NCI Drug Dictionary

294 results found for: N

N-acetylcysteine/simethicone solution: An oral solution composed of N-acetylcysteine, a synthetic N-acetyl derivative of the endogenous amino acid L-cysteine, and simethicone, a mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes and hydrated silica gel, with mucolytic and antifoaming activities. Upon oral administration of the mucolytic solution, N-acetylcysteine breaks down disulfide bonds in mucoproteins, resulting in liquification of mucus in the upper respiratory tract. Simethicone reduces the surface tension of gas bubbles causing them to coalesce into larger bubbles that can be passed more easily. This increases the passage of mucus and gas bubbles from the upper digestive tract. This may also increase visibility of the gastric mucosa during upper endoscopy.
N-dihydrogalactochitosan: A carbohyrate polymer in which galactose molecules are attached to the amino groups of the glucosamine polymer chitosan, with potential imunostimulating activity. After a tumor ablation and upon intratumoral injection directly into the location of the ablated tumor, N-dihydrogalactochitosan may trigger a tumor-specific systemic immune response when exposed to tumor-associated neoantigens that are liberated by tumor ablation. This may kill tumor cells.
N-methylformamide: A water-soluble organic solvent. As an adjuvant antineoplastic agent, N-methylformamide depletes cellular glutathione, a key molecule involved in the antioxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other free radicals, thereby enhancing ionizing radiation-induced DNA cross-linking in and terminal differentiation of tumor cells.
N-oleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine/epigallocatechin gallate supplement: A dietary supplement composed of a phosphobioflavonic complex containing two naturally occurring dietary ingredients: the phospholipid N-oleyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NOPE), which consists of the fatty acid amide oleoyl ethanolamine (OEA) bound to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and the flavonol epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), which is derived from standardized green tea extract, with potential anorexic activity. Upon oral administration of the NOPE/EGCG supplement, NOPE is hydrolyzed into the N-acylethanolamine N-oleyl-ethanolamide (NOE) and phosphatidic acid. NOE inhibits anandamide, thereby preventing the increase in appetite and promotes the activation of several intestinal receptors, which signal the brain center to reduce food intake. EGCG inhibits enzymes that contribute to the degradation of catecholamines, stimulates lipolysis, and promotes weight loss. NOPE and EGCG may work together to provide satiety, improve adherence to a diet, improve performance on impulsivity, and shift fat and sweet preference. This may reduce weight gain and may increase weight loss.
NA-17/MAGE-3.A2/NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of peptides derived from the melanoma antigen NA-17, the human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2-restricted human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3.A2) and the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NA-17/MAGE-3.A2/NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NA-17, MAGE-3.A2 and NY-ESO-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) NA-17, MAGE-3.A2 and NY-ESO-1 are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.
NA17-A antigen: A specific melanoma antigen protein derived from a patient (NA17) with cutaneous melanoma metastases. When administered in a vaccine formulation, NA17-A antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size. The NA17-A antigen is part of the enzyme N-acetyl glucosaminyl-transferase V (GnT-V). Approximately half of melanomas have been found to express significant levels of this atypical protein, which is not expressed by normal tissues.
NA17.A2 peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine comprised of human leukocyte antigen HLA-A2-restricted peptide derived from a metastatic melanoma cell line of patient NA17, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. NA17.A2 peptide vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumors that express this antigen, which may result in a reduction in tumor size. This NA17 specific antigen, encoded by an intron sequence of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) gene, is expressed in about 50% of melanomas.
nab-paclitaxel: A Cremophor EL-free, albumin-stabilized nanoparticle formulation of the natural taxane paclitaxel with antineoplastic activity. Paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes microtubules, preventing their depolymerization and so inhibiting cellular motility, mitosis, and replication. This formulation solubilizes paclitaxel without the use of the solvent Cremophor, thereby permitting the administration of larger doses of paclitaxel while avoiding the toxic effects associated with Cremophor.
