NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

336 results found for: N

N-acetyl-L-cysteine: (… A-seh-til … SIS-teh-een); A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called acetylcysteine and N-acetylcysteine.
N-acetylcysteine: (... A-seh-til-SIS-teh-een); A drug usually used to reduce the thickness of mucus and ease its removal. It is also used to reverse the toxicity of high doses of acetaminophen. Also called acetylcysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine.
N-acetyldinaline: (… A-seh-til-dih-nuh-leen); A substance that is being studied as an anticancer drug in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Also called CI-994.
N-benzoyl-staurosporine: (...BEN-zoyl-STAW-roh-SPOR-een); A drug used alone or with other anticancer drugs to treat adults with certain types of acute myeloid leukemia, mast cell leukemia, or systemic mastocytosis. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. N-benzoyl-staurosporine blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. N-benzoyl-staurosporine is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called midostaurin, PKC412, and Rydapt.
N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine: (... BYOO-tul ... (4-hy-DROK-see-BYOO-tul) ny-TROH-suh-meen); A substance that is used in cancer research to cause bladder tumors in laboratory animals. This is done to test new diets, drugs, and procedures for use in cancer prevention and treatment.
nabilone: (NA-bih-lone); A synthetic pill form of an active chemical in marijuana called delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Nabilone is used to treat nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy in patients who have not been helped by other therapy. It is a type of cannabinoid. Also called Cesamet.
NaCl: Chemical abbreviation for sodium chloride (table salt).
NADC: A type of cancer that is more likely to occur in people who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in people who are not infected. NADCs include Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lung, and anus. In addition to HIV infection, other factors, such as older age, infection with other viruses (such as HPV or hepatitis B or C virus), and heavy alcohol or tobacco use, may increase the risk of developing a NADC. Also called non-AIDS-defining cancer.
nadofaragene firadenovec: (NA-doh-FAR-uh-jeen FIR-uh-DEH-noh-vek); A drug used to treat adults with a certain type of high-risk bladder cancer that has not invaded the muscle layers of the bladder. It is used in patients whose cancer has not gotten better after treatment with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nadofaragene firadenovec is a weakened adenovirus that carries a copy of the gene for interferon alfa-2b into bladder cancer cells. This may help the body’s immune system recognize the cancer cells and kill them. Nadofaragene firadenovec is given in a solution that is placed directly into the bladder using a thin tube called a catheter. It is a type of gene therapy. Also called Adstiladrin.
NAE inhibitor: (… in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). NAE is involved in important cell functions, such as cell division. Blocking NAE may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Some NAE inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of cancer. They are a type of targeted therapy. Also called NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor.
NAFLD: A common condition in which fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. There are two types of NAFLD, simple or nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFL causes little or no inflammation or damage in the liver and usually does not cause serious liver problems. NASH is the more serious type of NAFLD. It can cause liver inflammation and damage to the cells in the liver. This may lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, or liver cancer. NAFLD usually affects middle-aged and older adults but is becoming more common in children and teens. It is especially common in people who are overweight or who have obesity, diabetes, or high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood. Also called nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
nail dystrophy: (... DIS-truh-fee); Abnormal changes in the shape, color, texture, and growth of the fingernails or toenails. Nail dystrophy is often caused by infection or injury to the nail. It may also be caused by certain conditions, including psoriasis, eczema, warts, cysts, and some tumors. Changes in nails can also be a sign of chronic heart, lung, liver, or kidney disease. Treatment with certain drugs, including chemotherapy drugs, can also cause changes to the nails. Also called onychodystrophy.
naloxone: (na-LOK-sone); A substance that is being studied as a treatment for constipation caused by narcotic medications. It belongs to the family of drugs called narcotic antagonists.
naltrexone hydrochloride: (nal-TREK-sone HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug that blocks the action of opiates (drugs used to treat pain). It may be used in the treatment of intravenous opiate addiction or alcohol dependence. Naltrexone hydrochloride is also being studied in the treatment of breast cancer. It may block the effects of the hormone estrogen, which causes some breast cancer cells to grow, or block the blood flow to tumors. It is a type of opiate antagonist. Also called ReVia and Vivitrol.
Namenda: (nuh-MEN-duh); A drug used to treat dementia caused by Alzheimer disease. It is also being studied in the treatment of side effects from whole-brain radiation therapy for cancer and other conditions. Namenda blocks the uptake of calcium by certain brain cells and decreases their activity. It is a type of N-methyl-D-asparatate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Also called memantine hydrochloride.
nanogram: (NA-noh-gram); A measure of weight. One nanogram weighs a billion times less than one gram, and almost a trillion-times less than a pound.
nanometer: (NA-noh-MEE-ter); A measure of length in the metric system. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. An average human hair is about 60,000 nanometers thick. Nanometers are used to measure wavelengths of light and distances between atoms in molecules.
nanomole: (NA-noh-mole); The amount of a substance equal to a billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nM.
nanoparticle: (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul); A particle of that is smaller than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter). In medicine, nanoparticles can be used to carry antibodies, drugs, imaging agents, or other substances to certain parts of the body. Nanoparticles are being studied in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
nanoparticle paclitaxel: (NA-noh-PAR-tih-kul PA-klih-TAK-sil); A form of the anticancer drug paclitaxel that is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of breast cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and pancreatic cancer. Nanoparticle paclitaxel may have fewer side effects and work better than other forms of paclitaxel. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nanoparticle paclitaxel stops cancer cells from growing and dividing and may kill them. It is a type of taxane. Also called ABI-007, Abraxane, paclitaxel albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation, and protein-bound paclitaxel.
nanoprobe: (NA-noh-probe); A device that uses x-rays instead of visible light to form images of very small structures, such as the insides of blood vessels and cells. It can be used to study processes such as angiogenesis (growth of blood vessels). The term nanoprobe is also used to describe very small particles that can be used in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
nanotechnology: (NA-noh-tek-NAH-loh-jee); The field of research that deals with the engineering and creation of things from materials that are less than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter) in size, especially single atoms or molecules. Nanotechnology is being studied in the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.
Naprosyn: (NA-proh-sin); A drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of bone pain in patients with cancer. Naprosyn stops the body from making substances that cause pain and inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a type of cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Also called naproxen.
naproxen: (nuh-PROK-sen); A drug used to treat mild pain and the symptoms of arthritis and several other conditions. It is also being studied in the treatment of bone pain in patients with cancer. Naproxen stops the body from making substances that cause pain and inflammation. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and a type of cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Also called Naprosyn.
narcotic: (nar-KAH-tik); A substance used to treat moderate to severe pain. Narcotics are like opiates such as morphine and codeine, but are not made from opium. They bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Narcotics are now called opioids.
Naropin: (NUH-roh-pin); A drug used to control pain and to cause a temporary loss of feeling in one part of the body, during and after surgery. It is also being studied for pain control after cancer surgery. It is a type of local anesthetic. Also called ropivacaine hydrochloride.
nasal: (NAY-zul); By or having to do with the nose.
nasal cavity: (NAY-zul KA-vuh-tee); The space inside the nose. The nasal cavity lies above the bone that forms the roof of the mouth and curves down at the back to join the throat. It is divided into two sections called nasal passages. Air moves through these passages during breathing. The nasal passages filter and warm the air, and make it moist before it goes into the lungs. They also contain special cells that are involved in the sense of smell.
nasal vestibule: (NAY-zul VEH-stih-byool); The area just inside the nostril (nose opening) that leads into the nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule is supported by the cartilage of the nose and is lined with tissue that contains short, coarse hairs. These hairs help filter dust and other particles to keep them from entering the lungs.
NASH: A type of liver disease in which fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. This causes inflammation of the liver and damage to the cells in the liver, which may lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure. People with NASH are at increased risk of developing liver cancer. It is more common in middle-aged adults, especially in those who are overweight or obese or who have diabetes or high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood. Also called nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
nasogastric: (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik); Describes the passage from the nose to the stomach. For example, a nasogastric tube is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach.
nasogastric tube: (NAY-zoh-GAS-trik toob); A tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach. It can be used to give drugs, liquids, and liquid food, or used to remove substances from the stomach. Giving food through a nasogastric tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called gastric feeding tube and NG tube.
Nasonex: (NAY-zoh-nex); A drug that is used in a cream to treat certain skin conditions and in a nasal spray to treat sinus problems caused by allergies. It is being studied as a way to treat inflammation of the skin caused by radiation therapy. Nasonex is a type of corticosteroid. Also called Elocon and mometasone furoate.
nasopharyngeal cancer: (NAY-zoh-fuh-RIN-jee-ul KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose). Most nasopharyngeal cancers are squamous cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in flat cells lining the nasopharynx).
nasopharynx: (NAY-zoh-FAYR-inx); The upper part of the throat behind the nose. An opening on each side of the nasopharynx leads into the ear.
nasoscope: (NAY-zoh-skope); A thin tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the nose. A nasoscope has a light and a lens for viewing and may have a tool to remove tissue. Also called rhinoscope.
nasoscopy: (nay-ZOS-koh-pee); Examination of the inside of the nose using a nasoscope (or rhinoscope). A nasoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. Also called rhinoscopy.
National Cancer Institute: (NA-shuh-nul KAN-ser IN-stih-TOOT); The National Cancer Institute, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. The National Cancer Institute conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the National Cancer Institute Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called NCI.
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health: (NA-shuh-nul SEN-ter ... KOM-pleh-MEN-tuh-ree ... IN-teh-gray-tiv helth); A federal agency that uses science to explore complementary and integrative health (CIH) practices, trains CIH researchers, and provides authoritative information about CIH to professionals and the public. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health awards grants for research projects, training, and career development in CIH; sponsors conferences, educational programs, and exhibits; studies ways to use proven CIH practices along with conventional medical practice; and supports adding CIH to medical, dental, and nursing school programs. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health is part of the National Institutes of Health. Also called NCCIH.
National Clinical Trials Network: (NA-shuh-nul KLIH-nih-kul TRY-uls NET-wurk); A National Cancer Institute (NCI) program that gives funds and other support to cancer research organizations to conduct cancer clinical trials. The National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN) helps these organizations develop new clinical trials and manage their regulatory, financial, membership, and scientific committees. It also helps with statistics and data management, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and patient tissue sample collection and storage. This support allows researchers to conduct trials that focus on specific cancers and patient populations and new treatment methods. The groups in the NCTN include the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, NRG Oncology, SWOG, Children’s Oncology Group (COG), and the NCI of Canada-Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). The NCTN was previously known as the NCI Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program. Also called NCTN.
National Institutes of Health: (NA-shuh-nul IN-stih-TOOTS … helth); A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the National Institutes of Health Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called NIH.
National Lung Screening Trial: (NA-shuh-nul … SKREE-ning TRY-ul); A lung cancer screening trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In the trial, low-dose spiral CT scans were compared with chest x-rays for their ability to detect lung cancer early. The trial included more than 50,000 participants who were aged 55 to 74 years, were current or former heavy smokers, and had no signs or symptoms of lung cancer. The results of the trial showed that participants who were screened with spiral CT scans had about a 20% lower risk of dying from lung cancer than those who were screened with chest x-rays. Also called NLST.
natural history study: (NA-chuh-rul HIH-stuh-ree STUH-dee); A study that follows a group of people over time who have, or are at risk of developing, a specific medical condition or disease. A natural history study collects health information in order to understand how the medical condition or disease develops and how to treat it.
natural killer cell: (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler sel); A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. A natural killer cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called NK cell and NK-LGL.
natural killer T cell: (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler … sel); A type of immune cell that plays an important role in the body’s first immune response to invading microorganisms. Natural killer T cells are a type of T cell that also have certain features of natural killer (NK) cells. They can kill invading microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, by releasing cytokines. They can also kill certain cells, such as cancer cells, either directly or by causing other immune cells to kill them. If natural killer T cells become inactive, this may contribute to the development and progression of certain diseases, such as cancer. Also called NKT cell.
natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia: (NA-chuh-rul KIH-ler-sel larj GRAN-yoo-lur LIM-foh-site loo-KEE-mee-uh); A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called NK-LGL leukemia and NK-LGLL.
naturopathy: (NAY-cher-AH-puh-thee); A system of disease prevention and treatment that avoids drugs and surgery. Naturopathy is based on the use of natural agents such as air, water, light, heat, and massage to help the body heal itself. It also uses herbal products, nutrition, acupuncture, and aromatherapy as forms of treatment.
nausea: (NAW-zee-uh); A feeling of sickness or discomfort in the stomach that may come with an urge to vomit. Nausea is a side effect of some types of cancer therapy.
navitoclax: (na-VIH-toh-klax); A substance being studied in the treatment of lymphomas and other types of cancer. It blocks some of the enzymes that keep cancer cells from dying. It is a type of Bcl-2 family inhibitor. Also called ABT-263.
naxitamab: (nak-SIH-tuh-mab); A drug used with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to treat children aged 1 year and older and adults with certain types of high-risk neuroblastoma in the bone or bone marrow that came back or did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Naxitamab binds to a substance called GD2, which is found on some types of cancer cells. Naxitamab may block GD2 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called Danyelza.
