multiply. It also helps break down mutant versions of this protein found in some cancer cells. This may keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Itovebi is a type of targeted therapy drug called an enzyme inhibitor. Also called inavolisib.
ITP: A condition in which platelets (blood cells that cause blood clots to form) are destroyed by the immune system. The low platelet count causes easy bruising and bleeding, which may be seen as purple areas in the skin, mucous membranes, and outer linings of organs. Also called idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, immune thrombocytopenia, and immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
itraconazole: (IH-truh-KAH-nuh-zole); A drug used to prevent or treat fungal infections. It belongs to the family of drugs called antifungal agents.
IU: A unit used to measure the activity of many vitamins, hormones, enzymes, and drugs. An IU is the amount of a substance that has a certain biological effect. For each substance there is an international agreement on the biological effect that is expected for 1 IU. Also called International Unit.
IUD: A small, plastic T-shaped device that is placed inside the uterus (the small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman’s pelvis in which a fetus develops) to prevent pregnancy. IUDs prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg, and prevent fertilized eggs from implanting in the uterus. The use of IUDs is also being studied in the prevention and treatment of endometrial cancer and other conditions. Also called intrauterine device.
IV: Into or within a vein. IV usually refers to a way of giving a drug or other substance through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. Also called intravenous.
IVF: A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman’s ovary and combined with sperm outside the body to form embryos. The embryos are grown in the laboratory for several days and then either placed in a woman’s uterus or cryopreserved (frozen) for future use. Also called in vitro fertilization.
IVIG: A substance made from antibodies that have been taken from the blood of many healthy donors. It is given to a patient through a needle or tube inserted into a vein. IVIGs are used to treat certain types of immune disorders in which there are low amounts of antibodies in the blood. They are also used to treat many different autoimmune disorders, infections, or other conditions. They may also be used to help prevent infections in patients who have had a stem cell or organ transplant. IVIGs are a type of immunotherapy. Also called intravenous immunoglobulin.
ivosidenib: (I-voh-SIH-deh-nib); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, cholangiocarcinoma (a type of bile duct cancer), or myelodysplastic syndromes that have a mutation (change) in the IDH1 gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ivosidenib blocks the protein made by the mutated IDH1 gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of enzyme inhibitor and a type of targeted therapy. Also called Tibsovo.
IVP: An x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that is taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. An IVP may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous pyelogram, intravenous urogram, and IVU.
IVU: An x-ray image of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder, and prostate in men, that is taken after a contrast dye is injected into a vein. As the dye travels through the bloodstream, it collects in these organs, turning them bright white. This allows the health care provider to see blockages or other urinary tract problems on the x-ray pictures. An IVU may be used to help diagnose certain urinary tract conditions, such as kidney or bladder stones, kidney cysts, urinary tract tumors, and an enlarged prostate. Also called intravenous pyelogram, intravenous urogram, and IVP.
Iwilfin: (i-WILL-fin); A drug used to reduce the risk of relapse in adults and children with high-risk neuroblastoma that has gotten better after treatment with certain prior therapies. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Iwilfin blocks an enzyme called ornithine decarboxylase, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of enzyme inhibitor. Also called eflornithine hydrochloride.
ixabepilone: (IK-suh-BEH-pih-lone); A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and did not get better after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ixabepilone blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of epothilone analog and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called BMS-247550 and Ixempra.
ixazomib citrate: (ik-SA-zoh-mib SIH-trayt); A drug used with lenalidomide and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma. It is used in patients who received at least one other anticancer treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ixazomib citrate blocks the action of enzymes called proteasomes, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of proteasome inhibitor. Also called Ninlaro.
Ixempra: (ik-SEM-pruh); A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and did not get better after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ixempra blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of epothilone analog and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called BMS-247550 and ixabepilone.