NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms

422 results found for: B

B cell: (… sel); A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. B cells are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. Also called B lymphocyte.
B lymphocyte: (... LIM-foh-site); A type of white blood cell that makes antibodies. B lymphocytes are part of the immune system and develop from stem cells in the bone marrow. Also called B cell.
B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: (... sel uh-KYOOT LIM-foh-BLAS-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh); An aggressive (fast-growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Also called B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia and precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia.
B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia: (... sel uh-KYOOT LIM-foh-SIH-tik loo-KEE-mee-uh); An aggressive (fast-growing) type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many B-cell lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) are found in the bone marrow and blood. It is the most common type of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Also called B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and precursor B-lymphoblastic leukemia.
B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein: (... sel loo-KEE-mee-uh/lim-FOH-muh 2 PROH-teen); A protein that helps control whether a cell lives or dies by blocking a type of cell death called apoptosis. The gene for the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein is found on chromosome 18, and transfer of the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 gene to a different chromosome is seen in many B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. This causes the B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein to be made in larger amounts, which may keep cancer cells from dying. Also called BCL2.
B-cell lymphoma: (…lim-FOH-muh); A type of cancer that forms in B cells (a type of immune system cell). B-cell lymphomas may be either indolent (slow-growing) or aggressive (fast-growing). Most B-cell lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphomas. There are many different types of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. These include Burkitt lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma. Prognosis and treatment depend on type and stage of the cancer.
B3 monoclonal antibody: (… MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee); A substance that binds to a molecule called Lewis Y antigen that is found on many types of tumor cells and some normal cells. It is being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer that express the Lewis Y antigen. It is a type of monoclonal antibody.
B43-PAP immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to tumor cells and kills them.
B7-1: A protein found on the surface of some immune system cells, including B cells and monocytes. Cells with B7-1 on their surface cause T cells to make substances that help control immune responses. Also called CD80.
bacillus Calmette-Guérin: (buh-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN); A weakened form of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that does not cause disease. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is used in a solution to stimulate the immune system in the treatment of bladder cancer and as a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. Also called BCG.
bacillus Calmette-Guérin solution: (buh-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN suh-LOO-shun); A type of biologic therapy used to treat early stage bladder cancer. The solution is made from a weakened form of a bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that does not cause disease. It is given through a catheter that is placed into the bladder where the solution is held for about two hours. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin solution may help the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Also called BCG solution.
bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: (buh-SIH-lus KAL-met-gay-RIN vak-SEEN); A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in people who are at a high risk of TB or where TB is common. It is rarely given in the U.S. It is made from a weakened form of a bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin), which is similar to the bacteria that cause TB. The vaccine may help the body’s immune system make antibodies to destroy the TB bacteria. It also may help the immune system kill cancer cells and is being studied in the treatment of melanoma. Also called BCG vaccine.
backbone: (BAK-bone); The bones, muscles, tendons, and other tissues that reach from the base of the skull to the tailbone. The backbone encloses the spinal cord and the fluid surrounding the spinal cord. Also called spinal column, spine, and vertebral column.
baclofen: (BAK-loh-fen); A drug that is used to treat certain types of muscle spasms and is being studied in the treatment of liver cancer. Baclofen relaxes muscles by blocking certain nerve receptors in the spinal cord. It is a type of antispasmodic. Also called Kemstro and Lioresal.
baclofen/amitriptyline/ketamine gel: (BAK-loh-fen A-mih-TRIP-tih-leen KEE-tuh-meen jel); A substance being studied in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs, baclofen, amitriptyline, and ketamine, that relax muscles by blocking nerve receptors. The gel is applied to the skin of affected areas. It is a type of analgesic. Also called BAK gel.
bacteria: (bak-TEER-ee-uh); A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans. The singular of bacteria is bacterium.
bacterial toxin: (bak-TEER-ee-ul TOK-sin); A harmful substance made by bacteria that can cause illness. Bacterial toxins can also be made in the laboratory and attached to monoclonal antibodies that bind to cancer cells. These toxins may help kill cancer cells without harming normal cells.
BAER test: (... test); A test used to detect some types of hearing loss, such as hearing loss caused by injury or tumors that affect nerves involved in hearing. Electrodes are placed on the head and certain tones or clicking sounds are made. The electrodes measure nerve signals in the brain when it reacts to the sounds. Also called ABR test, auditory brain stem response test, and brain stem auditory evoked response test.
BAK gel: (… jel); A substance being studied in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy (pain, numbness, tingling, burning, or weakness in the hands or feet) caused by chemotherapy. It contains three drugs, baclofen, amitriptyline, and ketamine, that relax muscles by blocking nerve receptors. The gel is applied to the skin of affected areas. It is a type of analgesic. Also called baclofen/amitriptyline/ketamine gel.
balloon angioplasty: (buh-LOON AN-jee-oh-PLAS-tee); A procedure to enlarge the opening in a blood vessel that has become narrowed or blocked by plaque (a buildup of fat and cholesterol on the inner wall of the blood vessel). A small balloon is filled with air inside the blood vessel to push the plaque against the blood vessel wall and increase the opening.
balloon catheter radiation: (buh-LOON KA-theh-ter RAY-dee-AY-shun); A system used to deliver internal radiation therapy to breast cancer patients after surgery to remove their cancer. Balloon catheter radiation targets only the part of the breast where the cancer was found. After a patient has had a lumpectomy to remove the cancer, a small balloon on the end of a catheter (thin tube) is inserted into the empty space left by the surgery. The balloon is then filled with liquid and left in place. Using the catheter, radioactive seeds are put into the balloon twice a day for five days and removed each time. Once treatment has ended, the catheter and balloon are removed. Balloon catheter radiation is a type of intracavitary brachytherapy and partial breast irradiation therapy (PBRT). Also called MammoSite.
Balversa: (bal-VER-suh); A drug used to treat adults with urothelial cancer (a type of bladder or urinary tract cancer) that has spread and has an abnormal FGFR3 gene. It is used in patients whose cancer got worse during or after treatment with at least one type of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Balversa blocks a protein called FGFR, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called erdafitinib.
bankruptcy: (BANK-rup-see); The situation that occurs when a person or business is not able to pay back debts. Filing for bankruptcy is a legal process that is handled by a U.S. federal court. This process can help people get rid of their debt or reduce their debt through a repayment plan. Certain events, such as job loss, divorce, a long illness, or hospitalization, can affect a person’s ability to pay bills and lead to debt and bankruptcy. Filing for bankruptcy helps people get a fresh start financially, but it also affects their ability to borrow money or have credit in the future.
BAP1 gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in controlling cell growth, division, and death. This protein may also play a role in repairing damaged DNA and controlling the activity of certain genes. Mutations (changes) in the BAP1 gene may cause abnormal cells, including cancer cells, to grow and spread in the body. BAP1 gene mutations have been found in an inherited condition called BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome, which causes an increased risk of some types of cancer, including cancers of the skin, eye, kidney, bile duct, and mesothelium (the tissue that lines the chest and abdomen). The BAP1 gene is a type of tumor suppressor gene.
BAP1 tumor predisposition syndrome: (… TOO-mer PREE-dih-spuh-ZIH-shun SIN-drome); A rare inherited disorder that is caused by mutations (changes) in the BAP1 gene. Having this mutation increases the risk of developing certain types of cancerous tumors of the skin, eye, kidney, and mesothelium (the tissue that lines the chest and abdomen). The cancers tend to develop at an early age, are often fast-growing, and are more likely to spread to other parts of the body. Benign (not cancer) tumors of the skin may also occur. Not all people who have a mutation in the BAP1 gene will develop tumors.
barbiturate: (bar-BIH-chuh-rayt); A type of drug that causes a decrease in brain activity. Barbiturates may be used to treat insomnia, seizures, and convulsions, and to relieve anxiety and tension before surgery. A barbiturate is a type of central nervous system (CNS) depressant.
bariatric surgery: (BAYR-ee-A-trik SER-juh-ree); Surgery done to help people who are obese lose weight. There are different types of bariatric surgery, and each type changes the way the digestive system works. Some types make the stomach smaller, which decreases the amount of food that it can hold so the person feels full sooner and eats less. Other types make changes to the stomach and the small intestine, which decreases the nutrients and calories that are absorbed from food. Bariatric surgery can improve many obesity-related health problems, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, unhealthy cholesterol levels, sleep apnea, and knee, hip, or other body pain. Having bariatric surgery may also decrease the risk of some cancers, including endometrial cancer. Also called weight loss surgery.
barium enema: (BAYR-ee-um EH-neh-muh); A procedure in which a liquid that contains barium sulfate is put through the anus into the rectum and colon. Barium sulfate is a silver-white metallic compound that helps show pictures of the colon, rectum, and anus on an x-ray.
barium solution: (BAYR-ee-um suh-LOO-shun); A liquid that contains barium sulfate (a form of the silver-white metallic element barium). It is used to show pictures of parts of the digestive system in x-rays.
barium sulfate: (BAYR-ee-um SUL-fayt); A silver-white metallic compound made from the mineral barite. It is mixed with water and used in barium swallows and barium enemas to help show parts of the digestive system on an x-ray.
barium swallow: (BAYR-ee-um SWAH-loh); A series of x-ray pictures of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, including the throat, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine (duodenum). The x-ray pictures are taken after the patient drinks a liquid that contains barium sulfate (a silver-white metallic compound). The barium sulfate coats and outlines the inner walls of the upper GI tract so they can be seen on the x-ray pictures. Also called upper gastrointestinal series and upper GI series.
barium-meal photofluorography: (BAYR-ee-um … FOH-toh-floor-AH-gruh-fee); A procedure that uses x-rays to take a series of pictures of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine). The x-ray pictures are taken after the patient drinks a liquid that contains barium (a silver-white metallic compound). The barium coats and outlines the inner walls of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum so they can be seen on the x-ray pictures. Photographs are then taken of the x-ray images and made into a short film to make the organs easier to see. This makes it possible to see the motion of the organs and exposes the patient to less radiation.
Barrett esophagus: (BAYR-et ee-SAH-fuh-gus); A condition in which the cells lining the lower part of the esophagus have changed or been replaced with abnormal cells that could lead to cancer of the esophagus. The backing up of stomach contents (reflux) may irritate the esophagus and, over time, cause Barrett esophagus.
barrier: (BAYR-ee-er); Something that blocks, prevents, separates, or limits.
basal cell: (BAY-sul sel); A small, round cell found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin.
basal cell cancer: (BAY-sul sel KAN-ser); Cancer that begins in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). It may appear as a small white or flesh-colored bump that grows slowly and may bleed. Basal cell cancers are usually found on areas of the body exposed to the sun. Basal cell cancers rarely metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. They are the most common form of skin cancer. Also called basal cell carcinoma.
basal cell carcinoma: (BAY-sul sel KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Cancer that begins in the lower part of the epidermis (the outer layer of the skin). It may appear as a small white or flesh-colored bump that grows slowly and may bleed. Basal cell carcinomas are usually found on areas of the body exposed to the sun. Basal cell carcinomas rarely metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. They are the most common form of skin cancer. Also called basal cell cancer.
basal cell nevus syndrome: (BAY-sul sel NEE-vus SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. They are also at risk of developing medulloblastoma (a type of brain cancer) and other types of cancer. Basal cell nevus syndrome may also cause benign (not cancer) tumors in the jaw, heart, or ovaries. Other signs and symptoms include a large head and unusual facial features; small pits in the skin on the hands and feet; abnormalities of the spine, ribs, or skull; eye problems; and developmental problems. Basal cell nevus syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in the PTCH1 gene. Also called BCNS, Gorlin syndrome, NBCCS, and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
base: (bays); In chemistry, a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid. Bases feel soapy or slippery on the skin and they can turn certain dyes blue. An example of a base is sodium hydroxide. Basicity is measured on a scale called the pH scale. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is neutral, and a pH value of more than 7 to 14 shows increasing basicity.
base pair: (bays payr); Molecules called nucleotides, on opposite strands of the DNA double helix, that form chemical bonds with one another. These chemical bonds act like rungs in a ladder and help hold the two strands of DNA together. There are four nucleotides, or bases, in DNA: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These bases form specific pairs (A with T, and G with C).
baseline: (BAYS-line); An initial measurement of a condition that is taken at an early time point and used for comparison over time to look for changes. For example, the size of a tumor will be measured before treatment (baseline) and then afterwards to see if the treatment had an effect.
basicity: (bay-SIH-sih-tee); In chemistry, the quality of being a base (not an acid). A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions in water and can neutralize an acid. Basicity is measured on a scale called the pH scale. On this scale, a pH value of 7 is neutral, and a pH value of more than 7 to 14 shows increasing basicity.
basket trial: (BAS-ket TRY-ul); A type of clinical trial that tests how well a new drug or other substance works in patients who have different types of cancer that all have the same mutation or biomarker. In basket trials, patients all receive the same treatment that targets the specific mutation or biomarker found in their cancer. Basket trials may allow new drugs to be tested and approved more quickly than traditional clinical trials. Basket trials may also be useful for studying rare cancers and cancers with rare genetic changes. Also called bucket trial.
basophil: (BAY-soh-fil); A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during allergic reactions and asthma. A basophil is a type of white blood cell and a type of granulocyte.
batimastat: (ba-TIH-muh-stat); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called angiogenesis inhibitors. Batimastat is a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor.
batracylin: (BA-truh-SY-lin); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may kill cancer cells by causing damage to the DNA. Batracylin is a type of heterocyclic aryl amine.
Bavencio: (buh-VEN-see-oh); A drug that binds to the protein PD-L1 to help immune cells kill cancer cells better and is used to treat different types of cancer. Bavencio is used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of advanced renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), urothelial cancer (a type of cancer in the bladder or urinary tract), and Merkel cell carcinoma (a rare type of skin cancer). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bavencio may block PD-L1 and help the immune system kill cancer cells. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of immune checkpoint inhibitor. Also called avelumab.
bavituximab: (ba-vih-TUK-sih-mab); A substance being studied in the treatment of several types of cancer and infections caused by certain viruses. It binds to substances on the surface of tumor cells, certain viruses, and cells infected with a virus. The immune system detects bavituximab on the cells and the viruses and may destroy them. It is a type of monoclonal antibody and a type of targeted therapy agent. Also called Tarvacin.
BAY 43-9006: A drug used to treat certain types of hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer), renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), and thyroid cancer. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BAY 43-9006 blocks certain proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and dividing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. BAY 43-9006 is a type of kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called Nexavar and sorafenib tosylate.
BAY 56-3722: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called camptothecins.
BAY 59-8862: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxanes.
Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome: (BA-zex-doo-PRAY-kris-TOL SIN-drome); A very rare, inherited disorder that affects the hair follicles on the scalp and other areas of the body where hair normally grows. There is little or no hair growth in the affected areas, and the hair may be lighter in color, course in texture, and appear flat and twisted when looked at under a microscope. Other signs and symptoms include little or no sweating; small white bumps or cysts on the face, tops of the hands and feet, the back of the elbow, and the front of the knee; and other skin problems. The signs and symptoms usually appear at birth or during infancy. People with Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome have an increased risk of developing basal cell skin cancer at an early age, especially on the face. Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome may be caused by a mutation (change) in the UBE2A gene on the X chromosome. Also called BDCS.