NB1011: A substance that is being studied for its ability to make cancer cells respond to drugs to which they have become resistant. It is a type of nucleoside analog.
NBCCS: A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. They are also at risk of developing medulloblastoma (a type of brain cancer) and other types of cancer. NBCCS may also cause benign (not cancer) tumors in the jaw, heart, or ovaries. Other signs and symptoms include a large head and unusual facial features; small pits in the skin on the hands and feet; abnormalities of the spine, ribs, or skull; eye problems; and developmental problems. NBCCS is caused by a mutation (change) in the PTCH1 gene. Also called basal cell nevus syndrome, BCNS, Gorlin syndrome, and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
NBI-3001: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by combining interleukin-4 with a bacterial toxin. NBI-3001 is a type of recombinant chimeric protein. Also called interleukin-4 PE38KDEL cytotoxin and interleukin-4 PE38KDEL immunotoxin.
NCCIH: A federal agency that uses science to explore complementary and integrative health (CIH) practices, trains CIH researchers, and provides authoritative information about CIH to professionals and the public. NCCIH awards grants for research projects, training, and career development in CIH; sponsors conferences, educational programs, and exhibits; studies ways to use proven CIH practices along with conventional medical practice; and supports adding CIH to medical, dental, and nursing school programs. NCCIH is part of the National Institutes of Health. Also called National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health.
NCI: NCI, part of the National Institutes of Health of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, is the Federal Government's principal agency for cancer research. It conducts, coordinates, and funds cancer research, training, health information dissemination, and other programs with respect to the cause, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cancer. Access the NCI Web site at http://www.cancer.gov. Also called National Cancer Institute.
NCI clinical trials cooperative group: (... KLIH-nih-kul TRY-uls koh-AH-pruh-tiv groop); A group of researchers, cancer centers, and community doctors who are involved in studies that test new ways to screen, prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer. Clinical trials run by cooperative groups are funded and supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and large numbers of patients take part in many locations. The current U.S. cooperative groups are the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, NRG Oncology, SWOG, and Children’s Oncology Group (COG). The NCI clinical trials cooperative groups are part of the National Clinical Trials Network (NCTN).
NCTN: A National Cancer Institute (NCI) program that gives funds and other support to cancer research organizations to conduct cancer clinical trials. The NCTN helps these organizations develop new clinical trials and manage their regulatory, financial, membership, and scientific committees. It also helps with statistics and data management, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), and patient tissue sample collection and storage. This support allows researchers to conduct trials that focus on specific cancers and patient populations and new treatment methods. The groups in the NCTN include the Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology, ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group, NRG Oncology, SWOG, Children’s Oncology Group (COG), and the NCI of Canada-Clinical Trials Group (NCIC-CTG). The NCTN was previously known as the NCI Clinical Trials Cooperative Group Program. Also called National Clinical Trials Network.
NCX 4016: A substance being studied in the prevention of colorectal cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the lining of the stomach than plain aspirin. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Also called nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative.
NDGA: A drug put on the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of NDGA that is taken by mouth is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. NDGA is an antioxidant, and it may block certain enzymes needed for tumor growth. Also called Actinex, masoprocol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid.
NDV: Newcastle disease virus. A bird virus that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may be used to kill cancer cells directly, or it may be given as a cancer vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system. NDV is a type of biological response modifier and vaccine therapy. Also called Newcastle disease virus.
nebulizer: (NEH-byoo-LY-zer); A device used to turn liquid into a fine spray.
necitumumab: (NEH-sih-TOO-moo-mab); A drug used with gemcitabine and cisplatin to treat squamous non-small cell lung cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients whose cancer has not been treated with other anticancer therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Necitumumab binds to a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found on some types of cancer cells. Blocking this protein may help keep cancer cells from growing. Necitumumab is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called Portrazza.
neck dissection: (... dy-SEK-shun); Surgery to remove lymph nodes and other tissues in the neck.
necrosis: (neh-KROH-sis); Refers to the death of living tissues.
NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor: (… AK-tih-vay-ting EN-zime in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that blocks an enzyme called NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE). NAE is involved in important cell functions, such as cell division. Blocking NAE may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. Some NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitors are being studied in the treatment of cancer. They are a type of targeted therapy. Also called NAE inhibitor.
needle biopsy: (NEE-dul BY-op-see); The removal of tissue or fluid with a needle for examination under a microscope. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
needle localization: (NEE-dul LOH-kuh-lih-ZAY-shun); A procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed by surgery. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook at the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in place so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed when a biopsy is done. Also called needle/wire localization and wire localization.
needle-localized biopsy: (NEE-dul-LOH-kuh-lized BY-op-see); A procedure to mark and remove abnormal tissue when the doctor cannot feel a lump. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook on the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed at the time the biopsy is done.
needle/wire localization: (NEE-dul … LOH-kuh-lih-ZAY-shun); A procedure used to mark a small area of abnormal tissue so it can be removed by surgery. An imaging device is used to guide a thin wire with a hook at the end through a hollow needle to place the wire in or around the abnormal area. Once the wire is in the right place, the needle is removed and the wire is left in place so the doctor will know where the abnormal tissue is. The wire is removed when a biopsy is done. Also called needle localization and wire localization.
needling: (NEE-duh-ling); In acupuncture, the insertion of a thin needle into a specific place on the body to unlock qi (vital energy). The needle may be twirled, moved up and down at different speeds and depths, heated, or charged with a low electric current.
nefazodone: (neh-FAY-zoh-done); A drug used to treat depression. It belongs to the family of drugs called antidepressant agents. Also called Serzone.
negative axillary lymph node: (NEH-guh-tiv AK-sih-LAYR-ee limf ...); A lymph node in the armpit that is free of cancer.
negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy: (NEH-guh-tiv … IN-truh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul LEE-zhun … muh-LIG-nun-see); A Pap test finding that means no cancer cells or other abnormal cells have been found on the surface of or in the tissue that lines the cervix. Cell changes that suggest inflammation or infection may be included in this finding. Also called negative Pap test result, NILM, and normal Pap test result.
negative Pap test result: (NEH-guh-tiv ... reh-ZULT); A Pap test finding that means no cancer cells or other abnormal cells have been found on the surface of or in the tissue that lines the cervix. Cell changes that suggest inflammation or infection may be included in this finding. Also called negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, NILM, and normal Pap test result.
negative predictive value: (NEH-guh-tiv preh-DIK-tiv VAL-yoo); The likelihood that a person who has a negative test result indeed does not have the disease, condition, biomarker, or mutation (change) in the gene being tested. The negative predictive value is a way of measuring how accurate a specific test is. Also called NPV.
negative test result: (NEH-guh-tiv ... reh-ZULT); A test result that shows the substance or condition the test is supposed to find is not present at all or is present, but in normal amounts. In genetics, a negative test result usually means that a person does not have a mutation (change) in the gene, chromosome, or protein that is being tested. More testing may be needed to make sure a negative test result is correct.
nelarabine: (neh-LAR-uh-been); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has not gotten better or has recurred (come back) after treatment with other anticancer drugs. Nelarabine stops cells from making DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antimetabolite. Also called 506U78 and Arranon.
nelfinavir mesylate: (nel-FIH-nuh-veer MEH-zih-layt); A drug that interferes with the ability of a virus to make copies of itself.
neoadjuvant therapy: (NEE-oh-A-juh-vunt THAYR-uh-pee); Treatment given as a first step to shrink a tumor before the main treatment, which is usually surgery, is given. Examples of neoadjuvant therapy include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy. It is a type of induction therapy.
neoantigen: (NEE-oh-AN-tih-jen); A new protein that forms on cancer cells when certain mutations occur in tumor DNA. Neoantigens may play an important role in helping the body make an immune response against cancer cells. Neoantigens used in vaccines and other types of immunotherapy are being studied in the treatment of many types of cancer.
neoplasia: (NEE-oh-PLAY-zhuh); Abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth.
neoplasm: (NEE-oh-PLA-zum); An abnormal mass of tissue that forms when cells grow and divide more than they should or do not die when they should. Neoplasms may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Benign neoplasms may grow large but do not spread into, or invade, nearby tissues or other parts of the body. Malignant neoplasms can spread into, or invade, nearby tissues. They can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems. Also called tumor.
neoplastic meningitis: (NEE-oh-PLAS-tik MEH-nin-JY-tis); A serious condition in which cancer cells spread from the original (primary) tumor to the meninges (the thin layers of tissue that cover and protect the brain and spinal cord). This can cause the meninges to become inflamed and cerebrospinal fluid and pressure to build up in the brain. Neoplastic meningitis can happen in many types of cancer, but it is most common in people with breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma. Also called carcinomatous meningitis, leptomeningeal carcinoma, leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, leptomeningeal metastasis, meningeal carcinomatosis, and meningeal metastasis.
nephrectomy: (neh-FREK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove a kidney or part of a kidney. In a partial nephrectomy, part of one kidney or a tumor is removed, but not an entire kidney. In a simple nephrectomy, one kidney is removed. In a radical nephrectomy, an entire kidney, nearby adrenal gland and lymph nodes, and other surrounding tissue are removed. In a bilateral nephrectomy, both kidneys are removed.
nephritis: (neh-FRY-tis); A condition in which the tissues in the kidney become inflamed and have problems filtering waste from the blood. Nephritis may be caused by infection, inflammatory conditions (such as lupus), certain genetic conditions, and other diseases or conditions. It may also be caused by taking certain medicines or being exposed to certain chemicals. Signs and symptoms include blood and protein in the urine; high blood pressure; swelling of the face, hands, feet, and legs; fatigue; and anemia. If not treated or controlled, nephritis may lead to kidney damage and kidney failure. Also called glomerulonephritis.
nephrologist: (neh-FRAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating kidney disease.
nephrostomy: (neh-FROS-toh-mee); Surgery to make an opening from the outside of the body to the renal pelvis (part of the kidney that collects urine). This may be done to drain urine from a blocked kidney or blocked ureter into a bag outside the body. It may also be done to look at the kidney using an endoscope (thin, lighted tube attached to a camera), to place anticancer drugs directly into the kidney, or to remove kidney stones.
nephrotic syndrome: (neh-FRAH-tik SIN-drome); A combination of symptoms caused by damage to the tiny blood vessels in the kidney that filter waste and extra fluid from the blood and send them to the bladder as urine. Signs and symptoms of nephrotic syndrome include higher-than-normal amounts of protein in the urine and fat and cholesterol in the blood. Swelling, especially in the legs, feet, or ankles, may occur. Nephrotic syndrome may be caused by certain diseases that affect only the kidneys or by infection, immune system disorders (such as lupus), certain genetic disorders, and other diseases or conditions, such as cancer, diabetes, and amyloidosis. It may also be caused by taking certain medicines. Nephrotic syndrome can occur in both children and adults.
nephrotomogram: (NEH-froh-TOH-moh-gram); A series of x-rays of the kidneys. The x-rays are taken from different angles and show the kidneys clearly, without the shadows of the organs around them.
nephrotoxic: (NEH-froh-TOK-sik); Poisonous or damaging to the kidney.
nephroureterectomy: (NEH-froh-YER-eh-ter-EK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove a kidney and its ureter. Also called ureteronephrectomy.
neratinib maleate: (neh-RA-tih-nib MAY-lee-AYT); A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that have already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Neratinib maleate blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Nerlynx.