Nab-paclitaxel/danburstotug complex AP160: A formulation composed of nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel, which is an albumin-stabilized nanoparticle containing the natural taxane paclitaxel, complexed with danburstotug, a human monoclonal antibody directed against the immunosuppressive ligand programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; cluster of differentiation 274; CD274), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of nab-paclitaxel/danburstotug complex AP160, the danburstotug moiety specifically binds to PD-L1 and targets this formulation to PD-L1-positive tumor cells. In turn, paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes microtubules, which prevents depolymerization and inhibits cellular motility, mitosis, and replication. This leads to cell death of PD-L1-expressing tumor cells that were targeted by this agent. The combination of albumin-stabilization and targeting by the danburstotug moiety allows for higher efficacy and decreased paclitaxel-induced toxicity as it specifically targets PD-L1-expressing tumor cells. PD-L1 is overexpressed by many human cancer cell types.
nab-paclitaxel/rituximab-coated nanoparticle AR160: A formulation composed of nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab) paclitaxel, which is an albumin-stabilized nanoparticle containing the natural taxane paclitaxel, non-covalently coated with rituximab, a recombinant chimeric murine/human antibody directed against the CD20 antigen found on B-lymphocytes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of nab-paclitaxel/rituximab nanoparticle AR160, the rituximab moiety specifically binds to CD20 and targets this formulation to CD20-positive tumor cells. Paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes microtubules, which prevents depolymerization and inhibits cellular motility, mitosis, and replication. This leads to cell death of the CD20-expressing tumor cells that were targeted by this agent. The combination of albumin-stabilization and rituximab-targeting allows for higher efficacy and decreased paclitaxel-induced toxicity as it specifically targets CD20-expressing tumor cells. Rituximab may also induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity.
nabilone: A synthetic cannabinoid and dibenzopyrane derivative with anti-emetic activity. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated yet, it has been suggested that nabilone is a highly selective and strong agonist for the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, both of which are coupled to Gi/o proteins. The CB1 receptors are expressed predominantly in central and peripheral neurons and receptor stimulation has been implicated in the reduction of chemotherapy-induced nausea.
nabiximols: An herbal preparation containing a defined quantity of specific cannabinoids formulated for oromucosal spray administration with potential analgesic activity. Nabiximols contains a standardized extract of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD), other minor cannabinoids, flavonoids, and terpenes from two cannabis plant varieties. Cannabinoids interact with G protein-coupled cannabinoid 1 (CB1) receptors in the central nervous system, resulting in analgesic, euphoric, and anticonvulsive effects.
nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg: A replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus encoding human interferon alpha-2b with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical administration, nadofaragene firadenovec-vncg infects nearby tumor cells and expresses INF alpha-2b intracellularly which activates the transcription and translation of genes whose products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor, and immune-modulating effects.
nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic activities. Nadolol competitively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors located in the heart and vascular smooth muscle, inhibiting the activities of the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and producing negative inotropic and chronotropic effects. This agent exhibits antiarrhythmic activity via the impairment of atrioventricular (AV) node conduction and a corresponding reduction in sinus rate. In the kidney, inhibition of the beta-2 receptor within the juxtaglomerular apparatus results in the inhibition of renin production and a subsequent reduction in angiotensin II and aldosterone levels, thus inhibiting angiotensin II-dependent vasoconstriction and aldosterone-dependent water retention.
nadroparin calcium: A low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) composed of a heterogeneous mixture of sulfated polysaccharide glycosaminoglycan chains obtained by depolymerisation of porcine mucosal sodium heparin, extraction/purification and conversion to the calcium salt. Nadroparin binds to antithrombin III (ATIII) and inhibits the activity of activated factor X (factor Xa), thereby inhibiting the final common pathway of the coagulation cascade and preventing the formation of a cross-linked fibrin clot.