BB-10901: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer, including Wilms tumor, neuroblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and other types of soft tissue sarcoma. BB-10901 contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD56 on some types of cancer cells. It also contains an anticancer drug called DM1, which may help kill cancer cells after BB-10901 binds to them. BB-10901 is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called lorvotuzumab mertansine.
BBB: A network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells and helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain. The BBB lets some substances, such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and general anesthetics, pass into the brain. It also keeps out bacteria and other substances, such as many anticancer drugs. Also called blood-brain barrier.
BBBD: The use of drugs to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer drugs from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer drugs may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors. Also called blood-brain barrier disruption.
BBD: A group of conditions marked by changes in breast tissue that are not cancer but may become cancer. Types of BBD include atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, and complex sclerosing lesion (radial scar). Having BBD increases the risk of breast cancer. Also called borderline breast disease.
BBIC: A substance that is made from soybeans and is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It blocks the action of enzymes that are needed for cancer cells to form. It is a type of protease inhibitor. Also called Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate.
BBR 2778: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called antitumor antibiotics. Also called pixantrone.
BBR 3464: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of platinum-based drugs.
BCG: A weakened form of the bacterium Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that does not cause disease. BCG is used in a solution to stimulate the immune system in the treatment of bladder cancer and as a vaccine to prevent tuberculosis. Also called bacillus Calmette-Guérin.
BCG solution: (… suh-LOO-shun); A type of biologic therapy used to treat early stage bladder cancer. The solution is made from a weakened form of a bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) that does not cause disease. It is given through a catheter that is placed into the bladder where the solution is held for about two hours. BCG solution may help the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Also called bacillus Calmette-Guérin solution.
BCG vaccine: (... vak-SEEN); A vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB) in people who are at a high risk of TB or where TB is common. It is rarely given in the U.S. It is made from a weakened form of a bacterium called Mycobacterium bovis (bacillus Calmette-Guérin), which is similar to the bacteria that cause TB. The vaccine may help the body’s immune system make antibodies to destroy the TB bacteria. It also may help the immune system kill cancer cells and is being studied in the treatment of melanoma. Also called bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine.
bcl-2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide G3139: (... AN-tee-sents AH-lih-goh-dee-OK-see-NOO-klee-oh-tide ...); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It may kill cancer cells by blocking the production of a protein that makes cancer cells live longer and by making them more sensitive to anticancer drugs. It is a type of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Also called augmerosen, Genasense, and oblimersen sodium.
BCL2: A protein that helps control whether a cell lives or dies by blocking a type of cell death called apoptosis. The gene for BCL2 is found on chromosome 18, and transfer of the BCL2 gene to a different chromosome is seen in many B-cell leukemias and lymphomas. This causes the BCL2 protein to be made in larger amounts, which may keep cancer cells from dying. Also called B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein.
BCNS: A rare, inherited disorder that affects many organs and tissues in the body. People with this disorder have a very high risk of developing basal cell skin cancer during adolescence or early adulthood. They are also at risk of developing medulloblastoma (a type of brain cancer) and other types of cancer. BCNS may also cause benign (not cancer) tumors in the jaw, heart, or ovaries. Other signs and symptoms include a large head and unusual facial features; small pits in the skin on the hands and feet; abnormalities of the spine, ribs, or skull; eye problems; and developmental problems. BCNS is caused by a mutation (change) in the PTCH1 gene. Also called basal cell nevus syndrome, Gorlin syndrome, NBCCS, and nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome.
BCNU: A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of brain tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BCNU damages the cell's DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of nitrosourea. Also called BiCNU and carmustine.
BCOP: A licensed pharmacist with special training in how to design, give, monitor, and change chemotherapy for cancer patients. Also called board certified oncology pharmacy specialist and oncology pharmacy specialist.
BCR-ABL1 fusion gene: (... FYOO-zhun jeen); A gene formed when pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 break off and trade places. The ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 joins to the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene. The changed chromosome 22 with the fusion gene on it is called the Philadelphia chromosome. The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in some people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. Also called BCR::ABL1 fusion gene.
BCR-ABL1 fusion protein: (... FYOO-zhun PROH-teen); A protein made from pieces of two genes that get joined together. The BCR-ABL1 fusion protein is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in some people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. Inside the leukemia cells, the ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 joins to the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene, which makes the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein. Also called BCR::ABL1 fusion protein.
BCR::ABL1 fusion gene: (... FYOO-zhun jeen); A gene formed when pieces of chromosomes 9 and 22 break off and trade places. The ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 joins to the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene. The changed chromosome 22 with the fusion gene on it is called the Philadelphia chromosome. The BCR::ABL1 fusion gene is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in some people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. Also called BCR-ABL1 fusion gene.
BCR::ABL1 fusion protein: (... FYOO-zhun PROH-teen); A protein made from pieces of two genes that get joined together. The BCR::ABL1 fusion protein is found in most people with chronic myelogenous leukemia, and in some people with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or acute myelogenous leukemia. Inside the leukemia cells, the ABL1 gene from chromosome 9 joins to the BCR gene on chromosome 22 to form the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, which makes the BCR::ABL1 fusion protein. Also called BCR-ABL1 fusion protein.
BCRP: A protein that is involved in making cancer cells resistant (unable to respond) to anticancer drugs. Normally, BCRP works with other proteins to help move many different substances, including drugs and other chemicals, in and out of cells. It is found in stem cells and in normal tissues, including the intestine, liver, brain, and placenta. However, it may also be found in higher than normal amounts in some cancer cells, which can cause them to be unable to respond to certain anticancer drugs. Drugs that block BCRP are being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. BCRP was first identified in breast cancer cells. Also called breast cancer resistance protein.
BCX-1777: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of leukemia and lymphoma. It is a type of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) inhibitor. Also called forodesine hydrochloride.
BDC: A rare type of kidney cancer that grows and spreads quickly. It begins in the duct of Bellini in the kidney. Also called Bellini duct carcinoma.
BDCS: A very rare, inherited disorder that affects the hair follicles on the scalp and other areas of the body where hair normally grows. There is little or no hair growth in the affected areas, and the hair may be lighter in color, course in texture, and appear flat and twisted when looked at under a microscope. Other signs and symptoms include little or no sweating; small white bumps or cysts on the face, tops of the hands and feet, the back of the elbow, and the front of the knee; and other skin problems. The signs and symptoms usually appear at birth or during infancy. People with BDCS have an increased risk of developing basal cell skin cancer at an early age, especially on the face. BDCS may be caused by a mutation (change) in the UBE2A gene on the X chromosome. Also called Bazex-Dupré-Christol syndrome.
BEACOPP: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. Also called BEACOPP regimen.
BEACOPP regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat advanced Hodgkin lymphoma. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, doxorubicin hydrochloride (Adriamycin), cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate (Oncovin), procarbazine hydrochloride, and prednisone. Also called BEACOPP.
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome: (BEK-with-VEE-deh-mahn SIN-drome); A rare, overgrowth disorder in which babies are large at birth and may develop low blood sugar. Other common symptoms are a large tongue, large internal organs, and defects of the abdominal wall near the navel. Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome increases the risk of developing certain cancers, especially Wilms tumor.
beclin 1: (BEH-klin …); A protein involved in autophagy (the process by which a cell destroys proteins and other substances in its cytoplasm). Beclin 1 is found at lower levels in several types of cancer cells than in normal cells. It is a type of tumor suppressor.
beclomethasone: (beh-kloh-MEH-thuh-sone); A drug being studied in the treatment of graft-versus-host disease. It belongs to a family of drugs called corticosteroids.
bedsore: (BED-sor); Damage to an area of the skin caused by constant pressure on the area for a long time. This pressure can lessen blood flow to the affected area, which may lead to tissue damage and tissue death. Bedsores often form on the skin covering bony areas of the body, such as the back, tailbone, hips, buttocks, elbows, heels, and ankles. Patients who are not able to get out of bed or change their position, or who always use a wheelchair have an increased risk of bedsores. Signs and symptoms include changes in skin color and swelling, warmth, tenderness, and pain in the affected area. If untreated, the skin may crack, blister, or break open and form a sore or ulcer, which may have pus-like drainage. Bedsores often heal slowly and if not treated can damage tissues deep under the skin, including fat, muscle, and bone. Also called decubitus ulcer, pressure sore, and pressure ulcer.
behavior modification: (beh-HAY-vyer MAH-dih-fih-KAY-shun); A technique used to help people change the way they react to certain triggers in the environment that cause a negative reaction. In cancer treatment, behavior modification may be used to help patients who have become nauseous during previous cancer treatments cope with nausea they feel when they enter the therapy room to begin a new round of treatment.
Behçet disease: (beh-SHET dih-ZEEZ); A rare disorder that causes the blood vessels to become inflamed. Symptoms include sores in the mouth and on the sex organs and other skin problems, inflammation in parts of the eye, and pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints. Other serious symptoms include blood clots, blindness, and inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and digestive system. The symptoms may come and go on their own. Behçet disease is most common in young adults and its cause is unknown. Also called Behçet syndrome.
Behçet syndrome: (beh-SHET SIN-drome); A rare disorder that causes the blood vessels to become inflamed. Symptoms include sores in the mouth and on the sex organs and other skin problems, inflammation in parts of the eye, and pain, swelling, and stiffness of the joints. Other serious symptoms include blood clots, blindness, and inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and digestive system. The symptoms may come and go on their own. Behçet syndrome is most common in young adults and its cause is unknown. Also called Behçet disease.
belching: (BEL-ching); The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. Belching is usually caused by a buildup of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed. This can occur when eating or drinking too fast, talking while eating, drinking carbonated drinks, chewing gum, smoking, or having an anxiety attack. Belching may also be a side effect of certain medicines or a symptom of some gastrointestinal conditions and digestive problems, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, and stomach ulcers or infections. Also called burping and eructation.
Beleodaq: (BEE-lee-oh-dak); A drug used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Beleodaq blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and may kill cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and may help make cancer cells easier to kill with other anticancer drugs. It is a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor, a type of antiangiogenesis agent, and a type of chemosensitizer. Also called belinostat and PXD101.
belinostat: (beh-LIH-noh-stat); A drug used to treat adults with peripheral T-cell lymphoma that has come back or has not gotten better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Belinostat blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and may kill cancer cells. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and may help make cancer cells easier to kill with other anticancer drugs. It is a type of histone deacetylase inhibitor, a type of antiangiogenesis agent, and a type of chemosensitizer. Also called Beleodaq and PXD101.
Bellini duct carcinoma: (beh-LEE-nee dukt KAR-sih-NOH-muh); A rare type of kidney cancer that grows and spreads quickly. It begins in the duct of Bellini in the kidney. Also called BDC.
belotecan hydrochloride: (BEH-loh-TEE-kun HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A substance being studied in the treatment of small cell lung cancer and other types of cancer. It blocks certain enzymes needed for cell division and DNA repair, and it may kill cancer cells. It is a type of camptothecin analog and a type of topoisomerase inhibitor.
Belrapzo: (bel-RAP-zoh); A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Belrapzo damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called bendamustine hydrochloride, Bendeka, and Treanda.
belzutifan: (bel-ZOO-tih-fan); A drug used to treat adults with renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer) that is advanced and adults with certain cancers linked to von Hippel-Lindau disease that do not need surgery right away, including renal cell carcinoma, central nervous system hemangioblastoma (a type of blood vessel tumor), and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Belzutifan blocks a certain protein, which may help keep tumor cells from growing and may kill them. It may also prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Also called Welireg.
Bence Jones protein: (bents jones PROH-teen); A small protein made by plasma cells (white blood cells that produce antibodies). It is found in the urine of most people with multiple myeloma (cancer that begins in plasma cells).
bench-to-bedside: (bench ... BED-side); A term used to describe the process by which the results of research done in the laboratory are directly used to develop new ways to treat patients.
bendamustine hydrochloride: (BEN-duh-MUS-teen HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bendamustine hydrochloride damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called Belrapzo, Bendeka, and Treanda.
Bendeka: (ben-DEH-kuh); A drug used to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia and certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bendeka damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called Belrapzo, bendamustine hydrochloride, and Treanda.
benign: (beh-NINE); Not cancer. Benign tumors may grow larger but do not spread to other parts of the body. Also called nonmalignant.
benign breast disease: (beh-NINE brest dih-ZEEZ); A group of conditions marked by changes in breast tissue that are benign (not cancer). There are different types of benign breast disease, including some types caused by an increase in the number of cells or by the growth of abnormal cells in the breast ducts or lobes. Signs and symptoms of benign breast disease include irregular lumps or cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, skin redness or thickening, and nipple discharge. Most benign breast conditions do not increase the risk of breast cancer. Also called mammary dysplasia.
benign proliferative breast disease: (beh-NINE proh-LIH-feh-ruh-tiv brest dih-ZEEZ); A group of noncancerous conditions marked by an increase in the growth of certain cells in the breast. Having one of these conditions may increase the risk of breast cancer. Examples include ductal hyperplasia, lobular hyperplasia, and papillomas.
benign prostatic hyperplasia: (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik HY-per-PLAY-zhuh); A benign (not cancer) condition in which the prostate gland is larger than normal. As the prostate gets bigger, it may press against the bladder and urethra, which can slow or block the flow of urine from the bladder. This can cause urinary symptoms, such as feeling a need to urinate often or right away, waking up many times during the night to urinate, trouble urinating, leaking urine, pain during urination or after ejaculation (the release of semen through the penis during orgasm), and blood in the urine. Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not increase a person’s risk of developing prostate cancer. However, if not treated, it can lead to a weak bladder, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or bladder or kidney damage. Benign prostatic hyperplasia is most common in older men. Also called benign prostatic hypertrophy, BPH, and enlarged prostate.
benign prostatic hypertrophy: (beh-NINE prah-STA-tik hy-PER-troh-fee); A benign (not cancer) condition in which the prostate gland is larger than normal. As the prostate gets bigger, it may press against the bladder and urethra, which can slow or block the flow of urine from the bladder. This can cause urinary symptoms, such as feeling a need to urinate often or right away, waking up many times during the night to urinate, trouble urinating, leaking urine, pain during urination or after ejaculation (the release of semen through the penis during orgasm), and blood in the urine. Benign prostatic hypertrophy does not increase a person’s risk of developing prostate cancer. However, if not treated, it can lead to a weak bladder, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or bladder or kidney damage. Benign prostatic hypertrophy is most common in older men. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, BPH, and enlarged prostate.
benign tumor: (beh-NINE TOO-mer); A growth that is not cancer. It does not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
benign vascular tumor: (beh-NINE VAS-kyoo-ler TOO-mer); A type of benign (not cancer) tumor that forms from cells that make blood vessels or lymph vessels. Benign vascular tumors may occur anywhere in the body, and a patient may have several tumors in different parts of the body. They may grow large and sometimes spread to nearby tissue. The most common type of benign vascular tumor is hemangioma, which usually occurs in infants and goes away on its own.
benzaldehyde: (ben-ZAL-deh-hide); A chemical used in flavorings and in some dyes, perfumes, and medicines. It is found in essential oils made from almonds and peach pits and in other foods. It can also be made in the laboratory.
benzene: (BEN-zeen); A chemical that is used widely by the chemical industry, and is also found in tobacco smoke, vehicle emissions, and gasoline fumes. Exposure to benzene may increase the risk of developing leukemia.
benzo(a)pyrene: (BEN-zoh-ay-PY-reen); A chemical that comes from certain substances when they are not burned completely. It is found in car exhaust, smoke from wood fires, tobacco, oil and gas products, charred or grilled foods, and other sources. It may also be found in water and soil. Benzo(a)pyrene can cause a skin rash, a burning feeling, skin color changes, warts, and bronchitis. It may also cause cancer. It is a type of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Also called 3,4-benzpyrene.
benzodiazepine: (BEN-zoh-dy-A-zeh-peen); A type of drug used to relieve anxiety and insomnia (trouble sleeping). Benzodiazepines are also used to relax muscles and prevent seizures. They increase the effect of a chemical in the brain called GABA, which is a neurotransmitter (a substance that nerves use to send messages to one another). This causes brain activity to slow down. Benzodiazepines are a type of CNS depressant.
benzoylphenylurea: (BEN-zoyl-FEH-nil-yoo-REE-uh); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of antitubulin agent. Also called BPU.
benzydamine: (ben-ZIH-duh-meen); A substance being studied as a mouth rinse treatment for oral mucositis (painful mouth sores) caused by cancer therapy. It is a type of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
BEP: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, and cisplatin (Platinol). Also called BEP regimen.