Nerlynx: (NAYR-links); A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat adults with certain types of HER2-positive breast cancer that have already been treated. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nerlynx blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called neratinib maleate.
nerve: (nerv); A bundle of fibers that receives and sends messages between the body and the brain. The messages are sent by chemical and electrical changes in the cells that make up the nerves.
nerve block: (nerv blok); A procedure in which medicine is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain.
nerve cell: (nerv sel); A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called neuron.
nerve grafting: (nerv GRAF-ting); Replacing a damaged nerve with a section of a healthy nerve that has been removed from another part of the body. This procedure is being studied in the prevention of erectile dysfunction in men having surgery for prostate cancer.
nerve growth factor: (nerv grothe FAK-ter); A protein made by the body that causes certain nerve cells to grow and helps keep them alive.
nerve sheath: (nerv sheeth); The tissue that covers and protects the nerves that are outside the brain and spinal cord. The nerve sheath is made up of connective tissue and myelin (a substance that contains protein and fat).
nerve-sparing surgery: (nerv-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree); A type of surgery that attempts to save the nerves near the tissues being removed.
nervous system: (NER-vus SIS-tem); The organized network of nerve tissue in the body. It includes the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord), the peripheral nervous system (nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the rest of the body), and other nerve tissue.
NES: A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called neuromuscular electrical stimulation, NMES, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.
netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride: (neh-TOO-pih-tunt ... pa-loh-NOH-seh-tron HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A combination of two drugs used with dexamethasone in adults to prevent nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride blocks the action of certain chemicals in the central nervous system that may trigger nausea and vomiting. Blocking these chemicals may help lessen nausea and vomiting. Netupitant and palonosetron hydrochloride is a type of antiemetic. Also called Akynzeo.
Neulasta: (noo-LA-stuh); A drug that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infection in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Neulasta helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells and is able to stay in the body longer than filgrastim, so it doesn't need to be given as often. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim-SD/01, Fulphila, Nyvepria, pegfilgrastim, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.
Neumega: (noo-MEH-guh); A drug used to increase the number of blood cells, especially platelets, in some cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Neumega is a form of interleukin-11 (a cytokine normally made by support cells in the bone marrow) that is made in the laboratory. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called oprelvekin, recombinant human interleukin-11, and rhIL-11.
Neupogen: (NOO-poh-jen); A drug that contains the active ingredient filgrastim and is used to treat neutropenia (a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells), prevent infection, and prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells. Neupogen is used in patients who have certain cancers and neutropenia caused by some types of chemotherapy and in patients who have severe chronic neutropenia that is not caused by cancer treatment. It is also used before an autologous stem cell transplant. Neupogen helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor.
neural: (NOOR-ul); Having to do with nerves or the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord.
neuro-oncologist: (NOOR-oh-on-KAH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating brain tumors and other tumors of the nervous system.
neurobehavioral: (NOOR-oh-beh-HAY-vyer-ul); Having to do with the way the brain affects emotion, behavior, and learning. Some cancers or their treatment may cause neurobehavioral problems.
neuroblastoma: (NOOR-oh-blas-TOH-muh); A type of cancer that forms from immature nerve cells. It usually begins in the adrenal glands but may also begin in the abdomen, chest, or in nerve tissue near the spine. Neuroblastoma most often occurs in children younger than 5 years of age. It is thought to begin before birth. It is usually found when the tumor begins to grow and cause signs or symptoms.
neurocognitive: (NOOR-oh-KOG-nih-tiv); Having to do with the ability to think and reason. This includes the ability to concentrate, remember things, process information, learn, speak, and understand.
neurodegenerative disorder: (NOOR-oh-dee-JEH-neh-ruh-tiv dis-OR-der); A type of disease in which cells of the central nervous system stop working or die. Neurodegenerative disorders usually get worse over time and have no cure. They may be genetic or be caused by a tumor or stroke. Neurodegenerative disorders also occur in people who drink large amounts of alcohol or are exposed to certain viruses or toxins. Examples of neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
neuroectodermal tumor: (NOOR-oh-EK-toh-DER-mul TOO-mer); A tumor of the central or peripheral nervous system.
neuroendocrine: (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin); Having to do with the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system. Neuroendocrine describes certain cells that release hormones into the blood in response to stimulation of the nervous system.
neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin: (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin KAR-sih-NOH-muh …); A rare type of cancer that forms on or just beneath the skin, usually in parts of the body that have been exposed to the sun. It is most common in older people and in people with weakened immune systems. Also called Merkel cell cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trabecular cancer.
neuroendocrine tumor: (NOOR-oh-EN-doh-krin TOO-mer); A tumor that forms from cells that release hormones into the blood in response to a signal from the nervous system. Neuroendocrine tumors may make higher-than-normal amounts of hormones, which can cause many different symptoms. These tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Some examples of neuroendocrine tumors are carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, medullary thyroid cancer, pheochromocytomas, neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (Merkel cell cancer), small cell lung cancer, and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (a rare type of lung cancer).
neuroepithelial: (NOOR-oh-eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul); Having to do with tissue made up of sensory cells, such as tissue found in the ear, nose, and tongue.
neurofeedback: (NOOR-oh-FEED-bak); A treatment being studied to improve brain function in certain brain disorders and in patients treated with chemotherapy for breast cancer. Sensors are placed on a person’s head, which allows brain activity to be shown as patterns on a computer screen. A beep or a tone may be used as a reward to a person for changing certain brain activities. Neurofeedback may help cancer patients deal with the stress and mental side effects of chemotherapy. Also called EEG biofeedback.
neurofibroma: (NOOR-oh-fy-BROH-muh); A benign tumor that develops from the cells and tissues that cover nerves.
neurofibromatosis type 1: (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis ...); A rare genetic condition that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckling in skin areas not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bone, and skin. Also called NF1.
neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome: (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis … SIN-drome); A rare genetic condition marked by flat brown spots on the skin. The number of brown spots on the skin tends to increase throughout childhood. Other signs and symptoms include an abnormally large head, unusual facial features, and freckling in the armpits and groin. People with this syndrome may have mild learning and developmental delays. Neurofibromatosis type 1-like syndrome is a type of disease called a RASopathy that is caused by mutations (changes) in the SPRED1 gene. This gene makes a protein involved in a cell signaling pathway that controls many important cell functions. Also called Legius syndrome.
neurofibromatosis type 2: (NOOR-oh-FY-broh-muh-TOH-sis ...); A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow. Also called acoustic neurofibromatosis and NF2.
neuroglia: (noor-OH-glee-uh); Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help them work the way they should. The types of neuroglia include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. Also called glial cell.
neuroleptic agent: (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik AY-jent); A type of drug used to treat symptoms of psychosis. These include hallucinations (sights, sounds, smells, tastes, or touches that a person believes to be real but are not real), delusions (false beliefs), and dementia (loss of the ability to think, remember, learn, make decisions, and solve problems). Most neuroleptic agents block the action of certain chemicals in the nervous system. Also called antipsychotic and antipsychotic agent.
neuroleptic malignant syndrome: (NOOR-oh-LEP-tik muh-LIG-nunt SIN-drome); A life-threatening condition that may be caused by certain drugs used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. Also called NMS.
neurologic: (NOOR-oh-LAH-jik); Having to do with nerves or the nervous system.
neurological exam: (NOOR-oh-LAH-jih-kul eg-ZAM); A series of questions and tests to check brain, spinal cord, and nerve function. The exam checks a person’s mental status, coordination, ability to walk, and how well the muscles, sensory systems, and deep tendon reflexes work.
neurologist: (noor-AH-loh-jist); A doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating disorders of the nervous system.
neuroma: (noor-OH-muh); A tumor that arises in nerve cells.
neuromuscular electrical stimulation: (NOOR-oh-MUS-kyoo-ler ee-LEK-trih-kul STIM-yoo-LAY-shun); A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called NES, NMES, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.
neuromyotonia: (NOOR-oh-MY-oh-TOH-nee-uh); A rare nerve disorder that causes constant muscle activity that cannot be controlled, even during sleep. It often affects the muscles in the arms and legs, but may affect the whole body. Symptoms include muscle twitching, weakness, stiffness, and cramping; increased skin temperature, sweating, and heart rate; and problems with chewing, swallowing, speech, and breathing. The disorder often gets worse over time. Neuromyotonia usually occurs in people aged 15 to 60 years. It may occur with certain types of cancer and is sometimes inherited. Also called Isaac syndrome.
neuron: (NOOR-on); A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current. Also called nerve cell.
neuronal tumor: (noor-OH-nul TOO-mer); One of a group of rare tumors that begin in nerve cells of the brain or spinal cord. There are many different types of neuronal tumors, and they can occur in different parts of the brain or spinal cord. Most neuronal tumors are not cancer and tend to grow slowly. However, they can grow and press on nearby brain tissue, which can cause seizures, a buildup of fluid and increased pressure in the brain, and other problems. Neuronal tumors can occur at any age but are more common in children and young adults.
neuropathologist: (NOOR-oh-puh-THAH-loh-jist); A pathologist who has special training in diseases of the nervous system. A pathologist identifies disease by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.
neuropathy: (noor-AH-puh-thee); A nerve problem that causes pain, numbness, tingling, swelling, or muscle weakness in different parts of the body. It usually begins in the hands or feet and gets worse over time. Neuropathy may be caused by cancer or cancer treatment, such as chemotherapy. It may also be caused by physical injury, infection, toxic substances, or conditions such as diabetes, kidney failure, or malnutrition. Also called peripheral neuropathy.
neuropeptide: (NOOR-oh-PEP-tide); A member of a class of protein-like molecules made in the brain. Neuropeptides consist of short chains of amino acids, with some functioning as neurotransmitters and some functioning as hormones.
neuropsychologist: (NOOR-oh-sy-KAH-loh-jist); A psychologist who diagnoses and treats behavioral and other problems related to the way the brain works. These may include problems with social interactions, ability to control emotions and behaviors, and cognitive abilities (thinking, learning, remembering, and problem solving). These problems may be caused by brain disease, injury, or medical treatment, such as cancer treatment.
neuropsychology: (NOOR-oh-sy-KAH-loh-jee); The study of how the brain and central nervous system are related to behavior.
neuroradiologist: (NOOR-oh-RAY-dee-AH-loh-jist); A doctor trained in radiology who specializes in creating and interpreting pictures of the nervous system. The pictures are produced using forms of radiation, such as x-rays, sound waves, or other types of energy.
neurosphere: (NOOR-oh-sfeer); A small cluster of nerve stem cells that is grown in the laboratory. Neurospheres can be grown that are similar to normal human nerve tissue or to a specific type of tumor. They can be used to study how nerve tissue forms and how certain nervous system diseases, such as Parkinson disease or brain tumors, develop. Neurospheres may also be used to test new treatments before they are given to people.
neurosurgeon: (NOOR-oh-SER-jun); A doctor who has special training in surgery on the brain, spine, and other parts of the nervous system.
neurotoxicity: (NOOR-oh-tok-SIH-sih-tee); The tendency of some treatments to cause damage to the nervous system.
neurotoxin: (NOOR-oh-TOK-sin); A substance that is poisonous to nerve tissue.