nafoxidine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the partial estrogen antagonist nafoxidine. Nafoxidine competes with endogenous estrogen for binding to specific estrogen receptors. This agent also inhibits angiogenesis in some tissues by blocking the effects of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); paradoxically, it may enhance angiogenesis in uterine tissue. Nafoxidine also induces oxidative stress, protein kinase C and calcium signaling.
nalbuphine: A synthetic mixed opioid agonist-antagonist with analgesic properties. Although its exact mechanism has not been fully delineated, it is hypothesized that upon administration, nalbuphine binds to kappa receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters that mediate pain, such as substance P. Additionally, nalbuphine exerts post-synaptic inhibitory effects on interneurons and output neurons of the spinothalamic tract, responsible for transporting nociceptive information. Compared to other opioid agents that stimulate mu receptors, nalbuphine antagonizes mu receptors, thereby potentially producing less intense respiratory depression.
naloxegol: A pegylated form of naloxone, a peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, that can be used to reduce opioid-induced symptoms. Upon administration, naloxegol binds to and blocks mu-opioid receptors in the peripheral nervous system. This prevents peripheral opioid receptor activation and abrogates opioid-induced side effects, such as opioid-induced constipation (OIC). Pegylation of naloxone reduces permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and prevents this agent from interfering with the analgesic activity of opioid receptor agonists.
naloxone hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of naloxone, a thebaine derivate with opioid antagonist activity. Naloxone binds to opioid receptors in the CNS in a competitive manner, reversing or inhibiting characteristic opioid effects, including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence. This agent binds to mu-opioid receptors with a high affinity, and a lesser degree to kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors.
naltrexone hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of naltrexone, a noroxymorphone derivative with competitive opioid antagonistic activity. Naltrexone and its metabolite 6-beta-naltrexol reverse the effects of opioids by binding to various opioid receptors in the central nervous system CNS), including the mu-, kappa- and gamma-opioid receptors; opioid effects of analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia, and physical dependence are inhibited. Naltrexone is longer-acting and more potent compared to naloxone.
naltrexone hydrochloride/bupropion hydrochloride: A fixed combination of naltrexone hydrochloride, an opioid antagonist, and bupropion hydrochloride, an aminoketone antidepressant and a weak inhibitor of the neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, that may be used for appetite regulation, weight management and weight loss. Upon oral administration of naltrexone hydrochloride/bupropion hydrochloride, naltrexone binds to and blocks the various opioid receptors in the central nervous system. Bupropion inhibits neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, thereby increasing the level of these neurotransmitters. Bupropion may also have a direct effect on the hypothalamus, the appetite regulatory center. These actions may block the rewarding aspects of food and reduce appetite and food cravings, and contribute to weight loss.
Namenda: (Other name for: memantine hydrochloride)
namodenoson: An orally bioavailable, synthetic, highly selective adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) agonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Namodenoson selectively binds to and activates the cell surface-expressed A3AR, deregulating Wnt and NF-kB signal transduction pathways downstream, which may result in apoptosis of A3AR-expressing tumor cells. A3AR, a G protein-coupled receptor, is highly expressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and plays an important role in cellular proliferation.
NAMPT inhibitor OT-82: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-synthesizing enzyme nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT; NAMPRTase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, NAMPT inhibitor OT-82 binds to and inhibits the activity of NAMPT. This depletes cellular NAD and inhibits NAD-dependent enzymes, both of which are needed for rapid cell proliferation; this results in cell death in NAMPT-overexpressing cancer cells. NAMPT, an enzyme that is responsible for maintaining the intracellular NAD pool, plays a key role in the regulation of cellular metabolism and has cytokine-like activities. NAMPT is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and metabolic disorders; tumor cells rely on NAMPT activity for their NAD supply.