BEP regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to treat ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors. It includes the drugs bleomycin sulfate, etoposide phosphate, and cisplatin (Platinol). Also called BEP.
bereavement: (beh-REEV-ment); A state of sadness, grief, and mourning after the loss of a loved one.
bergamot: (BER-guh-mot); A type of orange tree grown in Italy. The essential oil from the peel of this orange is used in perfume, to get rid of insects, and to flavor tea. Bergamot oil is also used in aromatherapy for depression, anxiety, and poor digestion. The scientific name for the bergamot orange tree is Citrus bergamia.
Besponsa: (beh-SPON-suh); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that is CD22 positive (expresses the protein CD22). It is used in patients whose cancer came back or did not get better with other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Besponsa contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to CD22, which is found on some leukemia cells. It also contains an anticancer drug, which may help kill cancer cells. Besponsa is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called inotuzumab ozogamicin.
Besremi: (bez-REH-mee); A drug used to treat adults with polycythemia vera (a disease in which too many red blood cells are made in the bone marrow). It is also being studied in the treatment of other conditions and some types of cancer. Besremi is a form of recombinant interferon alfa-2b that is made in the laboratory and linked to a substance called PEG, which makes the drug stay in the body longer. Besremi may lower the number of red blood cells made in the bone marrow. It is a type of cytokine and a type of immunomodulating agent. Also called ropeginterferon alfa-2b.
best practice: (... PRAK-tis); Treatment that is accepted by medical experts as a proper treatment for a certain type of disease and that is widely used by health care professionals. Also called standard medical care, standard of care, and standard therapy.
beta alethine: (BAY-tuh a-LEH-theen); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to a family of chemicals called disulfides.
beta carotene: (BAY-tuh KAYR-uh-teen); A substance found in yellow and orange fruits and vegetables and in dark green, leafy vegetables. The body can make vitamin A from beta carotene. Beta carotene is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It is a type of antioxidant.
beta cell neoplasm: (BAY-tuh sel NEE-oh-PLA-zum); An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas that make insulin. Beta cell neoplasms are usually benign (not cancer). They secrete insulin and are the most common cause of low blood sugar caused by having too much insulin in the body. Also called beta cell tumor of the pancreas, insulinoma, and pancreatic insulin-producing tumor.
beta cell tumor of the pancreas: (BAY-tuh sel TOO-mer … PAN-kree-us); An abnormal mass that grows in the beta cells of the pancreas that make insulin. Beta cell tumors of the pancreas are usually benign (not cancer). They secrete insulin and are the most common cause of low blood sugar caused by having too much insulin in the body. Also called beta cell neoplasm, insulinoma, and pancreatic insulin-producing tumor.
beta hemolytic streptococcus group B: (BAY-tuh HEE-moh-LIH-tik STREP-toh-KAH-kus ...); A type of bacterium often found in the vagina. It can cause systemic infections in people with suppressed immune systems.
beta-2-microglobulin: (BAY-tuh-2-MY-kroh-GLAH-byoo-lin); A small protein normally found on the surface of many cells, including lymphocytes, and in small amounts in the blood and urine. An increased amount in the blood or urine may be a sign of certain diseases, including some types of cancer, such as multiple myeloma or lymphoma.
beta-adrenergic antagonist: (BAY-tuh-A-dreh-NER-jik an-TA-guh-nist); A type of drug that blocks the action of substances, such as adrenaline, on nerve cells and causes blood vessels to relax and dilate (widen). This allows blood to flow more easily and lowers blood pressure and the heart rate. Beta-adrenergic antagonists are used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), abnormal heart rate (arrhythmia), congestive heart failure, and several other conditions. They may also shrink certain types of vascular tumors, such as hemangiomas. Also called beta-adrenergic blocking agent and beta-blocker.
beta-adrenergic blocking agent: (BAY-tuh-A-dreh-NER-jik BLAH-king AY-jent); A type of drug that blocks the action of substances, such as adrenaline, on nerve cells and causes blood vessels to relax and dilate (widen). This allows blood to flow more easily and lowers blood pressure and the heart rate. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents are used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), abnormal heart rate (arrhythmia), congestive heart failure, and several other conditions. They may also shrink certain types of vascular tumors, such as hemangiomas. Also called beta-adrenergic antagonist and beta-blocker.
beta-blocker: (BAY-tuh-BLAH-ker); A type of drug that blocks the action of substances, such as adrenaline, on nerve cells and causes blood vessels to relax and dilate (widen). This allows blood to flow more easily and lowers blood pressure and the heart rate. Beta-blockers are used to treat high blood pressure, chest pain (angina), abnormal heart rate (arrhythmia), congestive heart failure, and several other conditions. They may also shrink certain types of vascular tumors, such as hemangiomas. Also called beta-adrenergic antagonist and beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
beta-endorphin: (BAY-tuh en-DOR-fin); A substance produced in the brain, especially in the pituitary gland, that blocks the sensation of pain. It is produced in response to pain, exercise, and other forms of stress. It is a type of polypeptide hormone.
beta-glucan: (BAY-tuh-GLOO-kan); A substance found in bacteria, plants, and certain foods, such as baker’s yeast, cereal grains, and mushrooms. It is a type of polysaccharide that is made of a string of glucose (sugar) molecules joined together. Beta-glucan may stimulate the immune system and help kill cancer cells. It is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of biological response modifier.
beta-hCG: (BAY-tuh...); A hormone found in the blood and urine during pregnancy. It may also be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with some types of cancer, including testicular, ovarian, liver, stomach, and lung cancers, and in other disorders. Measuring the amount of beta-hCG in the blood or urine of cancer patients may help to diagnose cancer and find out how well cancer treatment is working. Beta-hCG is a type of tumor marker. Also called beta-human chorionic gonadotropin.
beta-human chorionic gonadotropin: (BAY-tuh-HYOO-mun KOR-ee-AH-nik goh-NA-doh-TROH-pin); A hormone found in the blood and urine during pregnancy. It may also be found in higher than normal amounts in patients with some types of cancer, including testicular, ovarian, liver, stomach, and lung cancers, and in other disorders. Measuring the amount of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin in the blood or urine of cancer patients may help to diagnose cancer and find out how well cancer treatment is working. Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin is a type of tumor marker. Also called beta-hCG.
beta-sitosterol: (BAY-tuh-sy-TOS-teh-rol); A substance found in various nuts, beans, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. It may also be used in dietary supplements. Beta-sitosterol may help lower cholesterol levels in the blood by decreasing the amount of cholesterol absorbed from the diet. It may also slow the growth of some types of cancer cells and kill them. It is a type of phytosterol.
betel quid with tobacco: (BEE-til kwid … tuh-BA-koh); A type of smokeless tobacco that is made in India and is widely used throughout Asia. It is a mixture of tobacco, crushed areca nut (also called betel nut), spices, and other ingredients. It is used like chewing tobacco and is placed in the mouth, usually between the gum and cheek. Betel quid with tobacco contains nicotine and many harmful, cancer-causing chemicals. Using it can lead to nicotine addiction and can cause cancers of the lip, mouth, tongue, throat, and esophagus. Also called gutka.
bevacizumab: (beh-vuh-SIH-zoo-mab); A drug that binds to the protein VEGF to help keep new blood vessels from forming and is used to treat many different types of cancer. Bevacizumab is used under the brand names Alymsys, Mvasi, Avastin, and Zirabev, alone or with other drugs, to treat certain types of cervical cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma (a type of kidney cancer), and glioblastoma (a type of brain cancer). The Alymsys and Avastin brands of bevacizumab are also used to treat certain types of ovarian epithelial, fallopian tube, and primary peritoneal cancer. The Avastin brand is also used to treat certain types of hepatocellular carcinoma (a type of liver cancer). Bevacizumab is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. It may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. Bevacizumab is a type of antiangiogenesis agent and a type of monoclonal antibody.
bexarotene: (bek-SAYR-uh-teen); A drug used to treat skin problems caused by cutaneous T-cell lymphoma that did not get better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bexarotene binds to and activates proteins called retinoid X receptors, which may stop the growth of cancer cells and kill them. It is a type of retinoid. Also called LGD1069 and Targretin.
BG00001: A gene therapy agent that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called biological response modifiers.
BI 2536: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It prevents cells from dividing and may block the growth of some tumors. It is a type of mitotic inhibitor.
BI-RADS: A reporting system used to describe the results of a mammogram, breast ultrasound, or breast MRI in a standard way. BI-RADS ranks the test findings according to one of seven categories, ranging from normal or benign (not cancer) to highly suspicious or malignant (cancer). Each category includes follow-up recommendations to help manage a person’s care. For mammograms, BI-RADS includes four additional categories that describe the level of breast density seen, ranging from little or no dense tissue to very dense tissue. Also called Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System.
Biafine cream: (BY-uh-feen …); A substance that is put on the skin to help repair damaged skin. It may be used on certain wounds and burns, and to treat the redness, burning, and peeling caused by radiation therapy.
bias: (BY-us); In a scientific research study or clinical trial, a flaw in the study design or the method of collecting or interpreting information. Biases can lead to incorrect conclusions about what the study or clinical trial showed.
BIBF 1120: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. BIBF 1120 blocks enzymes needed for cells to grow, and may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent. Also called tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIBF 1120.
BIBX 1382: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors.
bicalutamide: (BY-kuh-LOO-tuh-mide); A drug used with another drug to treat prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bicalutamide binds to proteins called androgen receptors, which are found in some prostate cancer cells. These proteins bind to androgens (male hormones) and may cause cancer cells to grow. Bicalutamide blocks these proteins and may keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of antiandrogen. Also called Casodex.
BiCNU: A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat certain types of brain tumors, Hodgkin lymphoma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma and with prednisone to treat multiple myeloma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BiCNU damages the cell's DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent and a type of nitrosourea. Also called BCNU and carmustine.
bidi: (BEE-dee); A cigarette made by rolling tobacco by hand in a dried leaf from the tendu tree (a member of the ebony family). Most bidis are made in India, and they come in different flavors.
bilateral: (by-LA-teh-rul); Affecting both the right and left sides of the body.
bilateral cancer: (by-LA-teh-rul KAN-ser); Cancer that occurs in both of a pair of organs, such as both breasts, ovaries, eyes, lungs, kidneys, or adrenal glands, at the same time.
bilateral nephrectomy: (by-LA-teh-rul neh-FREK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove both kidneys.
bilateral prophylactic mastectomy: (by-LA-teh-rul PROH-fih-LAK-tik ma-STEK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove both breasts in order to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer.
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy: (by-LA-teh-rul sal-PIN-goh-oh-oh-foh-REK-toh-mee); Surgery to remove both ovaries and both fallopian tubes.
bile: (bile); A fluid made by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is excreted into the small intestine, where it helps digest fat.
bile duct: (bile dukt); A tube through which bile passes in and out of the liver.
bile duct cancer: (bile dukt KAN-ser); A rare cancer that forms in the bile ducts. A bile duct is a tube that carries bile (fluid made by the liver) between the liver and gallbladder and the small intestine. Intrahepatic bile duct cancer is found inside the liver. Extrahepatic bile duct cancer is found outside the liver. Also called cholangiocarcinoma.
biliary: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee); Having to do with the liver, bile ducts, and/or gallbladder.
biliary bypass: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee BY-pas); Surgery done to help relieve symptoms caused by a blocked bile duct. During a biliary bypass, the gallbladder or a part of the bile duct before the blockage is connected to either a part of the bile duct that is past the blockage or to the small intestine. This allows bile (fluid made by the liver) to flow around the blockage to the gallbladder or small intestine. A blocked bile duct may be caused by cancer or other conditions, such as gallstones, infection, or scar tissue. A biliary bypass is usually done in patients who have bile duct tumors that cannot be completely removed by surgery.
biliary cirrhosis: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee seh-ROH-sis); A type of chronic liver disease in which the tubes that carry bile (fluid that helps digest fat) out of the liver become damaged or blocked over time. This can cause bile and toxic substances to build up in the liver, which may lead to cirrhosis (scarring of the liver) and liver failure. It may also increase the risk of liver cancer. Biliary cirrhosis may be caused by gallstones, injury to the bile ducts, autoimmune disorders, and certain other conditions.
biliary system: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee SIS-tem); The organs and ducts that make and store bile (a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat), and release it into the small intestine. The biliary system includes the gallbladder and bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Also called biliary tract.
biliary tract: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee …); The organs and ducts that make and store bile (a fluid made by the liver that helps digest fat), and release it into the small intestine. The biliary tract includes the gallbladder and bile ducts inside and outside the liver. Also called biliary system.
biliary tract cancer: (BIH-lee-AYR-ee … KAN-ser); A rare cancer that forms in the cells that line the bile ducts, gallbladder, or ampulla of Vater (the area where the bile ducts from the liver and pancreas join and enter the first part of the small intestine). Biliary tract cancers tend to grow and spread quickly. They are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a poor prognosis (outcome).
bilirubin: (BIH-lih-ROO-bin); Substance formed when red blood cells are broken down. Bilirubin is part of the bile, which is made in the liver and is stored in the gallbladder. The abnormal buildup of bilirubin causes jaundice.