neurotransmitter: (NOOR-oh-tranz-MIH-ter); A chemical that is made by nerve cells and used to communicate with other cells, including other nerve cells and muscle cells.
neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion: (NOOR-oh-TROH-fik TY-ruh-seen reh-SEP-ter KY-nays jeen FYOO-zhun); A mutation (change) that occurs when a piece of the chromosome containing a gene called NTRK breaks off and joins with a gene on another chromosome. Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusions lead to abnormal proteins called TRK fusion proteins, which may cause cancer cells to grow. Neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusions may be found in some types of cancer, including cancers of the brain, head and neck, thyroid, soft tissue, lung, and colon. Also called NTRK gene fusion.
neurotropism: (NOOR-oh-TROH-pih-zum); An ability to invade and live in neural tissue. This term is usually used to describe the ability of viruses to infect nerve tissue.
neutropenia: (noo-troh-PEE-nee-uh); A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell) in the blood.
neutrophil: (NOO-troh-fil); A type of white blood cell that is an important part of the immune system and helps the body fight infection. When microorganisms, such as bacteria or viruses, enter the body, neutrophils are one of the first immune cells to respond. They travel to the site of infection, where they destroy the microorganisms by ingesting them and releasing enzymes that kill them. Neutrophils also boost the response of other immune cells. A neutrophil is a type of granulocyte and a type of phagocyte.
nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome: (NEE-voyd BAY-sul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. They are also at risk of developing medulloblastoma (a type of brain cancer) and other types of cancer. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome may also cause benign (not cancer) tumors in the jaw, heart, or ovaries. Other signs and symptoms include a large head and unusual facial features; small pits in the skin on the hands and feet; abnormalities of the spine, ribs, or skull; eye problems; and developmental problems. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in the PTCH1 gene. Also called basal cell nevus syndrome, BCNS, Gorlin syndrome, and NBCCS.
nevus: (NEE-vus); A benign (not cancer) growth on the skin that is formed by a cluster of melanocytes (cells that make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes). A nevus is usually dark and may be raised from the skin. Also called mole.
nevus of Ota: (NEE-vus … OH-tah); A condition marked by brown, blue, or gray patches, usually on the inside of the eye and on the skin near or around the eye. It may also affect the eyelid and mouth. It is caused by an increase in the number of cells called melanocytes in skin and eye tissue. Melanocytes make a substance called melanin, which gives color to skin and eyes. Having nevus of Ota may increase the risk of glaucoma and a type of eye cancer called intraocular melanoma. Also called oculodermal melanocytosis.
new mutation: (noo myoo-TAY-shun); A term used to describe a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that is seen for the first time in a person and has not appeared in previous generations. A new mutation can explain how a person can have a genetic condition that did not occur in his or her parents. A new mutation can occur in an egg or sperm cell of a parent, in the fertilized egg soon after the egg and sperm unite, or in another type of cell during embryo development. A person who has a new mutation may pass the mutation to his or her child. Some new mutations may lead to cancer or other diseases. Also called de novo mutation, de novo variant, and new variant.
new variant: (noo VAYR-ee-unt); A term used to describe a change in the DNA sequence of a gene that is seen for the first time in a person and has not appeared in previous generations. A new variant can explain how a person can have a genetic condition that did not occur in his or her parents. A new variant can occur in an egg or sperm cell of a parent, in the fertilized egg soon after the egg and sperm unite, or in another type of cell during embryo development. A person who has a new variant may pass the mutation to his or her child. Some new variants may lead to cancer or other diseases. Also called de novo mutation, de novo variant, and new mutation.
Newcastle disease virus: (NOO-ka-sul dih-ZEEZ VY-rus); A bird virus that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may be used to kill cancer cells directly, or it may be given as a cancer vaccine to stimulate the body’s immune system. Newcastle disease virus is a type of biological response modifier and vaccine therapy. Also called NDV.
Nexavar: (NEK-suh-var); A drug used to treat certain types of hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nexavar blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Nexavar is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called BAY 43-9006 and sorafenib tosylate.
Nexium: (NEK-see-um); A drug that blocks acid from being made in the stomach. It is used to treat acid reflux disease and to prevent certain types of gastrointestinal ulcers. Nexium is being studied in the prevention of esophageal cancer and in the treatment of other conditions, including side effects of chemotherapy. It is a type of anti-ulcer agent. Also called esomeprazole magnesium.
next-generation sequencing: (... JEH-neh-RAY-shun SEE-kwen-sing); A term that describes methods used in the lab to learn the order of building blocks (called nucleotides) for millions of DNA or RNA fragments at the same time. Computers are used to piece together the fragments in order to sequence a person or other organism’s entire DNA, large segments of DNA or RNA, or the DNA in specific types of cells from a sample of tissue. Next-generation sequencing can also identify changes in certain areas of the genome or in specific genes. There are many different types of next-generation sequencing methods, including whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, multigene panel testing, and transcriptome sequencing. Next-generation sequencing may help researchers understand the cause of certain diseases, such as cancer. Also called massively parallel sequencing and NGS.
NF-kappa B: (…-KA-puh …); A group of proteins that help control many functions in a cell, including cell growth and survival. These proteins also control the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kappa B may be overactive or found in higher than normal amounts in some types of cancer cells. This may lead to cancer cell growth. High levels or overactivity of NF-kappa B may also lead to inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and ulcerative colitis, and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Also called NF-kB and nuclear factor-kappa B.
NF-kB: A group of proteins that help control many functions in a cell, including cell growth and survival. These proteins also control the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. NF-kB may be overactive or found in higher than normal amounts in some types of cancer cells. This may lead to cancer cell growth. High levels or overactivity of NF-kB may also lead to inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and ulcerative colitis, and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Also called NF-kappa B and nuclear factor-kappa B.
NF1: A rare genetic condition that causes brown spots and tumors on the skin, freckling in skin areas not exposed to the sun, tumors on the nerves, and developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bone, and skin. Also called neurofibromatosis type 1.
NF2: A genetic condition in which tumors form on the nerves of the inner ear and cause loss of hearing and balance. Tumors may also occur in the brain and on nerves in the skull and spinal cord, and may cause loss of speech, eye movement, and the ability to swallow. Also called acoustic neurofibromatosis and neurofibromatosis type 2.
NFE2L2: A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called Nrf2 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.
NG tube: (…toob); A tube that is inserted through the nose, down the throat and esophagus, and into the stomach. It can be used to give drugs, liquids, and liquid food, or used to remove substances from the stomach. Giving food through an NG tube is a type of enteral nutrition. Also called gastric feeding tube and nasogastric tube.
NG-monomethyl-L-arginine: (… MAH-noh-MEH-thul … AR-jih-neen); An amino acid derivative used to counteract high blood pressure caused by interleukin-2.
NG-nitro-L-arginine: (… NY-troh … AR-jih-neen); A form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. NG-nitro-L-arginine is being studied in the treatment of cancer and other conditions. In cancer, it may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking certain proteins needed for tumor cells to grow and by blocking blood flow to the tumor. It is a type of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and an antiangiogenesis agent. Also called nitroarginine.
NGR-TNF: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is made by linking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) to a peptide. The peptide binds to tumor blood vessels, and TNF damages them. It is a type of biological response modifier. Also called tumor vasculature–targeted tumor necrosis factor alpha.
NGS: A term that describes methods used in the lab to learn the order of building blocks (called nucleotides) for millions of DNA or RNA fragments at the same time. Computers are used to piece together the fragments in order to sequence a person or other organism’s entire DNA, large segments of DNA or RNA, or the DNA in specific types of cells from a sample of tissue. NGS can also identify changes in certain areas of the genome or in specific genes. There are many different types of NGS methods, including whole-genome sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, multigene panel testing, and transcriptome sequencing. NGS may help researchers understand the cause of certain diseases, such as cancer. Also called massively parallel sequencing and next-generation sequencing.
NHL: Any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). NHLs can occur at any age and are often marked by lymph nodes that are larger than normal, fever, and weight loss. There are many different types of NHL. These types can be divided into aggressive (fast-growing) and indolent (slow-growing) types, and they can be formed from either B-cells or T-cells. B-cell NHLs include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell NHLs include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphomas that occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are usually B-cell NHLs. Prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and type of disease. Also called non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
NHP2 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in protecting telomeres (the ends of chromosomes), which help keep chromosomes from sticking together or breaking down. The protein also helps stabilize a type of RNA involved in making proteins in the cell. Mutations (changes) in the NHP2 gene may lead to abnormal cell growth and cancer. NHP2 gene mutations have been found in a rare, inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which causes abnormal changes in the skin and nails and white patches inside the mouth. People with this condition have an increased risk of bone marrow failure (a condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells), myelodysplastic syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lungs), and certain types of cancer.
niacin: (NY-uh-sin); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacin helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. Niacin is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough niacin can cause a disease called pellagra (a condition marked by skin, nerve, and digestive disorders). A form of niacin is being studied in the prevention of skin and other types of cancer. Niacin may help to lower blood cholesterol. Also called nicotinic acid and vitamin B3.
niacinamide: (NY-uh-SIH-nuh-MIDE); A form of niacin (vitamin B3) that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Niacinamide is found in many plant and animal products and in dietary supplements. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Niacinamide may be used to treat diabetes and certain skin conditions and is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It may increase blood flow to cancer cells and block certain enzymes they need to repair damage to their DNA. This may make cancer cells easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Niacinamide is a type of radiosensitizing agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called nicotinamide.
nicotinamide: (NIH-koh-TIH-nuh-MIDE); A form of niacin (vitamin B3) that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinamide is found in many plant and animal products and in dietary supplements. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Nicotinamide may be used to treat diabetes and certain skin conditions and is being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. It may increase blood flow to cancer cells and block certain enzymes they need to repair damage to their DNA. This may make cancer cells easier to kill with radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Nicotinamide is a type of radiosensitizing agent and a type of chemosensitizing agent. Also called niacinamide.
nicotine: (NIH-kuh-TEEN); An addictive, poisonous chemical found in tobacco. It can also be made in the laboratory. When it enters the body, nicotine causes an increased heart rate and use of oxygen by the heart, and a sense of well-being and relaxation. It is also used as an insecticide.
nicotine gum: (NIH-kuh-TEEN…); A chewing gum that contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the lining of the mouth. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is not needed for nicotine gum.
nicotine inhaler: (NIH-kuh-TEEN in-HAY-ler); A device used to inhale (breathe in) small doses of nicotine through the mouth. The nicotine is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and lungs and goes into the blood. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is needed for nicotine inhalers.
nicotine lozenge: (NIH-kuh-TEEN LAH-zinj); A hard candy-like tablet that contains a small dose of nicotine. The nicotine is absorbed through the lining of the mouth and goes into the blood. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is not needed for nicotine lozenges.
nicotine nasal spray: (NIH-kuh-TEEN NAY-zul…); A nose spray that contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the lining of the nose. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. A prescription is needed for nicotine nasal spray.
nicotine patch: (NIH-kuh-TEEN...); A patch that sticks on the skin and contains a small dose of nicotine, which enters the blood by being absorbed through the skin. This helps stop nicotine cravings and relieves symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. Nicotine patches are available with and without a prescription.
nicotine replacement therapy: (NIH-kuh-TEEN reh-PLAYS-ment THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses special products to give small, steady doses of nicotine to help stop cravings and relieve symptoms that occur when a person is trying to quit smoking. These products include nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine lozenges, and nicotine patch, and some are available without a prescription. They do not contain any of the other chemicals found in tobacco products.
nicotine vaccine: (NIH-kuh-TEEN vak-SEEN); A substance being studied to see if it can help people quit smoking or keep them from starting again. It may stimulate the body’s immune system to make antibodies against nicotine. These antibodies may help keep nicotine from reaching the brain, which can help reduce a person’s craving for nicotine.
nicotinic acid: (NIH-kuh-TIH-nik A-sid); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Nicotinic acid helps some enzymes work properly and helps skin, nerves, and the digestive tract stay healthy. Nicotinic acid is found in many plant and animal products. It is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough nicotinic acid can cause a disease called pellagra (a condition marked by skin, nerve, and digestive disorders). A form of nicotinic acid is being studied in the prevention of skin and other types of cancer. Nicotinic acid may help to lower blood cholesterol. Also called niacin and vitamin B3.
night sweats: Episodes of excessive sweating that occur during sleep. Night sweats can be severe and soak a person’s bedclothes and bed sheets, which may cause the person to wake up. Night sweats are a common symptom of menopause. They may also be caused by illness or medical conditions, such as infection, cancer, low blood sugar, hormone disorders, and neurologic conditions. They may also be a side effect of certain medicines, cancer treatment, too much caffeine or alcohol, or tobacco or drug use.