Namzaric: (Other name for: donepezil hydrochloride/memantine hydrochloride extended release)
NanaBis: (Other name for: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol combination agent)
nanatinostat: An orally bioavailable, second-generation hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC), with potential antineoplastic activity. Nanatinostat targets and inhibits HDAC, resulting in an accumulation of highly acetylated histones, the induction of chromatin remodeling, and the selective transcription of tumor suppressor genes; these events result in the inhibition of tumor cell division and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. This agent may upregulate HSP70 and downregulate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins more substantially than some first-generation HDAC inhibitors. HDACs, upregulated in many tumor cell types, are a family of metalloenzymes responsible for the deacetylation of chromatin histone proteins.
nandrolone decanoate: The decanoate salt form of nandrolone, an anabolic steroid analog of testosterone with androgenic, anabolic, and erythropoietin stimulating effects. Nandrolone enters the cell and binds to and activates specific nuclear androgen receptors in responsive tissue, including the prostate, seminal vesicles, scrotum, penis, larynx, hair follicles, muscle, and bone. The resulting activated hormone receptor complex translocates into the nucleus and binds to androgen response elements (ARE) in the promoter region of targeted genes, where the complex promotes gene expression necessary for maintaining male sex characteristics. Mimicking the negative feedback mechanism of testosterone, nandrolone decanoate also suppresses the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). Furthermore, this agent also stimulates erythropoietin production by enhancing the production of erythropoietic stimulating factors.
nanocell-encapsulated miR-16-based microRNA mimic: A nanoparticle-based formulation composed of a microRNA 16 (miR-16) mimic, a double-stranded, 23 base pair, synthetic RNA molecule, encapsulated in nonliving bacterial minicells and coated with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibodies, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration and subsequent transfection, nanocell-encapsulated miR-16-based microRNA mimic targets EGFR-expressing tumor cells and facilitates the restoration of expression of the miR-16 family. This leads to the downregulation of the expression of tumor-promoting genes and the inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, restoration of miR-16 expression sensitizes the tumor cell to certain chemotherapeutic agents. miR-16, a family of microRNAs, is critical to the regulation of gene expression and appears to have a tumor suppressor function; its expression is downregulated in various cancer cell types.
nanocurcumin: An orally bioavailable nanoparticle-based formulation containing curcumin, a poorly water-soluble phytopolylphenol pigment isolated from the plant Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, with a variety of pharmacologic properties, including antineoplastic, chemopreventive, antioxidant, anti-angiogenic, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon oral administration, nanocurcumin blocks the formation of reactive-oxygen species (ROS), neutralizes free radicals, and prevents oxidative stress and DNA damage. Curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory properties as a result of inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX) and other enzymes involved in inflammation, and inhibits the activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), and the NF-kB-mediated signaling pathway. This decreases the production of inflammatory mediators, such as interferon-gamma (IFNg). It disrupts various cell signal transduction pathways involved in carcinogenesis and prevents the expression of many transcription factors, and modulates the expression of many genes and proteins involved in tumor cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis. It also induces tumor cell apoptosis. It may also modulate the immune system, enhance an immune response against tumor cells, and may decrease regulatory T cells (Tregs). This may prevent and/or inhibit tumor cell formation and proliferation. Compared to the very poorly absorbed curcumin alone, this nanoformulation may have greater bioavailability, an improved pharmacokinetic profile and increased efficacy.
Nanopac: (Other name for: submicron particle paclitaxel sterile suspension)
nanoparticle albumin-bound docetaxel: A nanoparticle albumin-bound formulation of the taxane docetaxel with antineoplastic activity. Docetaxel is a semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane derived from a compound found in the European yew tree Taxus baccata. Docetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This agent also inhibits pro-angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and displays immunomodulatory and pro-inflammatory properties by inducing various mediators of the inflammatory response. This nanoparticle albumin-bound formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of the nonionic solubilizer Cremophor ELP, permitting the administration of larger doses of docetaxel while avoiding Cremophor ELP-associated toxicity.