bimatoprost: (bih-MA-toh-prost); A drug used under the name Latisse to increase the length, thickness, and darkness of eyelashes. It is being studied as a way to increase the growth of eyelashes and eyebrows in patients given chemotherapy for cancer. Bimatoprost is also used under the name Lumigan to treat glaucoma (a build-up of fluid in the eye). It lowers pressure in the eye by increasing the flow of natural eye fluids out of the eye. It is a type of prostaglandin analog.
binding agent: (BINE-ding AY-jent); A substance that makes a loose mixture stick together. For example, binding agents can be used to make solid pills from loose powders.
binimetinib: (BIH-nee-MEH-tih-nib); A drug used with encorafenib to treat melanoma that has spread or cannot be removed by surgery and has a certain mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Binimetinib blocks proteins called MEK1 and MEK2, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called Mektovi.
bioactive compound: (BY-oh-AK-tiv KOM-pownd); A type of chemical found in small amounts in plants and certain foods (such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, oils, and whole grains). Bioactive compounds have actions in the body that may promote good health. They are being studied in the prevention of cancer, heart disease, and other diseases. Examples of bioactive compounds include lycopene, resveratrol, lignan, tannins, and indoles.
bioavailable: (BY-oh-uh-VAY-luh-bul); The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body. Orally bioavailable means that a drug or other substance that is taken by mouth can be absorbed and used by the body.
biochanin A: (BY-oh-KAH-nin ...); An isoflavone found in soy products. Soy isoflavones (estrogen-like substances made by some plants) are being studied to see if they help prevent cancer.
biochemical reactions: (BY-oh-KEH-mih-kul ree-AK-shuns); In living cells, chemical reactions that help sustain life and allow cells to grow.
biochemical recurrence: (BY-oh-KEH-mih-kul ree-KER-ents); A rise in the blood level of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) in prostate cancer patients after treatment with surgery or radiation. Biochemical recurrence may occur in patients who do not have symptoms. It may mean that the cancer has come back. Also called biochemical relapse and PSA failure.
biochemical relapse: (BY-oh-KEH-mih-kul REE-laps); A rise in the blood level of PSA (prostate-specific antigen) in prostate cancer patients after treatment with surgery or radiation. Biochemical relapse may occur in patients who do not have symptoms. It may mean that the cancer has come back. Also called biochemical recurrence and PSA failure.
biochemist: (BY-oh-KEH-mist); A scientist who has special training in the study of the chemicals and processes that occur in all living things.
biofeedback: (BY-oh-FEED-bak); A method of learning to voluntarily control certain body functions such as heartbeat, blood pressure, and muscle tension with the help of a special machine. This method can help control pain.
biofilm: (BY-oh-FILM); A layer of bacteria or other microbes that grows on and sticks to the surface of a structure. A biofilm may cover natural surfaces, such as teeth. They may also grow in or on medical devices, such as catheters or artificial joints. Bacteria growing as a biofilm are hard to treat with antibiotics.
bioinformatics: (BY-oh-in-for-MA-tix); A field of science that uses computers, databases, math, and statistics to collect, store, organize, and analyze large amounts of biological, medical, and health information. Information may come from many sources, including genetic and molecular research studies, patient statistics, tissue specimens, clinical trials, and scientific journals. Also called computational biology.
biologic agent: (BY-oh-LAH-jik AY-jent); A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biologic agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biological agent and biological drug.
biological: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul); Pertaining to biology or to life and living things. In medicine, refers to a substance made from a living organism or its products. Biologicals may be used to prevent, diagnose, treat or relieve of symptoms of a disease. For example, antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines are biologicals. Biological also refers to parents and children who are related by blood.
biological agent: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul AY-jent); A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biological agents include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biologic agent and biological drug.
biological drug: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul...); A substance that is made from a living organism or its products and is used in the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of cancer and other diseases. Biological drugs include antibodies, interleukins, and vaccines. Also called biologic agent and biological agent.
biological endpoint: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul END-poynt); In clinical trials, a physiological feature thought to be affected by the treatment.
biological profile: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul PROH-file); A summary of the biological actions of a substance. A biological profile may come from patient data or from tests done in the laboratory or in animals.
biological response modifier therapy: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul reh-SPONTS MAH-dih-FY-er THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. These substances may occur naturally in the body or may be made in the laboratory. In cancer, some biological response modifier therapies stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer. Other biological response modifier therapies attack specific cancer cells, which may help keep them from growing or kill them. They may also lessen certain side effects caused by some cancer treatments. Types of biological response modifier therapy include immunotherapy (such as cytokines, cancer treatment vaccines, and some antibodies) and some targeted therapies. Also called biological therapy, biotherapy, and BRM therapy.
biological therapy: (BY-oh-LAH-jih-kul THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. These substances may occur naturally in the body or may be made in the laboratory. In cancer, some biological therapies stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer. Other biological therapies attack specific cancer cells, which may help keep them from growing or kill them. They may also lessen certain side effects caused by some cancer treatments. Types of biological therapy include immunotherapy (such as cytokines, cancer treatment vaccines, and some antibodies) and some targeted therapies. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biotherapy, and BRM therapy.
biomarker: (BY-oh-MAR-ker); A biological molecule found in blood, other body fluids, or tissues that is a sign of a normal or abnormal process, or of a condition or disease. A biomarker may be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease or condition. Also called molecular marker and signature molecule.
biomarker testing: (BY-oh-MAR-ker TES-ting); A laboratory method that uses a sample of tissue, blood, or other body fluid to check for certain genes, proteins, or other molecules that may be a sign of a disease or condition, such as cancer. Biomarker testing can also be used to check for certain changes in a gene or chromosome that may increase a person’s risk of developing cancer or other diseases. Biomarker testing may be done with other procedures, such as biopsies, to help diagnose some types of cancer. It may also be used to help plan treatment, find out how well treatment is working, make a prognosis, or predict whether cancer will come back or spread to other parts of the body. Also called molecular profiling and molecular testing.
Biomed 101: (BY-oh-MED …); A substance that is being studied for its ability to decrease the side effects of interleukin-2 (IL-2).
biomedicine: (BY-oh-MEH-dih-sin); A system in which medical doctors and other health care professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also called allopathic medicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, orthodox medicine, and Western medicine.
biometrics: (BY-oh-MEH-trix); The science of collecting and analyzing biologic or health data using statistical methods. Biometrics may be used to help learn the possible causes of a cancer or how often a cancer occurs in a certain group of people. Also called biometry and biostatistics.
biometry: (by-AH-meh-tree); The science of collecting and analyzing biologic or health data using statistical methods. Biometry may be used to help learn the possible causes of a cancer or how often a cancer occurs in a certain group of people. Also called biometrics and biostatistics.
biopsy: (BY-op-see); The removal of cells or tissues for examination by a pathologist. The pathologist may study the tissue under a microscope or perform other tests on the cells or tissue. There are many different types of biopsy procedures. The most common types include: (1) incisional biopsy, in which only a sample of tissue is removed; (2) excisional biopsy, in which an entire lump or suspicious area is removed; and (3) needle biopsy, in which a sample of tissue or fluid is removed with a needle. When a wide needle is used, the procedure is called a core biopsy. When a thin needle is used, the procedure is called a fine-needle aspiration biopsy.
biopsy specimen: (BY-op-see SPEH-sih-men); Tissue removed from the body and examined under a microscope to determine whether disease is present.
biorepository: (BY-oh-reh-PAH-zih-TOR-ee); A facility that collects, catalogs, and stores samples of biological material, such as urine, blood, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, and protein, from humans, animals, or plants for laboratory research. If the samples are from people, medical information may also be stored along with a written consent to use the samples in laboratory studies.
biosimilar drug: (BY-oh-SIH-mih-ler …); A biological drug that is very much like another biological drug (called the reference drug) that has already been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Biosimilar drugs and reference drugs are made from living organisms but they may be made in different ways and of slightly different substances. To be called a biosimilar drug, a biological drug must be shown to be as safe as, work as well as, and work in the same way as its reference drug. It must also be used in the same way, at the same dose, and for the same condition as the reference drug. Biosimilar drugs must be approved by FDA, and may cost less than the reference drugs.
biospecimen: (BY-oh-SPEH-sih-men); A sample of material, such as urine, blood, tissue, cells, DNA, RNA, or protein, from humans, animals, or plants. Biospecimens may be used for a laboratory test or stored in a biorepository to be used for research.
biostatistics: (BY-oh-stuh-TIS-tix); The science of collecting and analyzing biologic or health data using statistical methods. Biostatistics may be used to help learn the possible causes of a cancer or how often a cancer occurs in a certain group of people. Also called biometrics and biometry.
biotherapy: (BY-oh-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. These substances may occur naturally in the body or may be made in the laboratory. In cancer, some biotherapies stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer. Other biotherapies attack specific cancer cells, which may help keep them from growing or kill them. They may also lessen certain side effects caused by some cancer treatments. Types of biotherapy include immunotherapy (such as cytokines, cancer treatment vaccines, and some antibodies) and some targeted therapies. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biological therapy, and BRM therapy.
biotin: (BY-oh-tin); A nutrient in the vitamin B complex that the body needs in small amounts to function and stay healthy. Biotin helps some enzymes break down substances in the body for energy and helps tissues develop. It is found in yeast, whole milk, egg yolks, and organ meats. Biotin is water-soluble (can dissolve in water) and must be taken in every day. Not enough biotin can cause skin, nerve, and eye disorders. Biotin is present in larger amounts in some cancer tissue than in normal tissue. Attaching biotin to substances used to treat some types of cancer helps them find cancer cells. Also called vitamin H.
Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: (birt-hog-doo-BAY SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder in which benign (not cancer) skin lesions called fibrofolliculomas form in the hair follicles on the face, neck, and chest. Patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome have an increased risk of kidney cancer and benign kidney tumors. They may also have lung cysts and a condition called a pneumothorax, in which all or part of the lung collapses. The signs and symptoms of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome usually do not appear until young adulthood. It is caused by a mutation (change) in a gene called FLCN.
birth canal: (berth kuh-NAL); The muscular canal that goes from the uterus to the outside of the body. During birth, the baby passes through the birth canal. Also called vagina.
birth control: (berth kun-TROLE); The use of drugs, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. There are many different types of birth control. These include barrier methods to keep sperm from fertilizing the egg, hormone methods, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and surgery to close the fallopian tubes in women or close off the two tubes that carry sperm out of the testicles in men. Also called contraception.
birth control pill: (berth kun-TROLE pil); A pill used to prevent pregnancy. It contains hormones that block the release of eggs from the ovaries. Most birth control pills include estrogen and progestin. Also called oral contraceptive pill.
bismuth: (BIZ-mooth); A silver-white metal used in medicines and other products. Certain forms of bismuth are used to treat diarrhea, heartburn, and upset stomach. Bismuth is also used with certain other drugs to treat stomach ulcers.
bispecific antibody: (BY-speh-SIH-fik AN-tee-BAH-dee); A type of antibody that can bind to two different antigens at the same time. Bispecific antibodies are being studied in the imaging and treatment of cancer. They are made in the laboratory.
bispecific fusion protein: (BY-speh-SIH-fik FYOO-zhun PROH-teen); A protein made in the laboratory that can bind to two different molecules on two different cells at the same time. For example, a bispecific fusion protein may bind to a certain molecule on cancer cells and, at the same time, bind to a different molecule on T cells (a type of immune cell). This helps the body's T cells get close enough to the cancer cells to kill them. Bispecific fusion proteins may be used as a type of immunotherapy to treat some types of cancer.
bispecific monoclonal antibody: (BY-speh-SIH-fik MAH-noh-KLOH-nul AN-tee-BAH-dee); An antibody that can bind to two different antigens at the same time. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies are being studied in the imaging and treatment of cancer. They are made in the laboratory.
bispecific T-cell engager: (BY-speh-SIH-fik … en-GAY-jer); A substance made in the laboratory that can bind to two target proteins on the surface of different cells. For example, a bispecific T-cell engager may bind to a certain protein on healthy T cells (a type of immune cell) and, at the same time, to a different protein on cancer cells. This brings the T cells and cancer cells close together so the T cells can more effectively kill the cancer cells. Some bispecific T-cell engagers are being used to treat certain types of cancer, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and small cell lung cancer. They are a type of targeted therapy. Also called BiTE.
bisphosphonate: (bis-FOS-foh-nayt); A drug or substance used to treat hypercalcemia (abnormally high blood calcium) and bone pain caused by some types of cancer. Forms of bisphosphonates are also used to treat osteoporosis and for bone imaging. Bisphosphonates inhibit a type of bone cell that breaks down bone. Also called diphosphonate.
bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis: (bis-FOS-foh-nayt-uh-SOH-see-ay-ted OS-tee-oh-neh-KROH-sis); The necrosis (death) of bone tissue caused by treatment with a bisphosphonate (a drug or substance used to treat osteoporosis, bone pain caused by some types of cancer, and high blood calcium). It commonly occurs in the jaw bones. There may be pain, swelling and infection in the areas of necrosis. Also called BON.
BiTE: A substance made in the laboratory that can bind to two target proteins on the surface of different cells. For example, a BiTE may bind to a certain protein on healthy T cells (a type of immune cell) and, at the same time, to a different protein on cancer cells. This brings the T cells and cancer cells close together so the T cells can more effectively kill the cancer cells. Some BiTEs are being used to treat certain types of cancer, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, lymphoma, and small cell lung cancer. They are a type of targeted therapy. Also called bispecific T-cell engager.
bivalent vaccine: (by-VAY-lent vak-SEEN); A vaccine that works by stimulating an immune response against two different antigens, such as two different viruses or other microorganisms. For example, Cervarix is a bivalent vaccine that helps protect the body against infection with two different types of human papillomaviruses (HPV).
bizelesin: (by-ZEH-leh-sin); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called alkylating agents. It is also an antitumor antibiotic.
Bizengri: (bi-ZEN-gree); A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer and a type of pancreatic cancer called pancreatic adenocarcinoma. It is used in patients whose cancer has an NRG1 gene fusion, and has spread or cannot be removed by surgery after systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bizengri binds to two proteins called HER2 and HER3, which are found on some cancer cells. This may help keep cancer cells from growing and may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Bizengri is a type of monoclonal antibody. Also called zenocutuzumab.
BL22 immunotoxin: (... IH-myoo-noh-TOK-sin); A bacterial toxic substance linked to an antibody that attaches to cancer cells and kills them. It belongs to the family of drugs called bacterial immunotoxins.
black cohosh: (blak KOH-osh); An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The scientific name is Cimicifuga racemosa. Also called black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, and rattlesnake root.
black snakeroot: (blak SNAYK-root); An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The scientific name is Cimicifuga racemosa. Also called black cohosh, bugbane, bugwort, and rattlesnake root.