NIH: A federal agency in the U.S. that conducts biomedical research in its own laboratories; supports the research of non-Federal scientists in universities, medical schools, hospitals, and research institutions throughout the country and abroad; helps in the training of research investigators; and fosters communication of medical information. Access the NIH Web site at http://www.nih.gov. Also called National Institutes of Health.
Nijmegen breakage syndrome: (NY-may-gen BRAY-kij SIN-drome); A rare inherited disorder marked by a small head, height that is shorter than normal, unusual facial features, and other growth and developmental problems. People with Nijmegen breakage syndrome have a weakened immune system, which may cause them to have frequent sinus, lung, and other respiratory tract infections. They are also at an increased risk of developing certain types of cancer, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma (a type of soft tissue tumor), and brain cancer. Nijmegen breakage syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called NBN, which is involved in DNA repair. It is a type of DNA repair deficiency syndrome and a type of autosomal recessive genetic disease.
Nilandron: (nih-LAN-drun); A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have had surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy). Nilandron binds to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. These proteins bind to androgens (male hormones) and may cause cancer cells to grow. Nilandron blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiandrogen. Also called nilutamide.
NILM: A Pap test finding that means no cancer cells or other abnormal cells have been found on the surface of or in the tissue that lines the cervix. Cell changes that suggest inflammation or infection may be included in this finding. Also called negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, negative Pap test result, and normal Pap test result.
nilotinib: (ny-LOH-tih-nib); A drug used to treat certain types of chronic myelogenous leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nilotinib blocks BCR::ABL1 and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Tasigna.
nilutamide: (ny-LOO-tuh-mide); A drug used to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is used in patients who have had surgery to remove the testicles (orchiectomy). Nilutamide binds to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. These proteins bind to androgens (male hormones) and may cause cancer cells to grow. Nilutamide blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiandrogen. Also called Nilandron.
nimodipine: (ny-MOH-dih-peen); Belongs to a family of drugs called calcium channel blockers. It is being investigated for use with anticancer drugs to prevent or overcome drug resistance and improve response to chemotherapy.
nimotuzumab: (ny-moh-TOO-zoo-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Nimotuzumab binds to a protein called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is found on some normal cells and some types of cancer cells. Blocking this protein may help keep cancer cells from growing. Nimotuzumab is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called Theraloc.
nimustine: (NY-mus-teen); A substance that has been studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Nimustine damages the cell's DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of nitrosourea.
Ninlaro: (nin-LAR-oh); A drug used with lenalidomide and dexamethasone to treat multiple myeloma. It is used in patients who received at least one other anticancer treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Ninlaro blocks the action of enzymes called proteasomes, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of proteasome inhibitor. Also called ixazomib citrate.
Nipent: (NY-pent); The active ingredient in a drug that is used to treat hairy cell leukemia and is being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nipent blocks a protein needed for cell growth and may kill cancer cells. It is made by a bacterium. It is a type of adenosine deaminase inhibitor. Also called pentostatin.
nipple: (NIH-pul); In anatomy, the small raised area in the center of the breast through which milk can flow to the outside.
nipple discharge: (NIH-pul DIS-charj); Fluid that is not milk coming from the nipple.
niraparib tosylate monohydrate: (nih-RA-puh-rib TOH-suh-layt MAH-noh-HY-drayt); A drug used to treat adults with certain types of ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Niraparib tosylate monohydrate blocks an enzyme involved in many cell functions, including the repair of DNA damage. Blocking this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from repairing their damaged DNA, causing them to die. Niraparib tosylate monohydrate is a type of PARP inhibitor. Also called Zejula.
niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate: (nih-RA-puh-rib TOH-suh-layt MAH-noh-HY-drayt … A-bih-RA-teh-rone A-seh-tayt); A combination of two drugs used with prednisone to treat adults with prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body and is castration resistant (has not responded to treatments that lower testosterone levels). It is used in patients who have a certain type of abnormal BRCA gene. Niraparib tosylate monohydrate blocks an enzyme involved in many cell functions, including the repair of DNA damage. Blocking this enzyme may help keep cancer cells from repairing their damaged DNA, causing them to die. Abiraterone acetate lowers the amount of androgens (male hormones), such as testosterone, made by the body. This may stop the growth of cancer cells that need androgens to grow. The combination of niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate may work better than either drug alone. Niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate is a type of PARP inhibitor and a type of antiandrogen. Also called Akeega.
nirogacestat hydrobromide: (NY-roh-GAY-seh-stat HY-droh-BROH-mide); A drug used to treat adults with desmoid tumors (a type of soft tissue tumor) that have gotten worse and need systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nirogacestat hydrobromide binds to a protein called gamma secretase, which blocks the activation of other proteins called Notch receptors. Blocking these proteins may help keep tumor cells from growing and may kill them. Nirogacestat hydrobromide is a type of gamma secretase inhibitor. Also called Ogsiveo.
nitric acid: (NY-trik A-sid); A toxic, corrosive, colorless liquid used to make fertilizers, dyes, explosives, and other chemicals.
nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative: (NY-trik OK-side-reh-LEE-sing A-seh-til-SA-lih-SIH-lik A-sid deh-RIH-vuh-tiv); A substance being studied in the prevention of colorectal cancer. It is a form of aspirin that gives off nitric oxide gas and is less irritating to the lining of the stomach than plain aspirin. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). Also called NCX 4016.
nitroarginine: (NY-troh-AR-jih-neen); A form of the amino acid arginine. An amino acid is a protein building block. Nitroarginine is being studied in the treatment of cancer and other conditions. In cancer, it may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking certain proteins needed for tumor cells to grow and by blocking blood flow to the tumor. It is a type of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor and an antiangiogenesis agent. Also called NG-nitro-L-arginine.
nitrocamptothecin: (NY-troh-KAMP-toh-THEH-kin); An alkaloid drug belonging to a class of anticancer agents called topoisomerase inhibitors.
nitroglycerin: (NY-troh-GLIH-seh-rin); In medicine, a substance used as a drug to treat certain heart conditions and to widen the openings in blood vessels. Nitroglycerin is being studied as a way to help chemotherapy work better by making tumor cells more sensitive to the drugs. It is a type of vasodilator.
nitrosamine: (ny-TROH-suh-meen); A type of chemical found in tobacco products and tobacco smoke. Nitrosamines are also found in many foods, including fish, beer, fried foods, and meats. Some nitrosamines cause cancer in laboratory animals and may increase the risk of certain types of cancer in humans.
nitrosourea: (ny-TROH-soh-YOO-ree-uh); An anticancer drug that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Carmustine and lomustine are nitrosoureas.
Nivestym: (NY-ves-tim); A drug that contains the active ingredient filgrastim and is used to treat neutropenia (a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells), prevent infection, and prepare the blood for the collection of certain types of blood cells. Nivestym is used in patients who have certain cancers and neutropenia caused by some types of chemotherapy and in patients who have severe chronic neutropenia that is not caused by cancer treatment. It is also used before an autologous stem cell transplant. Nivestym helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor.
nivolumab: (nih-VOL-yoo-mab); A drug that binds to the protein PD-1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat many different types of cancer. These include cancers that express the protein PD-L1 or that have certain mutations (changes) in genes involved in DNA repair. Nivolumab is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastroesophageal junction cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), malignant pleural mesothelioma, melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), stomach cancer, and urothelial carcinoma (a type of bladder or urinary tract cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nivolumab may block PD-1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called Opdivo.
nivolumab and hyaluronidase: (nih-VOL-yoo-mab … HY-al-yoo-RAH-nih-days); A combination of two drugs used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and urothelial carcinoma (a type of cancer in the bladder or urinary tract). Nivolumab binds to a protein called PD-1, which is found on some normal cells and some types of cancer cells. Nivolumab may block PD-1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. Hyaluronidase allows nivolumab to be given by injection under the skin. Nivolumab and hyaluronidase can be given in less time than nivolumab alone, which is given as an infusion. Also called Opdivo Qvantig.
nivolumab and relatlimab: (nih-VOL-yoo-mab … reh-LAT-lih-mab); A combination of two drugs used to treat adults and children aged 12 years or older with melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nivolumab and relatlimab binds to the proteins PD-1 and LAG-3, which are found on T cells (a type of immune cell). Blocking these proteins may help the immune system kill cancer cells. The combination of nivolumab and relatlimab may work better than either drug alone. Nivolumab and relatlimab is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called Opdualag.
NK cell: (… sel); A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK cell is a type of white blood cell. Also called natural killer cell and NK-LGL.
NK-LGL: A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that can kill tumor cells or cells infected with a virus. An NK-LGL is a type of white blood cell. Also called natural killer cell and NK cell.
NK-LGL leukemia: (... loo-KEE-mee-uh); A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia and NK-LGLL.
NK-LGLL: A type of leukemia in which large natural killer (NK) cells (a type of white blood cell) that contain granules (small particles) are found in the blood. It is a chronic disease that may last for a long time and get worse. Also called natural killer-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia and NK-LGL leukemia.
NKT cell: (... sel); A type of immune cell that plays an important role in the body’s first immune response to invading microorganisms. NKT cells are a type of T cell that also have certain features of natural killer (NK) cells. They can kill invading microorganisms, such as bacteria and viruses, by releasing cytokines. They can also kill certain cells, such as cancer cells, either directly or by causing other immune cells to kill them. If NKT cells become inactive, this may contribute to the development and progression of certain diseases, such as cancer. Also called natural killer T cell.
NLPHL: A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is marked by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, which used to be called popcorn cells. These cells are different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cells found in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. NLPHL may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called LPHL, lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma.
NLST: A lung cancer screening trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). In the trial, low-dose spiral CT scans were compared with chest x-rays for their ability to detect lung cancer early. The trial included more than 50,000 participants who were aged 55 to 74 years, were current or former heavy smokers, and had no signs or symptoms of lung cancer. The results of the trial showed that participants who were screened with spiral CT scans had about a 20% lower risk of dying from lung cancer than those who were screened with chest x-rays. Also called National Lung Screening Trial.
nM: The amount of a substance equal to a billionth of a mole (a measure of the amount of a substance). Also called nanomole.
NMES: A procedure in which small electric impulses are used to stimulate muscles that are weak or paralyzed. It helps to increase muscle strength, blood circulation, and range of motion and to lessen muscle spasms. Also called NES, neuromuscular electrical stimulation, and therapeutic (subthreshold) electrical stimulation.
NMP22: A protein found inside the nucleus of a cell. It is involved in making DNA, RNA, and proteins. It also helps control how certain genes are expressed (turned on) in a cell. NMP22 may be found in higher than normal amounts in the urine of patients with some types of cancer, including bladder cancer. Measuring the amount of NMP22 in the urine may help diagnose cancer or find out how well treatment is working. It is a type of tumor marker. Also called nuclear matrix protein 22.