nanoparticle albumin-bound thiocolchicine dimer nab-5404: A nanoparticle albumin-bound formulation of a thiocolchicine dimer, an inhibitor of both microtubule and topoisomerase I (TOP1), with antineoplastic and vascular disrupting activities. Upon administration of nanoparticle albumin-bound thiocolchicine dimer nab-5404, this agent binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which blocks mitotic spindle formation and leads to cell cycle arrest and tumor endothelial cell apoptosis. This disrupts the tumor vasculature and leads to tumor necrosis. In addition, nab-5404 binds to topoisomerase I (TOPI) and inhibits its activity. This results in the inhibition of the repair of single-strand DNA breaks, DNA replication, and tumor cell growth in susceptible tumor cell populations. The nanoparticle albumin-based formulation permits the albumin-mediated endocytosis of the thiocolchicine dimer by tumor cells and endothelial cells.
nanoparticle encapsulated AChR epitopes CNP-106: A nanoparticle-based formulation consisting of an antigenic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) peptide pool dispersed within a negatively charged polymer matrix of poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) particles, with potential immunomodulatory activity. Upon administration, nanoparticle encapsulated AChR epitopes CNP-106 binds to inflammatory cells and delivers multiple AChR epitopes, which initiates tolerogenic immune reprogramming. This may induce and promote antigen-specific tolerance against AChR, which may prevent neuromuscular junction damage and dysfunction that results from autoimmunity targeting AChR.
nanoparticle formulation CPI-300: A nanoparticle-based formulation composed of a nanoscale coordination polymer (NCP) complex containing two as of yet undisclosed anti-tumor agents, with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, nanoparticle formulation CPI-300 delivers the anti-tumor agents to tumor cells, which may lead, through as of yet undisclosed mechanism of actions (MoAs), to specific tumor cell killing and inhibition of proliferation of tumor cells.
nanoparticle paclitaxel ointment SOR007: A topical ointment composed of the water-insoluble taxane paclitaxel that has been processed to form uncoated nanoparticles, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical administration of nanoparticle paclitaxel ointment SOR007 to the affected area, and following epithelial and dermal penetration, paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, which leads to the inhibition of cell division, thereby halting the proliferation of rapidly-dividing tumor cells. The nanoparticles in the nanoparticle paclitaxel ointment are produced through a specific proprietary submicron particle production.
nanoparticle SN-38-encapsulated micelle formulation IT-141: A nanoparticle-based formulation consisting of polymeric micelles, composed of triblock copolymers, loaded with the bioactive hydrophobic irinotecan metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nanoparticle SN-38-encapsulated micelle formulation IT141 diffuses into the tumor site and the SN-38 moiety binds to and inhibits topoisomerase I by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, which results in DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptosis. Compared to SN-38 alone, this formulation increases the water solubility of SN-38 and allows the delivery of higher doses of SN-38. IT-141 also has a much longer circulation time and reduces toxicity to normal, healthy tissues.
nanoparticle SN-38-encapsulated micelle formulation SNB-101: A nanoparticle-based formulation consisting of double core-shell (DUCS) micelles containing 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), the active, hydrophobic metabolite of the prodrug irinotecan, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, nanoparticle SN-38-encapsulated micelle formulation SNB-101 diffuses into the tumor site and the SN-38 moiety binds to and inhibits topoisomerase I by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, which results in DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptosis. Compared to SN-38 alone, this formulation increases the water solubility of the poorly soluble drug SN-38, and due to the stability of this formulation, it has a much longer circulation time and reduces toxicity to normal, healthy tissues.
nanoparticle-based manganese-containing contrast agent SN132D: A contrast agent formulation composed of a polymeric core containing the paramagnetic contrast agent manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2 4H2O), in which the Mn2+ ions are chelated to phosphonate groups, and covered with a coating layer of covalently attached polyetyleneglycol (PEG)-polymers, that can potentially be used as a contrast enhancer during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon intravenous administration of the nanoparticle-based manganese-containing contrast agent SN132D, the nanoparticles enhance absorption of the poorly absorbable contrast agent manganese, and selectively accumulates in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Due to the retention of manganese in the TME and its paramagnetic properties, this contrast agent enhances the visualization and detection of tumor cells during MRI.