Blackfan–Diamond anemia: (BLAK-fan-DY-uh-mund uh-NEE-mee-uh); A very rare disorder in which the bone marrow doesn’t make enough red blood cells. It is usually seen in the first year of life. Patients may have deformed thumbs and other physical problems. They also have an increased risk of leukemia and sarcoma, especially osteosarcoma (bone cancer). Patients with Blackfan–Diamond anemia may have a mutation (change) in one of the genes that make proteins found in the cell’s ribosomes. Also called congenital hypoplastic anemia, congenital pure red cell aplasia, DBA, Diamond-Blackfan anemia, erythrogenesis imperfecta, and inherited erythroblastopenia.
bladder: (BLA-der); The organ that stores urine.
bladder cancer: (BLA-der KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the bladder (the organ that stores urine). Most bladder cancers are transitional cell carcinomas (cancer that begins in cells that normally make up the inner lining of the bladder). Other types include squamous cell carcinoma (cancer that begins in thin, flat cells) and adenocarcinoma (cancer that begins in cells that make and release mucus and other fluids). The cells that form squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma develop in the inner lining of the bladder as a result of chronic irritation and inflammation.
blast: (blast); An immature blood cell.
blast crisis: (blast KRY-sis); A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen occur during the blastic phase, when more than 30% of the cells in the blood or bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells).
blastic phase chronic myelogenous leukemia: (BLAS-tik fayz KRAH-nik MY-eh-LAH-jeh-nus loo-KEE-mee-uh); A phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia in which 20% or more of the cells in the blood or bone marrow are blast cells (immature blood cells). When tiredness, fever, and an enlarged spleen occur during the blastic phase, it is called blast crisis.
blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: (BLAS-tik PLAZ-muh-SY-toyd den-DRIH-tik sel NEE-oh-PLA-zum); A rare, fast-growing cancer that affects the blood, bone marrow, and skin. It can also affect the lymph nodes, spleen, and central nervous system. Most patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm have red-brown or deep purple skin lesions on one or more areas of the body. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm usually occurs in older adults and is difficult to diagnose and treat. Also called BPDCN.
bleomycin sulfate: (blee-oh-MY-sin SUL-fayt); A drug that comes from the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus and is used alone or with other drugs to treat many types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, testicular cancer, malignant pleural effusion, and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, head and neck, penis, and vulva. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bleomycin sulfate damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of antineoplastic antibiotic. Bleomycin is the active ingredient of bleomycin sulfate.
blessed thistle: (... THIH-sul); A plant whose leaves, stems, and flowers have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. Blessed thistle may have anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects. The scientific name is Cnicus benedictus. Also called cardin, holy thistle, spotted thistle, and St. Benedict's thistle.
blinatumomab: (blih-nuh-TOO-moh-mab); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 month and older with certain types of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are CD19 positive (expresses the protein CD19). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Blinatumomab binds to CD19, which is found on most B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of leukemia cells. It also binds to a protein called CD3, which is found on T cells (another type of white blood cell). This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Blinatumomab is a type of bispecific T-cell engager. Also called Blincyto.
Blincyto: (blin-SY-toh); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 month and older with certain types of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are CD19 positive (expresses the protein CD19). It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Blincyto binds to CD19, which is found on most B cells (a type of white blood cell) and some types of leukemia cells. It also binds to a protein called CD3, which is found on T cells (another type of white blood cell). This may help the immune system kill cancer cells. Blincyto is a type of bispecific T-cell engager. Also called blinatumomab.
blinded study: (BLINE-ded STUH-dee); A type of study in which the patients (single-blinded) or the patients and their doctors (double-blinded) do not know which drug or treatment is being given. The opposite of a blinded study is an open label study.
blister: (BLIH-ster); A fluid-filled sac in the outer layer of skin. It can be caused by rubbing, heat, or diseases of the skin. Also called skin vesicle.
BLM gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein involved in maintaining the structure of DNA when DNA is copied in a cell and in repairing damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the BLM gene may cause cells to lose their ability to repair damaged DNA, which may lead to abnormal cell growth. BLM gene mutations have been found in an inherited condition called Bloom syndrome. People with this condition have an increased risk of developing cancer at an early age, especially squamous cell skin cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal tract cancer.
bloating: (BLOH-ting); A swelling or feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Bloating is usually the result of gas in the intestines and can be caused by many things, including overeating, lactose intolerance, and constipation. Bloating can also be a side effect of cancer or cancer treatment.
blood: (blud); A tissue with red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and other substances suspended in fluid called plasma. Blood takes oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and carries away wastes.
blood cancer: (blud KAN-ser); Cancer that begins in blood-forming tissue, such as the bone marrow, or in the cells of the immune system. Examples of blood cancer are leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. Also called hematologic cancer.
blood cell count: (blud sel kownt); A measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood. The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and the hematocrit (the amount of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells) are also measured. A blood cell count is used to help diagnose and monitor many conditions. Also called CBC, complete blood count, and full blood count.
blood cell count with differential: (blud sel kownt … dih-feh-REN-shul); A measure of the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets in the blood, including the different types of white blood cells (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils). The amount of hemoglobin (substance in the blood that carries oxygen) and the hematocrit (the amount of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells) are also measured. A blood cell count with differential is used to help diagnose and monitor many different conditions, including anemia and infection. Also called CBC with differential.
blood chemistry study: (blud KEH-mih-stree STUH-dee); A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the body. These substances include electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride), fats, proteins, glucose (sugar), and enzymes. Blood chemistry studies give important information about how well a person’s kidneys, liver, and other organs are working. An abnormal amount of a substance in the blood can be a sign of disease or side effect of treatment. Blood chemistry studies are used to help diagnose and monitor many conditions before, during, and after treatment. Also called blood chemistry test.
blood chemistry test: (blud KEH-mih-stree …); A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the body. These substances include electrolytes (such as sodium, potassium, and chloride), fats, proteins, glucose (sugar), and enzymes. Blood chemistry tests give important information about how well a person’s kidneys, liver, and other organs are working. An abnormal amount of a substance in the blood can be a sign of disease or side effect of treatment. Blood chemistry tests are used to help diagnose and monitor many conditions before, during, and after treatment. Also called blood chemistry study.
blood circulation: (blud ser-kyoo-LAY-shun); The flow or movement of blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and other important substances from the heart, through the blood vessels, to the rest of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs. It also helps to get rid of waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the body. Also called bloodstream.
blood clot: (blud klot); A mass of blood that forms when blood platelets, proteins, and cells stick together. When a blood clot is attached to the wall of a blood vessel, it is called a thrombus. When it moves through the bloodstream and blocks the flow of blood in another part of the body, it is called an embolus.
blood culture: (blud KUL-cher); A laboratory test to check for bacteria, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms in the blood. Blood cultures can help identify the type of microorganism that is causing an infection. This helps determine the best treatment. They may be used to help diagnose septicemia (a serious blood infection) and other conditions.
blood draw: (blud …); A procedure in which a needle is used to take blood from a vein, usually for laboratory testing. A blood draw may also be done to remove extra red blood cells from the blood, to treat certain blood disorders. Also called phlebotomy and venipuncture.
blood poisoning: (blud POY-zuh-ning); Disease caused by the spread of bacteria and their toxins in the bloodstream. Also called septicemia and toxemia.
blood pressure: (blud PREH-sher); The force of circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. Blood pressure is taken using two measurements: systolic (measured when the heart beats, when blood pressure is at its highest) and diastolic (measured between heart beats, when blood pressure is at its lowest). Blood pressure is written with the systolic blood pressure first, followed by the diastolic blood pressure (for example 120/80).
blood stasis: (blud STAY-sis); In traditional Chinese medicine, a condition described as slowing or pooling of blood, which may cause pain or other symptoms.
blood stem cell: (blud stem sel); An immature cell that can develop into all types of blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Blood stem cells are found in the peripheral blood and the bone marrow. Also called hematopoietic stem cell.
blood sugar: (blud SHUH-ger); Glucose (a type of sugar) found in the blood. Also called glycemia.
blood test: (blud test); A test done on a sample of blood to measure the amount of certain substances in the blood or to count different types of blood cells. Blood tests may be done to look for signs of disease or agents that cause disease, to check for antibodies or tumor markers, or to see how well treatments are working.
blood thinner: (blud THIH-ner); A substance that is used to prevent and treat blood clots in blood vessels and the heart. Also called anticoagulant.
blood transfusion: (blud tranz-FYOO-zhun); A procedure in which whole blood or parts of blood are put into a patient’s bloodstream through a vein. The blood may be donated by another person or it may have been taken from the patient and stored until needed. Also called transfusion.
blood urea nitrogen: (blud yoo-REE-uh NY-troh-jen); Nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea (a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver). The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine. A high level of urea nitrogen in the blood may be a sign of a kidney problem. Also called BUN and urea nitrogen.
blood vessel: (blud VEH-sel); A tube through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
blood-brain barrier: (blud-brayn BAYR-ee-er); A network of blood vessels and tissue that is made up of closely spaced cells and helps keep harmful substances from reaching the brain. The blood-brain barrier lets some substances, such as water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and general anesthetics, pass into the brain. It also keeps out bacteria and other substances, such as many anticancer drugs. Also called BBB.
blood-brain barrier disruption: (blud-brayn BAYR-ee-er dis-RUP-shun); The use of drugs to create openings between cells in the blood-brain barrier. The blood-brain barrier is a protective network of blood vessels and tissue that protects the brain from harmful substances, but can also prevent anticancer drugs from reaching the brain. Once the barrier is opened, anticancer drugs may be infused into an artery that goes to the brain, in order to treat brain tumors. Also called BBBD.
bloodstream: (BLUD-streem); The flow or movement of blood throughout the body. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, and other important substances from the heart, through the blood vessels, to the rest of the body’s cells, tissues, and organs. It also helps to get rid of waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from the body. Also called blood circulation.
Bloom syndrome: (… SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder marked by shorter than average height, a narrow face, a red skin rash that occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, and an increased risk of cancer. The rash usually occurs on the face, arms, and back of the hands. Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels may appear in the rash and in the eyes. Other signs and symptoms include patches of skin that may be lighter or darker than the skin around them, a small jaw and large ears, a high-pitched voice, fertility problems, learning problems, and other growth and developmental problems. People with this disorder have an increased risk of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and frequent ear and lung infections. They also have an increased risk of developing cancer at an early age, especially squamous cell skin cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal tract cancer. Bloom syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in the BLM gene that causes cells to have abnormal breaks in the chromosomes. Also called Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome.
Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome: (... TOR-ay-muh-HA-chek SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder marked by shorter than average height, a narrow face, a red skin rash that occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, and an increased risk of cancer. The rash usually occurs on the face, arms, and back of the hands. Small clusters of enlarged blood vessels may appear in the rash and in the eyes. Other signs and symptoms include patches of skin that may be lighter or darker than the skin around them, a small jaw and large ears, a high-pitched voice, fertility problems, learning problems, and other growth and developmental problems. People with this disorder have an increased risk of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and frequent ear and lung infections. They also have an increased risk of developing cancer at an early age, especially squamous cell skin cancer, leukemia, lymphoma, and gastrointestinal tract cancer. Bloom-Torre-Machacek syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in the BLM gene that causes cells to have abnormal breaks in the chromosomes. Also called Bloom syndrome.
BMD: A measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone. BMD measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition marked by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. Low BMD can occur in patients treated for cancer. Also called bone density, bone mass, and bone mineral density.
BMD scan: (… skan); A procedure that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing x-rays with two different energy levels through the bone. A BMD scan shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done in the lower spine, hip, lower arm, wrist, fingers, and heel. It is used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition of lower bone density), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. A BMD scan also measures fat and muscle composition in specific parts of the body, such as the arms, legs, and pelvis. Also called bone densitometry, bone mineral density scan, DEXA scan, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and DXA.
BMI: Body mass index. A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is a healthy weight. Excess body fat is linked to an increased risk of some diseases including heart disease and some cancers. Also called body mass index.
BMS-182751: A substance being studied in the treatment of prostate and other types of cancer. It contains the metal platinum and may kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA and stopping them from dividing. It is a type of alkylating agent. Also called JM 216 and satraplatin.
BMS-184476: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called mitotic inhibitors.
BMS-188797: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called taxane analogs.
BMS-214662: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called farnesyltransferase inhibitors.
BMS-247550: A drug used alone or with capecitabine to treat breast cancer that is locally advanced or has spread to other parts of the body and did not get better after treatment with other anticancer drugs. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BMS-247550 blocks cell growth by stopping cell division and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of epothilone analog and a type of antimicrotubule agent. Also called ixabepilone and Ixempra.
BMS-275291: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors (MMPIs).
BMS-354825: A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with certain types of chronic myeloid leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia that are Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BMS-354825 blocks BCR::ABL1 and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called dasatinib and Sprycel.
BMS-599626: A substance that is being studied in the treatment of cancer. It belongs to the family of drugs called protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
BMT: A procedure in which a patient receives healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high doses of chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells may come from the bone marrow of the patient or from a related or unrelated donor. A BMT may be autologous (using a patient’s own stem cells that were collected and saved before treatment), allogeneic (using stem cells from a related or unrelated donor), or syngeneic (using stem cells donated by an identical twin). Also called bone marrow transplant.
BNCT: A type of radiation therapy. A substance that contains boron is injected into a blood vessel. The boron collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron to kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. BNCT is being studied as a treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent head and neck cancer. Also called boron neutron capture therapy.
board certified oncology pharmacy specialist: (bord SER-tih-fide on-KAH-loh-jee FAR-muh-see SPEH-shuh-list); A licensed pharmacist with special training in how to design, give, monitor, and change chemotherapy for cancer patients. Also called BCOP and oncology pharmacy specialist.
body image: (BAH-dee IH-mij); The way a person thinks about his or her body and how it looks to others.
body mass index: (BAH-dee mas IN-dex); A measure that relates body weight to height. BMI is sometimes used to measure total body fat and whether a person is a healthy weight. Excess body fat is linked to an increased risk of some diseases including heart disease and some cancers. Also called BMI.
bolus dose: (BOH-lus...); A single dose of a drug or other substance given over a short period of time. It is usually given by infusion or injection into a blood vessel. It may also be given by mouth.
bombesin: (BOM-beh-sin); A peptide (small protein) found in the brain, gastrointestinal tract, and lungs. It causes the release of certain hormones and enzymes. It also causes smooth muscles to contract. Bombesin is found at high levels on small cell lung cancer cells and on other types of cancer cells. It is a type of neuropeptide and a type of hormone.