NMRI: A procedure that uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly in the picture. NMRI may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. It is especially useful for imaging the brain and spinal cord, the heart and blood vessels, the bones, joints, and other soft tissues, the organs in the pelvis and abdomen, and the breast. Also called magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
NMS: A life-threatening condition that may be caused by certain drugs used to treat mental illness, nausea, or vomiting. Symptoms include high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, confusion, and stiffness. Also called neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
no treatment: (... TREET-ment); In a clinical trial, a control group in which the participant receives no additional interventions.
nocebo: (noh-SEE-boh); A harmless substance or treatment that may cause harmful side effects or worsening of symptoms because the patient thinks or believes they may occur or expects them to occur. For example, in a clinical trial, patients who are not given an active treatment but are told what side effects the active treatment may cause may have the same side effects as the patients who are given the active treatment just because they expect them to occur.
nocebo effect: (noh-SEE-boh eh-FEKT); A situation in which a patient develops side effects or symptoms that can occur with a drug or other therapy just because the patient believes they may occur. For example, in a clinical trial, patients who are not given an active treatment, but are told what side effects the active treatment may cause, may have the same side effects as the patients who are given the active treatment, only because they expect them to occur.
node-negative: (node-NEH-guh-tiv); Cancer that has not spread to the lymph nodes.
node-positive: (... PAH-zih-tiv); Cancer that has spread to the lymph nodes.
nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: (NAH-juh-ler LIM-foh-site-preh-DAH-mih-nunt HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh); A rare type of Hodgkin lymphoma (a cancer of the immune system). It is marked by the presence of lymphocyte-predominant cells, which used to be called popcorn cells. These cells are different from the typical Reed-Sternberg cells found in classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma may change into diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Also called LPHL, lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, and NLPHL.
nodular parenchyma: (NAH-juh-ler puh-REN-kih-muh); A small mass of tissue within a gland or organ that carries out the specialized functions of the gland or organ.
nodule: (NAH-jool); A growth or lump that may be malignant (cancer) or benign (not cancer).
nogapendekin alfa inbakicept: (noh-GAP-en-DEH-kin AL-fuh in-BAK-ih-sept); A drug used with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) to treat adults with bladder cancer that has not invaded the muscle layers of the bladder and with carcinoma in situ. Patients may or may not have a papillary tumor (a tumor that looks like long, thin “finger-like” growths). Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is used in patients whose cancer has not gotten better after treatment with BCG. It is given with BCG as a solution through a catheter (thin tube) that is placed into the bladder. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept binds to receptors for the protein interleukin-15 (IL-15), which is found on certain types of immune cells. This may help the immune cells kill cancer cells better than BCG alone. Nogapendekin alfa inbakicept is a type of IL-15 receptor agonist and a type of immunotherapy. Also called Anktiva.
nolatrexed: (NOH-luh-TREK-sed); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called thymidylate synthase inhibitors. Also called AG337 and Thymitaq.
nomogram: (NAH-moh-gram); A mathematical device or model that shows relationships between things. For example, a nomogram of height and weight measurements can be used to find the surface area of a person, without doing the math, to determine the right dose of chemotherapy. Nomograms of patient and disease characteristics can help predict the outcome of some kinds of cancer.
non-AIDS-defining cancer: (… deh-FY-ning KAN-ser); A type of cancer that is more likely to occur in people who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) than in people who are not infected. Non-AIDS-defining cancers include Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the mouth, throat, liver, lung, and anus. In addition to HIV infection, other factors, such as older age, infection with other viruses (such as HPV or hepatitis B or C virus), and heavy alcohol or tobacco use, may increase the risk of developing a non-AIDS-defining cancer. Also called NADC.
non-atrophic gastritis: (non-ay-TROH-fik gas-TRY-tis); A condition marked by inflammation of the inner lining of the stomach. It is usually caused by an infection with the bacterium H. pylori that continues or worsens over a long period of time. Non-atrophic gastritis can lead to atrophic gastritis (thinning of the lining of the stomach caused by long-term inflammation) and certain types of stomach cancer.
non-cardia gastric cancer: (non-KAR-dee-uh GAS-trik KAN-ser); A type of stomach cancer that begins in the mucous-producing cells in the inner lining of the main part of the stomach. This includes the fundus, body, antrum, and pylorus. Risk factors associated with non-cardia gastric cancer include chronic infection with the bacterium H. pylori, smoking tobacco, and consuming too much salt in the diet. Most non-cardia gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas.
non-endometrioid cancer: (… EN-doh-MEE-tree-oyd KAN-ser); A term used to describe certain types of cancer that form in the non-glandular tissues of the endometrium (the lining of the uterus) or ovary. Examples of non-endometrioid cancer of the endometrium or ovary include serous, clear cell, mixed, and mucinous carcinomas. Non-endometrioid cancers tend to grow and spread quickly and have a poor prognosis (chance of recovery).
non-Hodgkin lymphoma: (non-HOJ-kin lim-FOH-muh); Any of a large group of cancers of lymphocytes (white blood cells). Non-Hodgkin lymphomas can occur at any age and are often marked by lymph nodes that are larger than normal, fever, and weight loss. There are many different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These types can be divided into aggressive (fast-growing) and indolent (slow-growing) types, and they can be formed from either B-cells or T-cells. B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, immunoblastic large cell lymphoma, precursor B-lymphoblastic lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas include mycosis fungoides, anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and precursor T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphomas that occur after bone marrow or stem cell transplantation are usually B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Prognosis and treatment depend on the stage and type of disease. Also called NHL.
non-inferiority trial: (… in-FEER-ee-OR-ih-tee TRY-ul); A study that tests whether a new treatment is not worse than an active treatment it is being compared to. Non-inferiority trials are sometimes done when a placebo (an inactive treatment) cannot be used. These trials may show that a new treatment (such as a drug) is not worse than the active treatment being compared, and it may be safer and easier to take or cause fewer side effects.
non-ionizing radiation: (non-I-uh-NY-zing RAY-dee-AY-shun); A type of low-energy radiation that does not have enough energy to remove an electron (negative particle) from an atom or molecule. Non-ionizing radiation includes visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light; microwaves; radio waves; and radiofrequency energy from cell phones. Most types of non-ionizing radiation have not been found to cause cancer.
non-myeloablative transplant: (non-MY-eh-loh-a-BLAY-tiv TRANZ-plant); A type of donor stem cell transplant in which a patient receives lower doses of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy than in a standard transplant. The lower doses of anticancer therapy do not kill all of the blood-forming stem cells or all of the cancer cells in the patient's bone marrow. However, the anticancer therapy is still strong enough to suppress the patient's immune system and prevent rejection of the donor stem cells. The patient’s stem cells and those from the donor both live in the patient’s body for a time after a non-myeloablative transplant. Once the cells from the donor begin to grow and divide in the bone marrow, they replace the patient’s own bone marrow cells and destroy the remaining cancer cells. A non-myeloablative transplant may be an option for certain people who are older or who are not healthy enough to receive a standard donor stem cell transplant with high-dose chemotherapy. Also called mini-transplant and reduced-intensity transplant.
non-rapid eye movement sleep: (… RA-pid I MOOV-ment sleep); The phase of sleep that is considered the quiet or restful phase. During the three stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep, a person falls asleep and then moves from a light sleep into a deep sleep. This is when a person’s brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, body temperature drops, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. Non-rapid eye movement sleep plays an important role in helping the body repair tissues, build bone and muscle, and strengthen its immune system. During normal sleep, a person goes through four to five sleep cycles that last about 90 minutes each and include both non-rapid eye movement sleep and REM sleep. Also called non-REM sleep and NREM sleep.
non-REM sleep: (… sleep); The phase of sleep that is considered the quiet or restful phase. During the three stages of non-REM sleep, a person falls asleep and then moves from a light sleep into a deep sleep. This is when a person’s brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, body temperature drops, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. Non-REM sleep plays an important role in helping the body repair tissues, build bone and muscle, and strengthen its immune system. During normal sleep, a person goes through four to five sleep cycles that last about 90 minutes each and include both non-REM sleep and REM sleep. Also called non-rapid eye movement sleep and NREM sleep.
non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer: (… SEER-us eh-pih-THEE-lee-ul oh-VAYR-ee-un KAN-ser); A term that describes certain types of ovarian cancers that form in the tissue covering the ovary. The main types of non-serous epithelial ovarian cancer are clear cell carcinoma, endometroid carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma. Each type differs as to how the cancer cells look under a microscope, the tumor markers present, how quickly the cancer cells are likely to grow and spread, and their likely response to treatment. Non-serous epithelial ovarian cancers are much less common than serous epithelial ovarian cancer.
non-small cell lung cancer: (... sel lung KAN-ser); A group of lung cancers named for the kinds of cells found in the cancer and how the cells look under a microscope. The three main types of non-small cell lung cancer are adenocarcinoma (most common), squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common of the two main types of lung cancer (non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer).
nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: (non-AL-kuh-HAW-lik FA-tee LIH-ver dih-ZEEZ); A common condition in which fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. There are two types of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, simple or nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFL causes little or no inflammation or damage in the liver and usually does not cause serious liver problems. NASH is the more serious type of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It can cause liver inflammation and damage to the cells in the liver. This may lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver), liver failure, or liver cancer. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease usually affects middle-aged and older adults but is becoming more common in children and teens. It is especially common in people who are overweight or who have obesity, diabetes, or high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood. Also called NAFLD.
nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: (non-AL-kuh-HAW-lik STEE-uh-toh-HEH-puh-TY-tis); A type of liver disease in which fat builds up in the liver of people who drink little or no alcohol. This causes inflammation of the liver and damage to the cells in the liver, which may lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure. People with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis are at increased risk of developing liver cancer. It is more common in middle-aged adults, especially in those who are overweight or obese or who have diabetes or high levels of cholesterol and triglycerides (a type of fat) in the blood. Also called NASH.
nonavalent vaccine: (NOH-nuh-VAY-lent vak-SEEN); A vaccine that works by stimulating an immune response against nine different antigens, such as nine different viruses or other microorganisms. For example, Gardasil 9 is a nonavalent vaccine that helps protect the body against infection with nine different types of human papillomaviruses (HPV).
nonblinded: (non-BLINE-ded); A type of study in which both the health providers and the patients are aware of the drug or treatment being given. Also called open label study.
noncarrier: (non-KAYR-ee-er); In genetics, a person who does not have a mutated (changed) disease-causing gene that has been previously identified in his or her family.
nonconsecutive case series: (non-kun-SEH-kyoo-tiv kays SEER-eez); A clinical study that includes some, but not all, of the eligible patients identified by the researchers during the study registration period. This type of study does not usually have a control group.
noncontiguous lymphoma: (non-kun-TIG-yoo-us lim-FOH-muh); Lymphoma in which the lymph nodes containing cancer are not next to each other, but are on the same side of the diaphragm (the thin muscle below the lungs that helps breathing and separates the chest from the abdomen).
nonfunctioning tumor: (non-FUNK-shuh-ning TOO-mer); A tumor that is found in endocrine tissue but does not make extra hormones. Nonfunctioning tumors usually do not cause symptoms until they grow large or spread to other parts of the body. Also called endocrine-inactive tumor.
nongerminoma: (non-JER-mih-NOH-muh); A type of tumor that begins in germ cells (cells that form sperm or eggs). Nongerminomas can occur in the ovaries or testicles or other parts of the body, but they occur most often in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). This happens when a germ cell travels to the brain during fetal development and later becomes a germ cell tumor. There are several types of nongerminoma tumors, including embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, teratoma, and mixed germ cell tumor. Most nongerminomas make hormones, such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). Nongerminomas are usually malignant (cancer) and tend to grow and spread quickly. They usually occur in children.
nonhematologic cancer: (non-HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik KAN-ser); Cancer that does not begin in the blood or bone marrow.
nonheritable: (non-HAYR-ih-tuh-bul); In medicine, describes a characteristic or trait that cannot be passed from a parent to a child through the genes. Nonheritable forms of cancer may occur when there is a mutation (change) in the DNA in any of the cells of the body, except the germ cells (sperm and egg). People who have a nonheritable form of cancer do not have a family history of that cancer or an inherited change in their DNA that would increase their risk for that cancer.