BON: The necrosis (death) of bone tissue caused by treatment with a bisphosphonate (a drug or substance used to treat osteoporosis, bone pain caused by some types of cancer, and high blood calcium). It commonly occurs in the jaw bones. There may be pain, swelling and infection in the areas of necrosis. Also called bisphosphonate-associated osteonecrosis.
bone cancer: (bone KAN-ser); Primary bone cancer is cancer that forms in cells of the bone. Some types of primary bone cancer are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, and chondrosarcoma. Secondary bone cancer is cancer that spreads to the bone from another part of the body (such as the prostate, breast, or lung).
bone densitometry: (... den-sih-TAH-meh-tree); A procedure that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing x-rays with two different energy levels through the bone. A bone densitometry shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done in the lower spine, hip, lower arm, wrist, fingers, and heel. It is used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition of lower bone density), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. A bone densitometry also measures fat and muscle composition in specific parts of the body, such as the arms, legs, and pelvis. Also called BMD scan, bone mineral density scan, DEXA scan, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and DXA.
bone density: (...DEN-sih-tee); A measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone. Bone density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition marked by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. Low bone density can occur in patients treated for cancer. Also called BMD, bone mass, and bone mineral density.
bone marrow: (bone MAYR-oh); The soft, spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones. There are two types of bone marrow: red and yellow. Red bone marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets. Yellow bone marrow is made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells.
bone marrow ablation: (bone MAYR-oh a-BLAY-shun); A procedure to destroy bone marrow using radiation or high doses of anticancer drugs. It is done before a bone marrow or blood stem cell transplant to kill cancer cells and bone marrow cells. This makes room for healthy stem cells.
bone marrow aspiration: (bone MAYR-oh AS-pih-RAY-shun); A procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow is removed, usually from the hip bone, breastbone, or thigh bone. A small area of skin and the surface of the bone underneath are numbed with an anesthetic. Then, a special wide needle is pushed into the bone. A sample of liquid bone marrow is removed with a syringe attached to the needle. The bone marrow is sent to a laboratory to be looked at under a microscope. This procedure may be done at the same time as a bone marrow biopsy.
bone marrow aspiration and biopsy: (bone MAYR-oh AS-pih-RAY-shun ... BY-op-see); A procedure in which a small sample of bone marrow (soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones) and bone is removed. A small area of skin and the surface of the bone underneath are numbed with an anesthetic. Then a special wide needle is pushed into the bone. A sample of liquid bone marrow is removed with a syringe attached to the needle. The syringe is then removed and the needle is rotated to remove a sample of the bone and the bone marrow. Both the bone marrow and bone samples are sent to a laboratory to be looked at under a microscope.
bone marrow biopsy: (bone MAYR-oh BY-op-see); A procedure in which a small sample of bone with bone marrow inside it is removed, usually from the hip bone. A small area of skin and the surface of the bone underneath are numbed with an anesthetic. Then, a special, wide needle is pushed into the bone and rotated to remove a sample of bone with the bone marrow inside it. The sample is sent to a laboratory to be looked at under a microscope. This procedure may be done at the same time as a bone marrow aspiration.
bone marrow cancer: (bone MAYR-oh KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in the blood-forming stem cells of the bone marrow (soft sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones). Bone marrow cancer includes leukemias and multiple myeloma.
bone marrow metastasis: (bone MAYR-oh meh-TAS-tuh-sis); Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone marrow.
bone marrow transplant: (bone MAYR-oh TRANZ-plant); A procedure in which a patient receives healthy stem cells (blood-forming cells) to replace their own stem cells that have been destroyed by treatment with radiation or high doses of chemotherapy. The healthy stem cells may come from the bone marrow of the patient or from a related or unrelated donor. A bone marrow transplant may be autologous (using a patient’s own stem cells that were collected and saved before treatment), allogeneic (using stem cells from a related or unrelated donor), or syngeneic (using stem cells donated by an identical twin). Also called BMT.
bone mass: (bone mas); A measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone. Bone mass measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition marked by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. Low bone mass can occur in patients treated for cancer. Also called BMD, bone density, and bone mineral density.
bone metastasis: (...meh-TAS-tuh-sis); Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the bone.
bone mineral density: (... MIH-neh-rul DEN-sih-tee); A measure of the amount of minerals (mostly calcium and phosphorous) contained in a certain volume of bone. Bone mineral density measurements are used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition marked by decreased bone mass), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. Low bone mineral density can occur in patients treated for cancer. Also called BMD, bone density, and bone mass.
bone mineral density scan: (... MIH-neh-rul DEN-sih-tee skan); A procedure that measures the amount of calcium and other minerals in a bone by passing x-rays with two different energy levels through the bone. A bone mineral density scan shows the strength and thickness of a bone and is usually done in the lower spine, hip, lower arm, wrist, fingers, and heel. It is used to diagnose osteoporosis (a condition of lower bone density), to see how well osteoporosis treatments are working, and to predict how likely the bones are to break. A bone mineral density scan also measures fat and muscle composition in specific parts of the body, such as the arms, legs, and pelvis. Also called BMD scan, bone densitometry, DEXA scan, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and DXA.
bone scan: (bone skan); A procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner (a special camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body). A bone scan may be used to diagnose bone tumors or cancer that has spread to the bone. It may also be used to help diagnose fractures, bone infections, or other bone problems. Also called bone scintigraphy.
bone scintigraphy: (... sin-TIH-gruh-fee); A procedure to check for abnormal areas or damage in the bones. A very small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein and travels through the blood. The radioactive material collects in the bones and is detected by a scanner (a special camera that takes pictures of the inside of the body). A bone scintigraphy may be used to diagnose bone tumors or cancer that has spread to the bone. It may also be used to help diagnose fractures, bone infections, or other bone problems. Also called bone scan.
bone tissue: (… TIH-shoo); Tissue that gives strength and structure to bones. Bone is made up of compact tissue (the hard, outer layer) and cancellous tissue (the spongy, inner layer that contains red marrow). Bone tissue is maintained by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and cells that break down bone called osteoclasts. Bones also contain blood vessels, nerves, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Also called osseous tissue.
bone-seeking radioisotope: (bone-SEE-king RAY-dee-oh-I-soh-tope); A radioactive substance that is given through a vein, and collects in bone cells and in tumor cells that have spread to the bone. It kills cancer cells by giving off low-level radiation.
booster: (BOO-ster); In medicine, refers to a vaccination given after a previous vaccination. A booster helps maintain or increase a protective immune response.
borderline breast disease: (BOR-der-line brest dih-ZEEZ); A group of conditions marked by changes in breast tissue that are not cancer but may become cancer. Types of borderline breast disease include atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical lobular hyperplasia, lobular carcinoma in situ, and complex sclerosing lesion (radial scar). Having borderline breast disease increases the risk of breast cancer. Also called BBD.
borderline personality disorder: (BOR-der-LINE PER-suh-NA-lih-tee dis-OR-der); A serious mental illness marked by unstable moods and impulsive behavior. People with borderline personality disorder have problems with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-identity. Symptoms include intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may lead to self-injury or suicide, drug or alcohol abuse, excessive spending, binge eating, or risky sex. A person with borderline personality disorder who is diagnosed with cancer may be at an increased risk of suicide. Also called BPD.
boron neutron capture therapy: (BOR-on NOO-tron KAP-cher THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy. A substance that contains boron is injected into a blood vessel. The boron collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron to kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Boron neutron capture therapy is being studied as a treatment for glioblastoma multiforme and recurrent head and neck cancer. Also called BNCT.
boron phenylalanine: (BOR-on feh-nil-A-luh-neen); A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. Boron phenylalanine is injected into a blood vessel and collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with boron phenylalanine to kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called BPA.
boronophenylalanine-fructose complex: (BOR-on-oh-feh-nil-A-luh-neen-FROOK-tose KOM-plex); A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. Boronophenylalanine-fructose complex is injected into a blood vessel and collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in boronophenylalanine-fructose complex, producing radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called BPA-F.
bortezomib: (bor-TEH-zoh-mib); A drug used to treat adults with multiple myeloma or mantle cell lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bortezomib blocks the action of enzymes called proteasomes, which may help keep cancer cells from growing and may kill them. It is a type of proteasome inhibitor. Also called PS-341 and Velcade.
Bosulif: (BAH-soo-lif); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with chronic myelogenous leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in some newly diagnosed patients. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with or have not gotten better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bosulif blocks BCR::ABL1 and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called bosutinib.
bosutinib: (bah-SOO-tih-nib); A drug used to treat adults and children aged 1 year and older with chronic myelogenous leukemia that is Philadelphia chromosome positive. It is used in some newly diagnosed patients. It is also used in patients who cannot be treated with or have not gotten better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Bosutinib blocks BCR::ABL1 and other proteins, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Bosulif.
Boswellia serrata: (bos-WEH-lee-uh seh-RAY-tuh); A tree that belongs to the incense tree family. The tree’s amber-colored resin is used in incense. The resin has anti-inflammatory effects and has been used to treat arthritis, asthma, and ulcerative colitis. It is also being studied in the treatment of brain tumors. Also called frankincense tree.
botanical: (buh-TA-nih-kul); Having to do with, or derived from, plants.
Botox: (BOH-tox); A toxin made by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It can cause food poisoning. The drug Botox is a form of the toxin that can be used in small amounts to treat certain medical conditions. These include severe underarm sweating and severe muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders. Botox is also used to smooth wrinkles on the face. It is being studied in the treatment of pain in patients with skin leiomyomas (benign smooth muscle tumors) and other conditions. Also called botulinum toxin A and botulinum toxin type A.
botulinum toxin A: (BAH-choo-LY-num TOK-sin …); A toxin made by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It can cause food poisoning. The drug Botox is a form of the toxin that can be used in small amounts to treat certain medical conditions. These include severe underarm sweating and severe muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders. Botulinum toxin A is also used to smooth wrinkles on the face. It is being studied in the treatment of pain in patients with skin leiomyomas (benign smooth muscle tumors) and other conditions. Also called Botox and botulinum toxin type A.
botulinum toxin type A: (BAH-choo-LY-num TOK-sin ...); A toxin made by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It can cause food poisoning. The drug Botox is a form of the toxin that can be used in small amounts to treat certain medical conditions. These include severe underarm sweating and severe muscle spasms in the neck and shoulders. Botulinum toxin type A is also used to smooth wrinkles on the face. It is being studied in the treatment of pain in patients with skin leiomyomas (benign smooth muscle tumors) and other conditions. Also called Botox and botulinum toxin A.
bowel: (BOW-ul); The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that completes the process of digestion. The bowel has two parts, the small bowel and the large bowel. Also called intestine.
bowel function: (BOW-ul FUNK-shun); The way the intestines work in terms of how often there are bowel movements, the ability to control when to have a bowel movement, and whether the stools are hard and dry as in constipation or watery as in diarrhea.
bowel movement: (BOW-ul MOOV-ment); Movement of feces (undigested food, bacteria, mucus, and cells from the lining of the intestines) through the bowel and out the anus. Also called defecation.
bowel obstruction: (BOW-ul ub-STRUK-shun); A partial or complete block of the small or large intestine that keeps food, liquid, gas, and stool from moving through the intestines in a normal way. Bowel obstructions may be caused by a twist in the intestines, hernias, inflammation, scar tissue from surgery, and certain types of cancer, such as cancers of the stomach, colon, and ovary. They may also be caused by conditions that affect the muscles of the intestine, such as paralysis. Signs and symptoms may include pain and swelling in the abdomen, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, and problems passing gas. Most bowel obstructions occur in the small intestine. Also called intestinal obstruction.
Bowen disease: (BOH-en dih-ZEEZ); A skin disease marked by scaly or thickened patches on the skin and often caused by prolonged exposure to arsenic. The patches often occur on sun-exposed areas of the skin and in older white men. These patches may become malignant (cancer). Also called precancerous dermatitis and precancerous dermatosis.
Bowman-Birk inhibitor concentrate: (BOH-man-birk in-HIH-bih-ter KON-sen-TRAYT); A substance that is made from soybeans and is being studied in the prevention of cancer. It blocks the action of enzymes that are needed for cancer cells to form. It is a type of protease inhibitor. Also called BBIC.
BPA: A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA is injected into a blood vessel and collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with BPA to kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called boron phenylalanine.
BPA-F: A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BPA-F is injected into a blood vessel and collects in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation therapy with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BPA-F, producing radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called boronophenylalanine-fructose complex.
BPD: A serious mental illness marked by unstable moods and impulsive behavior. People with BPD have problems with relationships, family and work life, long-term planning, and self-identity. Symptoms include intense bouts of anger, depression, and anxiety that may lead to self-injury or suicide, drug or alcohol abuse, excessive spending, binge eating, or risky sex. A person with BPD who is diagnosed with cancer may be at an increased risk of suicide. Also called borderline personality disorder.
BPDCN: A rare, fast-growing cancer that affects the blood, bone marrow, and skin. It can also affect the lymph nodes, spleen, and central nervous system. Most patients with BPDCN have red-brown or deep purple skin lesions on one or more areas of the body. BPDCN usually occurs in older adults and is difficult to diagnose and treat. Also called blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm.
BPH: A benign (not cancer) condition in which the prostate gland is larger than normal. As the prostate gets bigger, it may press against the bladder and urethra, which can slow or block the flow of urine from the bladder. This can cause urinary symptoms, such as feeling a need to urinate often or right away, waking up many times during the night to urinate, trouble urinating, leaking urine, pain during urination or after ejaculation (the release of semen through the penis during orgasm), and blood in the urine. BPH does not increase a person’s risk of developing prostate cancer. However, if not treated, it can lead to a weak bladder, urinary retention, urinary tract infections, bladder stones, or bladder or kidney damage. BPH is most common in older men. Also called benign prostatic hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and enlarged prostate.
BPU: A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. It is a type of antitubulin agent. Also called benzoylphenylurea.
brachial plexopathy: (BRAY-kee-ul plek-SAH-puh-thee); A condition marked by numbness, tingling, pain, weakness, or limited movement in the arm or hand. It is caused by an impairment of the brachial plexus, a network of nerves that affect the arm and hand.
brachial plexus: (BRAY-kee-ul PLEK-sus); A network of nerves that sends signals from the spine to the arm and hand.
brachytherapy: (BRAY-kee-THAYR-uh-pee); A type of radiation therapy in which radioactive implants, such as pellets, seeds, ribbons, wires, needles, balloons, or capsules, are placed in the body, directly into or near the tumor. The radiation is delivered through a flexible tube called a catheter or a larger device called an applicator. Brachytherapy is often used to treat cancers of the head and neck, breast, cervix, prostate, and eye. Depending on the type of cancer and treatment plan, the implant may be kept in place for a few minutes, many days, or permanently. Also called implant radiation therapy and radiation brachytherapy.
BRAF (V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5185426: (… KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter …); A drug used to treat Erdheim-Chester disease (a very rare type of histiocytosis) and advanced melanoma that have a certain mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BRAF (V600E) kinase inhibitor RO5185426 blocks certain proteins made by the mutated BRAF gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called PLX4032, RG7204, vemurafenib, and Zelboraf.
BRAF gene: (… jeen); A gene that makes a protein that is involved in sending signals in cells and in cell growth. Mutated (changed) forms of the BRAF gene and protein have been found in many types of cancer. These changes can increase the growth and spread of cancer cells.
BRAF kinase inhibitor: (… KY-nays in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that blocks a protein called BRAF. BRAF is a kinase enzyme that helps control cell growth and signaling. It may be found in a mutated (changed) form in some types of cancer, including melanoma and colorectal cancer. Blocking mutated BRAF kinase proteins may help keep cancer cells from growing. Some BRAF kinase inhibitors are used to treat cancer.
BRAF V600 mutation: (… myoo-TAY-shun); A type of mutation (change) in the BRAF gene that causes a mutant form of the BRAF protein to be made. This results in uncontrolled cell division and growth, which can lead to cancer. Drugs that target this mutant BRAF protein may kill cancer cells or stop them from growing. The BRAF V600 mutation is most commonly found in melanoma, but it may also be found in some other types of cancer, including cancers of the colon, rectum, lung, thyroid, ovary, and brain. Checking for the BRAF V600 mutation in tumor tissue may help plan cancer treatment. There are different forms of the BRAF V600 mutation, including V600E and V600K. V600E is the most common form.
Braftovi: (braf-TOH-vee); A drug used with cetuximab to treat certain types of colorectal cancer and with binimetinib to treat certain types of melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer. It is used in patients whose cancer has a certain mutation (change) in the BRAF gene. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Braftovi blocks certain proteins made by the mutated BRAF gene, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of kinase inhibitor. Also called encorafenib.
brain: (brayn); The organ inside the head that controls all body functions of a human being. Made up of billions of nerve cells, the brain is protected by the cranium (the bones that form the head). It is made up of three major parts: the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and controls thinking, learning, problem solving, emotions, memory, speech, reading, writing, and voluntary movement. The cerebellum controls fine motor movement, balance, and posture. The brain stem controls breathing, heart rate, and the nerves and muscles used to see, hear, walk, talk, and eat. The brain stem connects the brain to the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
brain metastasis: (brayn meh-TAS-tuh-sis); Cancer that has spread from the original (primary) tumor to the brain.
brain stem: (brayn stem); The part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord. The brain stem is in the lowest part of the brain (just above the back of the neck) and is made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. It controls many vital functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, and the nerves and muscles used in seeing, hearing, walking, talking, and eating.
brain stem auditory evoked response test: (brayn stem AW-duh-TOR-ee eh-VOKT reh-SPONTS …); A test used to detect some types of hearing loss, such as hearing loss caused by injury or tumors that affect nerves involved in hearing. Electrodes are placed on the head and certain tones or clicking sounds are made. The electrodes measure nerve signals in the brain when it reacts to the sounds. Also called ABR test, auditory brain stem response test, and BAER test.
brain stem glioma: (brayn stem glee-OH-muh); A tumor that forms from cells called glial cells in the brain stem (the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord). Glial cells support and protect the nerve cells in the brain and help them work the way they should. Most brain stem gliomas are diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPGs), which are fast-growing tumors that form in a part of the brain stem called the pons. These tumors tend to spread throughout the brain stem and are hard to treat. Brain stem gliomas usually occur in children.
brain stem tumor: (brayn stem TOO-mer); A tumor in the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord (the brain stem).
brain tumor: (brayn TOO-mer); The growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the brain. Brain tumors can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
Brassica vegetable: (BRA-sih-kuh VEJ-tuh-bul); A member of the family of vegetables that includes broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collard greens, kale, and turnips. These vegetables contain substances that may protect against cancer. Also called cruciferous vegetable.
BRCA1 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein that repairs damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the BRCA1 gene significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. These mutations can also increase the risk of developing other types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. The BRCA1 gene is located on chromosome 17, which is 1 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells.
BRCA2 gene: (... jeen); A gene that makes a protein that repairs damaged DNA. Mutations (changes) in the BRCA2 gene significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer. These mutations can also increase the risk of developing other types of cancer, such as prostate cancer and pancreatic cancer. The BRCA2 gene is located on chromosome 13, which is 1 of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in human cells.
BRCAPro: A computer program that uses statistics to predict whether a person has an inherited mutation (change) in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. People who have certain mutations in these genes have a higher than normal risk of breast, ovarian, prostate, and other types of cancer. The program is based on personal and family medical histories of breast and ovarian cancer.
breakthrough pain: (BRAYK-throo payn); A sudden increase in pain that may occur in patients who already have chronic pain from cancer, arthritis, fibromyalgia, or other conditions. Breakthrough pain usually lasts for a short time. During breakthrough pain, the level of pain may be severe but the type of pain and where it is in the body are usually the same as the patient’s chronic pain. Breakthrough pain may occur with stress, illness, and certain activities, such as exercising or coughing, or when the dose of pain medicine that the patient is taking wears off. Breakthrough pain is usually not a symptom of a new condition or a condition that has gotten worse. Also called pain flare.
breast: (brest); Glandular organ located on the chest. The breast is made up of connective tissue, fat, and breast tissue that contains the glands that can make milk. Also called mammary gland.
breast biopsy clip: (brest BY-op-see klip); A tiny, metal object that is placed into the breast during a biopsy to mark the area where the biopsy was done. The clip or marker is left inside the breast so it can be seen on a mammogram or other imaging test performed in the future. The clip does not cause any pain or harm the body. Also called breast biopsy marker.
breast biopsy marker: (brest BY-op-see MAR-ker); A tiny, metal object that is placed into the breast during a biopsy to mark the area where the biopsy was done. The clip or marker is left inside the breast so it can be seen on a mammogram or other imaging test performed in the future. The clip does not cause any pain or harm the body. Also called breast biopsy clip.
breast cancer: (brest KAN-ser); Cancer that forms in tissues of the breast. The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple). Another type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast. Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast ducts or lobules to surrounding normal tissue. Breast cancer occurs in both men and women, although male breast cancer is rare.
breast cancer resistance protein: (brest KAN-ser reh-ZIH-stunts PROH-teen); A protein that is involved in making cancer cells resistant (unable to respond) to anticancer drugs. Normally, breast cancer resistance protein works with other proteins to help move many different substances, including drugs and other chemicals, in and out of cells. It is found in stem cells and in normal tissues, including the intestine, liver, brain, and placenta. However, it may also be found in higher than normal amounts in some cancer cells, which can cause them to be unable to respond to certain anticancer drugs. Drugs that block breast cancer resistance protein are being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. Breast cancer resistance protein was first identified in breast cancer cells. Also called BCRP.
breast carcinoma in situ: (brest KAR-sih-NOH-muh in SY-too); A condition in which abnormal cells are found in the tissues of the breast. There are 2 types of breast carcinoma in situ: ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Paget disease of the nipple. DCIS is a condition in which the abnormal cells are found in the lining of a breast duct. The abnormal cells have not spread outside the duct to other tissues in the breast. Paget disease of the nipple is a condition in which abnormal cells are found in the skin cells of the nipple and may spread to the areola. Patients with Paget disease of the nipple may also have DCIS or invasive breast cancer in the same breast. Also called stage 0 breast carcinoma in situ.
breast columnar cell lesion: (brest kuh-LUM-nar sel LEE-zhun); A common breast biopsy finding in which the cuboidal (square-ish) cells that normally line the lobules (milk glands) of the breast are replaced with one or more layers of column-shaped cells called columnar cells. These columnar cells may look like normal cells or abnormal cells under a microscope. The lobules may also look larger than normal. Breast columnar cell lesions often occur with deposits of calcium in the breast tissue. Breast columnar cell lesions are not cancer but may increase the risk of certain other breast conditions or invasive breast cancer.
breast cyst: (brest sist); A fluid-filled sac that forms in the breast that is sometimes filled with a mix of fluid and solid material. Breast cysts may occur in one or both breasts, and there may be more than one. Most cysts feel like a round or oval lump with a smooth, well-defined border that moves easily under the skin of the breast. But some cysts are too small to be felt. Symptoms may include pain or tenderness in the breast, especially around the time of a menstrual period, or a clear or cloudy fluid discharge from the nipple. Most breast cysts are not cancer and do not increase the risk of breast cancer. They can occur at any age but are most common in premenopausal women and in women taking hormone therapy for menopause.
breast density: (brest DEN-sih-tee); A term used to describe the amount of dense tissue compared to the amount of fatty tissue in the breast on a mammogram. Dense breast tissue has more fibrous and glandular tissue than fat. There are different levels of breast density, ranging from little or no dense tissue to very dense tissue. The more density, the harder it may be to find tumors or other changes on a mammogram.
breast duct: (brest dukt); A thin tube in the breast that carries milk from the breast lobules to the nipple. Also called milk duct.
breast duct ectasia: (brest dukt ek-TAY-zhuh); A benign (not cancer) condition in which a milk duct under the nipple widens and thickens. This can cause the milk duct to become blocked and fluid to build up inside it. There are usually no symptoms, but sometimes there may be a thick nipple discharge or redness or tenderness of the nipple and nearby breast tissue. Breast duct ectasia is most common in women who are near menopause or have gone through it. Also called mammary duct ectasia.
breast duct endoscopy: (brest dukt en-DOS-koh-pee); A method used to examine the lining of the breast ducts to look for abnormal tissue. A very thin, flexible, lighted tube attached to a camera is inserted through the nipple, and threaded into the breast ducts deep in the breast. Tissue and fluid samples may be removed during the procedure.
breast fibrosis: (brest fy-BROH-sis); A benign (not cancer) condition in which thickened or fibrous (scar-like) tissue is found in the breast. The areas of fibrosis usually feel firm, rubbery, or hard under the skin. Breast fibrosis may occur along with other changes in the breast, including cysts, breast swelling or discomfort, and nipple discharge. These changes may come and go throughout the menstrual cycle and usually stop after menopause. Breast fibrosis can occur at any age but is most common in younger women. Having breast fibrosis does not increase the risk of breast cancer.
Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System: (brest IH-muh-jing reh-port-ing ... SIS-tem); A reporting system used to describe the results of a mammogram, breast ultrasound, or breast MRI in a standard way. The Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System ranks the test findings according to one of seven categories, ranging from normal or benign (not cancer) to highly suspicious or malignant (cancer). Each category includes follow-up recommendations to help manage a person’s care. For mammograms, the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System includes four additional categories that describe the level of breast density seen, ranging from little or no dense tissue to very dense tissue. Also called BI-RADS.
breast implant: (brest IM-plant); A silicone gel-filled or saline-filled sac placed under the chest muscle to restore breast shape.
breast lobe: (brest …); A section of the breast that contains the lobules (the glands that make milk).
breast lobule: (brest LAH-byool); A small part of a lobe in the breast. A breast lobule is a gland that makes milk.
breast pain: (brest payn); Pain or discomfort in one or both breasts. The pain can be mild or severe and affect one area of the breast or the whole breast, including under the arm. It may also come from nearby muscles or joints outside the breast. Breast pain in women is most often caused by hormone changes before and during the menstrual cycle. It may also be unrelated to the menstrual cycle, with causes that include pregnancy, breastfeeding, smoking, too much caffeine or fat in the diet, certain medicines, breast surgery, injury to the breast or chest wall, or certain breast conditions. It is rarely caused by breast cancer. Breast pain can occur in both women and men. Also called mastalgia.
breast reconstruction: (brest REE-kun-STRUK-shun); Surgery to rebuild the shape of the breast after a mastectomy.
breast self-exam: (brest self-eg-ZAM); A way a person can check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. Breast self-exams can help a person learn how their breasts normally look and feel and notice when changes occur. Research has shown that doing breast self-exams does not lower the risk of dying from breast cancer and may lead to extra tests and procedures. Also called BSE.
breast-conserving surgery: (brest-kun-SER-ving SER-juh-ree); Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. Also called breast-sparing surgery, lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy.
breast-sparing surgery: (brest-SPAYR-ing SER-juh-ree); Surgery to remove cancer or other abnormal tissue from the breast and some normal tissue around it, but not the breast itself. Some lymph nodes under the arm may be removed for biopsy. Part of the chest wall lining may also be removed if the cancer is near it. Also called breast-conserving surgery, lumpectomy, partial mastectomy, quadrantectomy, and segmental mastectomy.
breastbone: (brest-bone); The long flat bone that forms the center front of the chest wall. The breastbone is attached to the collarbone and the first seven ribs. Also called sternum.
breastfeeding: (brest-FEE-ding); The act of feeding breast milk to an infant. Babies can be fed directly from the mother’s breast, or breast milk can be pumped and then fed to the baby from a bottle. Breast milk contains calories, vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients that help an infant grow and develop. It also contains antibodies, which help protect the infant against some infections. Breastfeeding also helps protect the infant and mother against certain diseases or conditions. Also called nursing.
brentuximab vedotin: (bren-TUK-sih-mab veh-DOH-tin); A drug used alone or with other drugs to treat adults with certain types of classic Hodgkin lymphoma, cutaneous or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma, mycosis fungoides, or peripheral T-cell lymphoma, and with other drugs to treat children aged 2 years and older with certain types of classic Hodgkin lymphoma. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brentuximab vedotin contains a monoclonal antibody that binds to a protein called CD30, which is found on some lymphoma cells. It also contains an anticancer drug, which may help kill cancer cells. Brentuximab vedotin is a type of antibody-drug conjugate. Also called Adcetris and SGN-35.
Breslow depth: (BRES-loh …); A measure of how deeply a melanoma tumor has grown into the skin. The tumor thickness (depth) is usually measured from the top of the tumor to the deepest tumor cells. If the tumor is ulcerated (the skin is broken), it is measured from the base of the ulcer to the deepest tumor cells. Breslow depth is used to help determine the stage of cancer. Thicker tumors are linked with lower survival rates. Also called Breslow thickness.
Breslow thickness: (BRES-loh THIK-nes); A measure of how deeply a melanoma tumor has grown into the skin. The tumor thickness (depth) is usually measured from the top of the tumor to the deepest tumor cells. If the tumor is ulcerated (the skin is broken), it is measured from the base of the ulcer to the deepest tumor cells. Breslow thickness is used to help determine the stage of cancer. Thicker tumors are linked with lower survival rates. Also called Breslow depth.
brexucabtagene autoleucel: (brek-suh-KAB-tuh-jeen AW-toh-LOO-sel); A drug used to treat adults with mantle cell lymphoma or B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia that came back or did not get better after other treatment. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brexucabtagene autoleucel is made using a patient’s T cells (a type of immune system cell). A gene for a special receptor called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is added to the T cells in the laboratory. These changed T cells called CAR T cells are grown in large numbers in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion. Brexucabtagene autoleucel binds to a protein called CD19, which is found on some lymphoma cells and leukemia cells. This helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Brexucabtagene autoleucel is a type of CAR T-cell therapy. Also called Tecartus.
Breyanzi: (brey-AN-zee); A treatment used for adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, or certain types of large B-cell lymphoma that relapsed (came back) or did not get better after treatment with at least one or two lines of systemic therapy. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Breyanzi is made using a patient’s T cells (a type of immune system cell). A gene for a special receptor called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is added to the T cells in the laboratory. These changed T cells called CAR T cells are grown in large numbers in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion. Breyanzi binds to a protein called CD19, which is found on most B-cell lymphoma cells. This helps the body’s immune system kill cancer cells. Breyanzi is a type of cellular immunotherapy called CAR T-cell therapy. Also called lisocabtagene maraleucel.