noni: (NOH-nee); Morinda citrifolia. A tropical shrub. An extract from the fruit is being studied as a treatment for cancer, and extracts from the fruit, leaves, or roots have been used in some cultures to treat other diseases. Also called Morinda citrifolia.
noninvasive: (NON-in-VAY-siv); In medicine, it describes a procedure that does not require inserting an instrument through the skin or into a body opening. In cancer, it describes disease that has not spread outside the tissue in which it began.
noninvasive papillary carcinoma: (NON-in-VAY-siv PA-pih-LAYR-ee KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissue lining the inside of the bladder, renal pelvis, or ureter. Noninvasive papillary carcinoma may look like long, thin, finger-like growths under a microscope and can be low grade or high grade, depending on how abnormal the cells look. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Noninvasive papillary carcinoma is also called stage 0a bladder cancer or stage 0a transitional cell cancer of the renal pelvis and ureter.
nonlytic: (non-LIH-tik); In biology, refers to viruses that do not kill infected cells by disrupting their plasma membranes.
nonmalignant: (non-muh-LIG-nunt); Not cancer. Nonmalignant tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called benign.
nonmalignant hematologic disorder: (non-muh-LIG-nunt HEE-muh-tuh-LAH-jik dis-OR-der); A disorder of the blood. Some nonmalignant hematologic disorders may lead to leukemia.
nonmelanoma skin cancer: (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in the tissues of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). The two main types of nonmelanoma skin cancer are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which begins in thin, flat cells that form the top layer of the epidermis, and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which begins in round cells that form the lower layer of the epidermis. SCC and BCC are the most common types of skin cancer. Nonmelanoma skin cancer can occur anywhere on the body, but it is most common in areas of the skin often exposed to sunlight, such as the face, ears, lower lip, neck, arms, and top of the hands. Also called keratinocyte carcinoma.
nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid: (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too ... I-lid); Abnormal cells are found in the epidermis, usually in the basal cell layer. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the eyelid.
nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the head and neck (not on the eyelid): (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh skin KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too ...); Abnormal cells are found in the squamous cell or basal cell layer of the epidermis. These abnormal cells may become cancer and spread into nearby normal tissue. Also called stage 0 nonmelanoma skin carcinoma in situ on the head and neck (not on the eyelid).
nonmelanomatous: (non-MEH-luh-NOH-muh-tus); Having to do with skin cancer that forms in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin) or in squamous cells, but not in melanocytes (skin cells that make pigment).
nonmetastatic: (non-meh-tuh-STA-tik); Cancer that has not spread from the primary site (place where it started) to other places in the body.
nonopioid: (non-OH-pee-OYD); A drug that is not an opioid. Examples include acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), such as aspirin and ibuprofen.
nonpenetrance: (non-PEH-neh-trunts); A term that describes when a person has a disease-causing mutation (change) in a gene but never develops the disease. For example, a woman may have a certain BRCA1 gene mutation that increases her risk of breast cancer, but because the gene mutation is nonpenetrant, she never develops breast cancer. However, she can still pass the BRCA1 gene mutation to her children, who may develop cancer.
nonprescription: (NON-preh-SKRIP-shun); Refers to a medicine that can be bought without a prescription (doctor's order). Examples include analgesics (pain relievers), such as aspirin and acetaminophen. Also called OTC and over-the-counter.
nonrandomized clinical trial: (non-RAN-duh-mized KLIH-nih-kul TRY-ul); A clinical trial in which the participants are not assigned by chance to different treatment groups. Participants may choose which group they want to be in, or they may be assigned to the groups by the researchers.
nonseminoma: (NON-seh-mih-NOH-muh); A type of cancer that begins in cells that form sperm or eggs. There are several types of nonseminoma tumors, including embryonal carcinoma, malignant teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. These tumors are usually made up of more than one type of cancer cell. Although nonseminomas occur most often in the testicles or ovaries, they can occur in other tissues, such as the brain, chest, or abdomen. This happens when cells that have the ability to form sperm or eggs are found in other parts of the body.
nonsense mutation: (NON-sens myoo-TAY-shun); A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that signals the cell to stop making the protein before it is complete. This results in a shorter protein that may not function. Also called nonsense variant.
nonsense variant: (NON-sens VAYR-ee-unt); A change in the DNA sequence of a gene that signals the cell to stop making the protein before it is complete. This results in a shorter protein that may not function. Also called nonsense mutation.
nonspecific immune cell: (non-speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON sel); A cell (such as a phagocyte or a macrophage) that responds to many antigens, not just one antigen.
nonspecific immune stimulation: (non-speh-SIH-fik ih-MYOON STIM-yoo-LAY-shun); A type of cancer therapy that works by stimulating the immune system in a general way rather than by targeting cancer cells specifically. It may also help the body fight infection and other diseases. Agents used for nonspecific immune stimulation include BCG, interferon alpha, and certain types of interleukin.
nonspecific immunomodulating agent: (non-speh-SIH-fik IH-myoo-noh-MOD-yoo-lay-ting AY-jent); A substance that stimulates or suppresses the immune system in a general way. A nonspecific immunomodulating agent may stimulate the immune system to help the body fight cancer, infection, or other conditions. Or it may suppress the immune system to help treat autoimmune diseases, such as lupus, or to help keep a person from rejecting a bone marrow or organ transplant.
nonstarchy vegetable: (non-STAR-chee VEJ-tuh-bul); A member of the family of vegetables that does not contain starch (sugar molecules joined chemically). Nonstarchy vegetables are usually lower in sugar and higher in fiber than starchy vegetables. Examples are broccoli, carrots, celery, peppers, tomatoes, and zucchini.
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug: (NON-steh-ROY-dul AN-tee-in-FLA-muh-TOR-ee ...); A drug that works in a different way than a steroid to reduce pain, redness, swelling, and fever in the body. Some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also help keep blood clots from forming. The side effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs include bleeding and stomach, kidney, and heart problems. Examples of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, celecoxib, diclofenac, and ketorolac. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may also help prevent some types of cancer. Also called NSAID.
nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitor: (NON-steh-ROY-dul uh-ROH-muh-tays in-HIH-bih-ter); A drug that decreases the production of sex hormones (estrogen or testosterone) and slows the growth of tumors that need sex hormones to grow.
nontoxic: (non-TOK-sik); Not harmful or destructive.
Noonan syndrome: (NOO-nun SIN-drome); A genetic disorder marked by unusual facial features, being shorter than normal, learning problems, heart defects, bleeding problems, defects in the skeleton (bones of the body), and fertility problems in males. People with Noonan syndrome have an increased risk of certain types of cancer, such as rhabdomyosarcoma (a soft tissue tumor), neuroblastoma (cancer of immature nerve cells), and some types of leukemia.
Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines: (NOO-nun SIN-drome … MUL-tih-pul len-TIH-jih-neez); A rare genetic condition that affects many parts of the body, especially the skin, heart, inner ear, and genitals. It is marked by small, dark brown spots on the skin called lentigines, which usually appear on the face, neck, and upper body by age 4 or 5 years. The number of lentigines may increase to the thousands by puberty. Other signs and symptoms of this condition include heart defects, unusual facial features, genital abnormalities, and shorter-than-average height. People with this syndrome may also have hearing loss, an abnormally shaped chest, extra folds of skin on the back of the neck, mild learning problems, and fertility problems. Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines is a type of disease called a RASopathy that is caused by mutations (changes) in the PTPN11, RAF1, BRAF, or MAP2K1 gene. These genes make proteins involved in a cell signaling pathway that controls many important cell functions. Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines is sometimes called LEOPARD syndrome.
NOP10 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in making ribosomes (protein-making structures inside cells) and in maintaining telomeres (the ends of chromosomes). Mutations (changes) in the NOP10 gene have been found in a rare, inherited condition called dyskeratosis congenita, which causes abnormal changes in the skin and nails and white patches inside the mouth. People with this condition have an increased risk of bone marrow failure (a condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells), myelodysplastic syndrome, pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of the lungs), and certain types of cancer.
noradrenaline: (NOR-uh-dreh-nuh-lin); A chemical made by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act as both a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Noradrenaline is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure. Also called norepinephrine.
nordihydroguaiaretic acid: (NOR-dy-HY-droh-GWY-uh-reh-tik A-sid); A drug put on the skin to treat growths caused by sun exposure. A form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid that is taken by mouth is being studied in the treatment of prostate cancer. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid is an antioxidant, and it may block certain enzymes needed for tumor growth. Also called Actinex, masoprocol, and NDGA.
norepinephrine: (NOR-eh-pih-NEH-frin); A chemical made by some nerve cells and in the adrenal gland. It can act as both a neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger used by nerve cells) and a hormone (a chemical that travels in the blood and controls the actions of other cells or organs). Norepinephrine is released from the adrenal gland in response to stress and low blood pressure. Also called noradrenaline.
normal Pap test result: (NOR-mul ... reh-ZULT); A Pap test finding that means no cancer cells or other abnormal cells have been found on the surface of or in the tissue that lines the cervix. Cell changes that suggest inflammation or infection may be included in this finding. Also called negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy, negative Pap test result, and NILM.
normal range: (NOR-mul raynj); In medicine, a set of values that a doctor uses to interpret a patient’s test results. The normal range for a given test is based on the results that are seen in 95% of the healthy population. Sometimes patients whose test results are outside of the normal range may be healthy, and some patients whose test results are within the normal range may have a health problem. The normal range for a test may be different for different groups of people (for example, men and women). Also called reference interval, reference range, and reference values.
nortriptyline: (nor-TRIP-tih-leen); A drug used to treat depression. It may also be used to treat panic or anxiety disorders and certain types of pain, and to help people quit smoking. Nortriptyline increases the levels of norepinephrine and other natural chemicals in the brain. This helps improve mood and may reduce a person’s craving for nicotine. It is a type of tricyclic antidepressant. Also called Aventyl and Pamelor.
Norvir: (NOR-veer); A drug used to treat infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS). It is also being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Norvir blocks the ability of HIV to make copies of itself and may block the growth of cancer cells. It is a type of anti-HIV agent and a type of protease inhibitor. Also called ritonavir.
notary public: (NOH-tuh-ree PUH-blik); A person who has a license that gives them the legal power to witness the signing of documents, to certify that documents are real, and to take statements made under oath.
novobiocin: (NOH-voh-BY-oh-sin); An antibiotic drug used to treat infection.
NP: A registered nurse who has additional education and training in how to diagnose and treat disease. NPs are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. In cancer care, an NP may manage the primary care of patients and their families, based on a practice agreement with a doctor. Also called advanced practice nurse, APN, and nurse practitioner.
Nplate: (EN-playt); A drug used to treat thrombocytopenia (a low blood platelet count) in adults and in certain children with immune thrombocytopenic purpura that did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and types of cancer. Nplate binds to the thrombopoietin receptor, which causes the bone marrow to make more platelets. It is a type of thrombopoietin receptor agonist. Also called AMG 531 and romiplostim.
NPO: A Latin abbreviation for “nothing by mouth.”
NPV: The likelihood that a person who has a negative test result indeed does not have the disease, condition, biomarker, or mutation (change) in the gene being tested. The NPV is a way of measuring how accurate a specific test is. Also called negative predictive value.
NR-LU-10 antigen: (... AN-tih-jen); A protein found on the surface of some cancers.
NREM sleep: (... sleep); The phase of sleep that is considered the quiet or restful phase. During the three stages of NREM sleep, a person falls asleep and then moves from a light sleep into a deep sleep. This is when a person’s brain activity, breathing, and heart rate slow down, body temperature drops, muscles relax, and eye movements stop. NREM sleep plays an important role in helping the body repair tissues, build bone and muscle, and strengthen its immune system. During normal sleep, a person goes through four to five sleep cycles that last about 90 minutes each and include both NREM sleep and REM sleep. Also called non-rapid eye movement sleep and non-REM sleep.