Brief Pain Inventory: (breef payn IN-ven-TOR-ee); A questionnaire used to measure pain.
brigatinib: (brih-GA-tih-nib); A drug used to treat adults with non-small cell lung cancer that has spread and is ALK positive. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brigatinib blocks certain proteins made by the ALK gene. Blocking these proteins may stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. Brigatinib is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called Alunbrig.
brivanib alaninate: (brih-VAN-ib a-luh-NIH-nayt); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. Brivanib alaninate may prevent the growth of new blood vessels that tumors need to grow and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 inhibitor and a type of antiangiogenesis agent.
brivudine: (BRIH-vyoo-deen); A substance that is being studied in the treatment of infections caused by herpesvirus, including herpes-zoster (shingles). It belongs to the family of drugs called antivirals.
BRM therapy: (...THAYR-uh-pee); A type of treatment that uses substances made from living organisms to treat disease. These substances may occur naturally in the body or may be made in the laboratory. In cancer, some BRM therapies stimulate or suppress the immune system to help the body fight cancer. Other BRM therapies attack specific cancer cells, which may help keep them from growing or kill them. They may also lessen certain side effects caused by some cancer treatments. Types of BRM therapy include immunotherapy (such as cytokines, cancer treatment vaccines, and some antibodies) and some targeted therapies. Also called biological response modifier therapy, biological therapy, and biotherapy.
broad ligament: (brod LIH-guh-ment); The layer of tissue that connects the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. The broad ligament covers the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It also includes nerves and blood vessels to these organs.
broccoli sprout extract: (BRAH-kuh-lee … EK-strakt); A substance being studied in the prevention of cancer. Broccoli sprout extract comes from newly sprouted broccoli. It causes cells to make enzymes that may protect them against cancer-causing toxins in the body, and it may also block the growth of cancer cells.
bromelain: (BROH-meh-layn); An enzyme found in pineapples that breaks down other proteins, such as collagen and muscle fiber, and has anti-inflammatory properties. It is used as a meat tenderizer in the food industry.
bronchi: (BRONG-ky); The large air passages that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs.
bronchial: (BRON-kee-ul); Having to do with the bronchi, which are the larger air passages of the lungs, including those that lead from the trachea (windpipe) to the lungs and those within the lungs.
bronchial adenoma: (BRON-kee-ul A-deh-NOH-muh); Cancer that forms in tissues of the bronchi (large air passages in the lungs including those that lead to the lungs from the windpipe).
bronchial brush biopsy: (BRON-kee-ul brush BY-op-see); A procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs. A small brush is then used to remove cells from the airways. These cells are then looked at under a microscope. A bronchial brush biopsy is used to find cancer and changes in cells that may lead to cancer. It is also used to help diagnose other lung conditions. Also called bronchial brushing.
bronchial brushing: (BRON-kee-ul BRUH-shing); A procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs. A small brush is then used to remove cells from the airways. These cells are then looked at under a microscope. A bronchial brushing is used to find cancer and changes in cells that may lead to cancer. It is also used to help diagnose other lung conditions. Also called bronchial brush biopsy.
bronchial washing: (BRON-kee-ul WAH-shing); A procedure in which cells are taken from the inside of the airways that lead to the lungs. A bronchoscope (a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing) is inserted through the nose or mouth into the lungs. A mild salt solution is washed over the surface of the airways to collect cells, which are then looked at under a microscope. Bronchial washing is used to find infections. It may also help find cancer or changes in cells that may lead to cancer.
bronchiole: (BRONG-kee-ole); A tiny branch of air tubes in the lungs.
bronchiolitis obliterans: (BRONG-kee-oh-LY-tis ob-LIH-teh-ranz); A condition in which the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs) become inflamed and blocked. It may be caused by breathing in gases or particles that irritate the bronchioles. This irritation causes scar tissue to form, and makes breathing difficult. Bronchiolitis olbiterans may be caused by other factors, and can also occur after a transplant with an organ or stem cells from a matched donor.
bronchitis: (bron-KY-tis); Inflammation (swelling and reddening) of the bronchi.
bronchodilator: (BRON-koh-DY-lay-ter); A type of drug that causes small airways in the lungs to open up. Bronchodilators are inhaled and are used to treat breathing disorders, such as asthma or emphysema.
bronchogenic carcinoma: (BRON-koh-JEH-nik KAR-sih-NOH-muh); Cancer that begins in the tissue that lines or covers the airways of the lungs, including small cell and non-small cell lung cancer.
bronchoscope: (BRON-koh-SKOPE); A thin, tube-like instrument used to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi (air passages that lead to the lungs), and lungs. A bronchoscope has a light and a lens for viewing, and may have a tool to remove tissue.
bronchoscopy: (bron-KOS-koh-pee); A procedure that uses a bronchoscope to examine the inside of the trachea, bronchi (air passages that lead to the lungs), and lungs. A bronchoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument with a light and a lens for viewing. It may also have a tool to remove tissue to be checked under a microscope for signs of disease. The bronchoscope is inserted through the nose or mouth. Bronchoscopy may be used to detect cancer or to perform some treatment procedures.
bronchus: (BRON-kus); A large airway that leads from the trachea (windpipe) to a lung. The plural of bronchus is bronchi.
Brooke-Spiegler syndrome: (brook-SPEEG-ler SIN-drome); A rare, inherited disorder in which tumors form in the hair follicles and sweat glands in the skin. The tumors usually occur on the head and neck, but they can also occur in the salivary glands and in other parts of the body. They tend to be large and increase in number over time and can affect vision, hearing, sense of smell, and the ability to chew and swallow. The tumors usually appear in late childhood or early adolescence. They are usually benign (not cancer) but may become cancer. People with this disorder have an increased risk of developing basal cell skin cancer and salivary gland tumors. Brooke-Spiegler syndrome is caused by a mutation (change) in the CYLD gene. Also called BSS.
brostallicin hydrochloride: (brah-STAH-lih-sin HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer. Brostallicin hydrochloride binds to DNA and may kill cancer cells. It may also help other drugs kill cancer cells. It is a type of DNA minor groove binding agent.
broxuridine: (brox-YOOR-ih-deen); A drug that makes cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and is also used as a diagnostic agent to determine how fast cancer cells grow.
Brukinsa: (BROO-kin-suh); A drug used alone or with another drug to treat adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, small lymphocytic lymphoma, or certain types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Brukinsa blocks a protein called BTK, which may help keep cancer cells from growing. It is a type of tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Also called zanubrutinib.
bryostatin 1: (BRY-uh-STA-tin); A substance being studied in the treatment of cancer and certain brain conditions such as Alzheimer disease and stroke. It binds to an enzyme involved in cell growth and it may help anticancer drugs work better. Bryostatin 1 comes from a marine organism. It is a type of protein kinase C modulator.
BSE: A way a person can check their own breasts by feeling for lumps or other changes. BSEs can help a person learn how their breasts normally look and feel and notice when changes occur. Research has shown that doing BSEs does not lower the risk of dying from breast cancer and may lead to extra tests and procedures. Also called breast self-exam.
BSH: A substance used in a type of radiation therapy called boron neutron capture therapy. BSH is injected into a vein and becomes concentrated in tumor cells. The patient then receives radiation treatment with atomic particles called neutrons. The neutrons react with the boron in BSH and make radioactive particles that kill the tumor cells without harming normal cells. Also called sodium borocaptate.
BSI-201: A substance being studied in the treatment of some types of cancer. BSI-201 may kill cancer cells. Also called iniparib.
BSS: A rare, inherited disorder in which tumors form in the hair follicles and sweat glands in the skin. The tumors usually occur on the head and neck, but they can also occur in the salivary glands and in other parts of the body. They tend to be large and increase in number over time and can affect vision, hearing, sense of smell, and the ability to chew and swallow. The tumors usually appear in late childhood or early adolescence. They are usually benign (not cancer) but may become cancer. People with this disorder have an increased risk of developing basal cell skin cancer and salivary gland tumors. BSS is caused by a mutation (change) in the CYLD gene. Also called Brooke-Spiegler syndrome.
BTK inhibitor: (… in-HIH-bih-ter); A substance that blocks the activity of a protein called Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK), which plays an important role in the development and maturation of B cells. B cells are a type of white blood cell that makes special proteins called antibodies. BTK inhibitors bind to the BTK protein, which is found on most B cells and some types of cancer cells. Blocking BTK may help keep cancer cells from growing. Some BTK inhibitors are used to treat cancer.
buccal mucosa: (BUH-kul myoo-KOH-suh); The inner lining of the cheeks.
bucket trial: (BUH-ket TRY-ul); A type of clinical trial that tests how well a new drug or other substance works in patients who have different types of cancer that all have the same mutation or biomarker. In bucket trials, patients all receive the same treatment that targets the specific mutation or biomarker found in their cancer. Bucket trials may allow new drugs to be tested and approved more quickly than traditional clinical trials. Bucket trials may also be useful for studying rare cancers and cancers with rare genetic changes. Also called basket trial.
budesonide: (byoo-DEH-suh-nide); A drug used in the treatment of asthma and rhinitis. It is also being studied in the treatment of cancer. Budesonide belongs to the family of drugs called steroids.
bugbane: (BUG-bayn); An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The scientific name is Cimicifuga racemosa. Also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugwort, and rattlesnake root.
bugwort: (BUG-wort); An eastern North American perennial herb. A substance obtained from the root of the plant has been used in some cultures to treat a number of medical problems. It is being studied in the treatment of hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. The scientific name is Cimicifuga racemosa. Also called black cohosh, black snakeroot, bugbane, and rattlesnake root.
bulbar conjunctivitis: (BUL-bar kun-JUNK-tih-VY-tis); A condition in which the thin layer of tissue that covers the sclera (the white part of the eye) becomes inflamed. The cause is usually not known, but it may occur with certain inflammatory conditions, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Signs and symptoms include redness, swelling, tenderness, mild pain in the eye, and sensitivity to light. Bulbar conjunctivitis usually does not affect vision and often goes away without treatment. Also called episcleritis.
bulk-forming agent: (...FOR-ming AY-jent); A substance, such as fiber in food, that adds bulk and water to stools so that they can pass more easily through the intestines (lower part of the digestive tract).
BuMel: An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma for a stem cell transplant. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BuMel includes the drugs busulfan and melphalan hydrochloride. Also called BuMel regimen.
BuMel regimen: (… REH-jih-men); An abbreviation for a chemotherapy combination used to prepare patients with high-risk neuroblastoma for a stem cell transplant. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. BuMel regimen includes the drugs busulfan and melphalan hydrochloride. Also called BuMel.
BUN: Nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea (a substance formed by the breakdown of protein in the liver). The kidneys filter urea out of the blood and into the urine. A high level of urea nitrogen in the blood may be a sign of a kidney problem. Also called blood urea nitrogen and urea nitrogen.
bupivacaine hydrochloride: (byoo-PIH-vuh-kane HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to relieve pain by blocking signals at nerve endings. It is being studied in the relief of pain following surgery for cancer. It is a type of local anesthetic. Also called Marcaine and Sensorcaine.
buprenorphine hydrochloride: (BYOO-preh-NOR-feen HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to treat moderate to severe pain. It also reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms in people with opioid use disorder. Buprenorphine hydrochloride works by binding to certain opioid receptors in the central nervous system. This blocks pain signals and changes how the body responds to pain. Buprenorphine hydrochloride is a type of synthetic opioid agonist that works as an analgesic (pain reliever).
bupropion hydrochloride: (byoo-PROH-pee-on HY-droh-KLOR-ide); A drug used to treat depression and certain other disorders. It is also used to help people stop smoking. Bupropion hydrochloride increases the levels of the chemicals dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain. This helps improve mood and can lessen cravings for nicotine. It is a type of antidepressant and a type of nicotine receptor antagonist. Also called Wellbutrin and Zyban.
burdock: (BUR-dok); A plant whose seeds and root have been used in some cultures to treat certain medical problems. It may have antioxidant effects. The scientific name is Arctium lappa. Also called happy major and lappa.
Burkitt leukemia: (BER-kit loo-KEE-mee-uh); A rare, fast-growing type of leukemia (blood cancer) in which too many white blood cells called B lymphocytes form in the blood and bone marrow. It may start in the lymph nodes as Burkitt lymphoma and then spread to the blood and bone marrow, or it may start in the blood and bone marrow without involvement of the lymph nodes. Both Burkitt leukemia and Burkitt lymphoma have been linked to infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.
Burkitt lymphoma: (BER-kit lim-FOH-muh); An aggressive (fast-growing) type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that occurs most often in children and young adults. The disease may affect the jaw, central nervous system, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. There are three main types of Burkitt lymphoma (sporadic, endemic, and immunodeficiency related). Sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs throughout the world, and endemic Burkitt lymphoma occurs in Africa. Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt lymphoma is most often seen in AIDS patients.
burping: (BUR-ping); The release of air or gas from the stomach or esophagus through the mouth. Burping is usually caused by a buildup of air in the esophagus or upper part of the stomach when too much air is swallowed. This can occur when eating or drinking too fast, talking while eating, drinking carbonated drinks, chewing gum, smoking, or having an anxiety attack. Burping may also be a side effect of certain medicines or a symptom of some gastrointestinal conditions and digestive problems, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, and stomach ulcers or infections. Also called belching and eructation.
burr hole: (bur hole); A small opening in the skull made with a surgical drill.
bursitis: (ber-SY-tis); Inflammation (swelling, pain, and warmth) of a bursa. A bursa is a flat, fluid-filled sac found between a bone and a tendon or muscle. It forms a cushion to help the tendon or muscle slide smoothly over the bone. Bursitis may be caused by long-term overuse, trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, or infection. It usually affects the shoulder, knee, elbow, hip, or foot.
buserelin: (BYOO-seh-REH-lin); An anticancer drug that belongs to the family of drugs called gonadotropin-releasing hormones. In prostate cancer therapy, buserelin blocks the production of testosterone in the testicles.
buspirone: (byoo-SPY-rone); A drug that is used to treat certain anxiety disorders. It belongs to the family of drugs called antianxiety agents.
busulfan: (byoo-SUL-fan); A drug used under the brand name Myleran to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and with other drugs under the brand name Busulfex to prepare patients with CML for a donor stem cell transplant. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Busulfan damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent.
Busulfex: (byoo-SUL-fex); A drug that contains the active ingredient busulfan and is used with other drugs to prepare patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia for a donor stem cell transplant. It is also being studied in the treatment of other types of cancer. Busulfex damages the cell’s DNA and may kill cancer cells. It is a type of alkylating agent.
butane: (BYOO-tayn); A colorless gas that catches fire easily and is used as fuel. It is found in gasoline, lighter fluid, and some aerosol sprays. Butane is also one of many harmful chemicals found in tobacco smoke.
buthionine sulfoximine: (byoo-THY-oh-neen sul-FOK-sih-meen); A drug that may help prevent resistance to some anticancer drugs.
buttock: (BUH-tuk); One of two round, fleshy mounds of tissue behind the pelvis. The buttocks are made up of fat and thick muscle tissue that help support the body while sitting. The muscles in the buttocks are also used to move the hips and thighs.
bypass: (BY-pas); A surgical procedure in which the doctor creates a new pathway for the flow of body fluids.