Nrf2: A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called NFE2L2 and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2.
NSAID: A drug that works in a different way than a steroid to reduce pain, redness, swelling, and fever in the body. Some NSAIDs may also help keep blood clots from forming. The side effects of NSAIDs include bleeding and stomach, kidney, and heart problems. Examples of NSAIDs are aspirin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, celecoxib, diclofenac, and ketorolac. NSAIDs may also help prevent some types of cancer. Also called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.
NSC 655649: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the families of drugs called antitumor antibiotics and topoisomerase inhibitors. Also called rebeccamycin analog.
NTHL1 gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in the repair of DNA damage. Mutations (changes) in the NTHL1 gene may keep cells from repairing their damaged DNA, which may cause cancer cells to grow. The mutated NTHL1 gene has been found in some patients with an inherited condition called familial adenomatous polyposis 3 (FAP3). FAP3 causes many polyps (abnormal growths) to form on the inner walls of the colon and rectum, which may lead to colorectal cancer. People who have mutations in NTHL1 may also be at increased risk of developing other types of cancer, including endometrial, small intestine, skin, breast, and pancreatic cancers.
NTRK gene fusion: (… jeen FYOO-zhun); A mutation (change) that occurs when a piece of the chromosome containing a gene called NTRK breaks off and joins with a gene on another chromosome. NTRK gene fusions lead to abnormal proteins called TRK fusion proteins, which may cause cancer cells to grow. NTRK gene fusions may be found in some types of cancer, including cancers of the brain, head and neck, thyroid, soft tissue, lung, and colon. Also called neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase gene fusion.
NTX-010: A virus being studied in the treatment of neuroendocrine tumors and other types of cancer. Neuroendocrine tumors form from cells that release hormones in response to a signal from the nervous system. The virus infects and breaks down these tumor cells but not normal cells. It is a type of oncolytic virus. Also called Seneca Valley virus-001 and SVV-001.
Nubeqa: (NOO-beh-kuh); A drug used alone or with docetaxel to treat adults with certain types of prostate cancer. Nubeqa is used in patients whose cancer has spread to other parts of the body and responds to treatment that lowers testosterone levels or whose cancer has not spread to other parts of the body and no longer responds to treatment that lowers testosterone levels. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Nubeqa binds to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. These proteins bind to androgens (male hormones) and may cause cancer cells to grow. Nubeqa blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiandrogen. Also called darolutamide.
nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2: (NOO-klee-er FAK-ter eh-RITH-royd-deh-RIVED …); A protein that controls how certain genes are expressed. These genes help protect the cell from damage caused by free radicals (unstable molecules made during normal cell metabolism). Free radicals may play a part in cancer, heart disease, stroke, and other diseases of aging. Also called NFE2L2 and Nrf2.
nuclear factor-kappa B: (NOO-klee-er FAK-ter-KA-puh …); A group of proteins that help control many functions in a cell, including cell growth and survival. These proteins also control the body’s immune and inflammatory responses. Nuclear factor-kappa B may be overactive or found in higher than normal amounts in some types of cancer cells. This may lead to cancer cell growth. High levels or overactivity of nuclear factor-kappa B may also lead to inflammatory disorders, such as asthma and ulcerative colitis, and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Also called NF-kappa B and NF-kB.
nuclear grade: (NOO-klee-er grayd); An evaluation of the size and shape of the nucleus in tumor cells and the percentage of tumor cells that are in the process of dividing or growing. Cancers with low nuclear grade grow and spread less quickly than cancers with high nuclear grade.
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging: (NOO-klee-er mag-NEH-tik REH-zuh-nunts IH-muh-jing); A procedure that uses radio waves, a powerful magnet, and a computer to make a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the body. A contrast agent, such as gadolinium, may be injected into a vein to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly in the picture. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may be used to help diagnose disease, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working. It is especially useful for imaging the brain and spinal cord, the heart and blood vessels, the bones, joints, and other soft tissues, the organs in the pelvis and abdomen, and the breast. Also called magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and NMRI.
nuclear matrix protein 22: (NOO-klee-er MAY-trix PROH-teen …); A protein found inside the nucleus of a cell. It is involved in making DNA, RNA, and proteins. It also helps control how certain genes are expressed (turned on) in a cell. Nuclear matrix protein 22 may be found in higher than normal amounts in the urine of patients with some types of cancer, including bladder cancer. Measuring the amount of nuclear matrix protein 22 in the urine may help diagnose cancer or find out how well treatment is working. It is a type of tumor marker. Also called NMP22.
nuclear medicine: (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin); A branch of medicine that uses small amounts of radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body and to treat disease. In cancer, the radioactive substance may be used with a special machine (such as a PET scanner) to find the cancer, to see how far it has spread, or to see how well a treatment is working. Radioactive substances may also be used to treat certain types of cancer, such as thyroid cancer and lymphoma.
nuclear medicine scan: (NOO-klee-er MEH-dih-sin skan); A method that uses radioactive substances to make pictures of areas inside the body. The radioactive substance is injected into the body, and locates and binds to specific cells or tissues, including cancer cells. Images are made using a special machine that detects the radioactive substance. Also called radioimaging.
nucleolus: (noo-KLEE-uh-lus); An area inside the nucleus of a cell that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made. Ribosomes help link amino acids together to form proteins. The nucleolus is a cell organelle.
nucleotide: (NOO-klee-oh-tide); A building block for nucleic acids (the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information). Nucleotides are attached end-to-end to form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
nucleus: (NOO-klee-us); In biology, the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes. The nucleus has a membrane around it, and is where RNA is made from the DNA in the chromosomes.
Nucynta: (noo-SIN-tuh); A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It binds to opioid receptors and other molecules in the central nervous system. Nucynta is a type of opioid and a type of analgesic agent. Also called tapentadol hydrochloride.
nurse: (nurs); A health professional trained to care for people who are ill or disabled.
nurse case manager: (... MA-nih-jer); A registered nurse who has special training in how to plan, manage, and evaluate all aspects of patient care, especially for patients who get treatment over a long time. Also called case management nurse.
nurse practitioner: (… prak-TIH-shuh-ner); A registered nurse who has additional education and training in how to diagnose and treat disease. Nurse practitioners are licensed at the state level and certified by national nursing organizations. In cancer care, a nurse practitioner may manage the primary care of patients and their families, based on a practice agreement with a doctor. Also called advanced practice nurse, APN, and NP.
nursing: (NUR-sing); The act of feeding breast milk to an infant. Babies can be fed directly from the mother’s breast, or breast milk can be pumped and then fed to the baby from a bottle. Breast milk contains calories, vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients that help an infant grow and develop. It also contains antibodies, which help protect the infant against some infections. Nursing also helps protect the infant and mother against certain diseases or conditions. Also called breastfeeding.
nursing home: (NUR-sing home); A place that gives care to people who have physical or mental disabilities and need help with activities of daily living (such as taking a bath, getting dressed, and going to the bathroom) but do not need to be in the hospital.
NUT carcinoma: (… KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A rare type of cancer that forms in the respiratory tract and other places along the middle of the body, from the head to the abdomen. This includes the thymus, the area between the lungs, and the pancreas, liver, and bladder. NUT carcinoma is caused when a piece of chromosome 15 containing the NUT gene breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. It is usually aggressive (fast-growing) and cannot be cured. NUT carcinoma usually occurs in children and young adults.
NUT gene: (… jeen); A gene that causes a rare type of cancer called NUT midline carcinoma, when it is mutated (changed). The mutation occurs when a piece of the chromosome containing the NUT gene breaks off and attaches to another chromosome. In its natural, unchanged form, the NUT gene codes for a protein found in germ cells (reproductive cells) in the testicles and ovaries.
nutraceutical: (noo-truh-SOO-tih-kul); A food or dietary supplement that is believed to provide health benefits.
nutrient: (NOO-tree-ent); A chemical compound (such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamin, or mineral) contained in foods. These compounds are used by the body to function and grow.
nutrient-dense food: (NOO-tree-ent-dents …); Food that is high in nutrients but relatively low in calories. Nutrient-dense foods contain vitamins, minerals, complex carbohydrates, lean protein, and healthy fats. Examples of nutrient-dense foods include fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low-fat or fat-free milk products, seafood, lean meats, eggs, peas, beans, and nuts.
nutrigenomics: (NOO-trih-jeh-NOH-mix); The study of how food affects a person’s genes and how a person’s genes affect the way the body responds to food. Nutrigenomics is used to learn more about how genes and diet together may affect a person’s health and risk of developing diseases, such as cancer. It may also help find new ways to prevent and treat disease.
nutrition: (noo-TRIH-shun); The taking in and use of food and other nourishing material by the body. Nutrition is a 3-part process. First, food or drink is consumed. Second, the body breaks down the food or drink into nutrients. Third, the nutrients travel through the bloodstream to different parts of the body where they are used as "fuel" and for many other purposes. To give the body proper nutrition, a person has to eat and drink enough of the foods that contain key nutrients.
nutrition therapy: (noo-TRIH-shun THAYR-uh-pee); A nutrition-based treatment plan to help manage or treat certain health conditions. These include diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, digestive system problems, overweight, obesity, malnutrition, and cancer. Nutrition therapy includes assessing a person’s nutrition status, identifying their nutritional and dietary needs and goals, and developing a nutrition care plan. The nutrition care plan may involve changes in a person’s diet, counseling to support behavioral and lifestyle changes, or receiving nutrients through intravenous or tube feeding. Also called medical nutrition therapy.
nutritional counseling: (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul KOWN-suh-ling); A process by which a health professional with special training in nutrition helps people make healthy food choices and form healthy eating habits. In cancer treatment, the goal of nutritional counseling is to help patients stay healthy during and after treatment and to stay strong enough to fight infections and the recurrence of disease. Also called dietary counseling.
nutritional status: (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul STA-tus); The state of a person’s health in terms of the nutrients in his or her diet.
nutritional supplement: (noo-TRIH-shuh-nul SUH-pleh-ment); A product that is added to the diet. A nutritional supplement is taken by mouth and usually contains one or more dietary ingredients. Examples of dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, and enzymes. A person should talk with their health care provider before taking nutritional supplements, as some may have side effects or interact with other nutritional supplements and medicines. Also called dietary supplement.
nutritionist: (noo-TRIH-shuh-nist); A person who gives advice about healthy eating and lifestyle choices. Training and qualifications for nutritionists can vary, with some having formal education in nutrition, while others might not. Nutritionists may provide dietary counseling, meal planning, and nutrition education. A certified nutrition specialist is a nutrition expert with an advanced degree in nutrition or a related field who has passed a certification exam. Certified nutrition specialists are qualified to provide specialized nutrition advice to people who have certain medical conditions, such as obesity, high blood pressure, or diabetes, and medical nutrition therapy for managing and treating many health conditions.
Nuvigil: (NOO-vih-jil); A drug that is used to treat certain sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy. It makes patients feel more alert and awake. It is also being studied in the treatment of insomnia and fatigue in patients treated for cancer. Nuvigil acts in a part of the brain that controls sleep and wakefulness. It is a type of wakefulness-promoting agent. Also called armodafinil.
nystatin: (ny-STA-tin); The active ingredient in a drug used to treat infections caused by fungi (a type of microorganism). Nystatin is made by certain strains of bacteria and kills fungi by binding to their membranes. It is a type of antifungal agent.
Nyvepria: (ny-VEP-ree-ah); A drug that is a form of filgrastim and is used to prevent infection in adults and children with neutropenia (a lower-than-normal number of white blood cells) caused by some types of chemotherapy. Nyvepria helps the bone marrow make more white blood cells and is able to stay in the body longer than filgrastim, so it doesn't need to be given as often. It is a type of colony-stimulating factor. Also called filgrastim-SD/01, Fulphila, Neulasta, pegfilgrastim, Udenyca, and Ziextenzo.