nanoparticle-encapsulated doxorubicin hydrochloride: A formulation of nanoparticles encapsulating the hydrochloride salt form of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential antitumor activity. Upon intravenous administration, doxorubicin intercalates DNA, interferes with the activity of topoisomerase II, and causes DNA adducts and other DNA damage, resulting in tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. Delivery of doxorubicin in nanoparticles may improve drug penetration into tumors and may circumvent the tumor cells' multidrug resistance mechanisms and may therefore be effective in chemoresistant tumor cells.
nanoparticles encapsulating TLR7 agonist 1v270 MBS8: A micelle nanoparticle formulation composed of the Toll-Like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist phospholipid conjugate 1v270 encapsulated within 1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE)-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-2000, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon intravenous administration of the nanoparticles encapsulating TLR7 agonist 1v270 MBS8, the TLR7 agonist targets, binds to and activates TLR7, thereby stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) and neutrophils, and enhancing natural killer cell (NK) cytotoxicity. This activation results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferon alpha. MBS8 may activate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated anti-tumor immune responses leading to tumor cell lysis. In addition, MBS8 is able to stimulate immune memory T cells to further recognize and eliminate cancer cells. TLR7 is a member of the TLR family, which plays a fundamental role in pathogen recognition and the activation of innate immunity. The micelle formulation was engineered to reduce systemic cytokine production which may lower systemic toxicity.
nanoplexed poly I:C BO-112: A synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) nanoplexed with the cationic carrier polyethylenimine (PEI), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, nanoplexed poly I:C BO-112, which mimics viral RNAs, may stimulate the release of cytotoxic cytokines and induces interferon-gamma production. This may increase the tumoricidal activities of various immunohematopoietic cells. The PEI carrier enhances the delivery of the agent into the cells.
nanoscale coordination polymer nanoparticles CPI-100: A preparation of self-assembled core-shell nanoscale coordination polymer (NCP) nanoparticles containing an as of yet undisclosed payload with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, NCP nanoparticle formulation CPI-100 delivers its payload to tumor cells, which may lead to enhanced immune-mediated killing and regression of tumor cells.
nanosomal docetaxel lipid suspension: A lipid-based nanosomal formulation of the poorly soluble, semi-synthetic, second-generation taxane docetaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous injection, docetaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin, which inhibits microtubule disassembly and results in both cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. This liposomal formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of toxic solvents, such as polysorbate 80. This permits the administration of larger doses of docetaxel and improves the drug’s safety profile by avoiding solvent-associated toxicities, such as hypersensitivity reactions and neurotoxicity. In addition, the nanosomal lipid-based delivery of docetaxel improves drug penetration into tumors and decreases drug clearance, all of which prolong the duration of docetaxel’s therapeutic effects.
nanrilkefusp alfa: A human fusion protein consisting of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 and the high-affinity binding sushi+ domain of IL-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Ra), with potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nanrilkefusp alfa activates and increases the levels of natural killer (NK) cells and memory CD8+ T cells. The memory T cells enhance the secretion of the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-g), which further potentiates the immune response against tumor cells. This may increase tumor cell killing and decrease tumor cell proliferation. IL-15 regulates CD8+ T and NK cell development, activation and proliferation. Nanrilkefusp alfa is more potent than unmodified IL-15 and does not require endogenous IL-15Ra for its action.
napabucasin: An orally available cancer cell stemness inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Even though the exact target has yet to be fully elucidated, napabucasin appears to target and inhibit multiple pathways involved in cancer cell stemness. This may ultimately inhibit cancer stemness cell (CSC) growth as well as heterogeneous cancer cell growth. CSCs, self-replicating cells that are able to differentiate into heterogeneous cancer cells, appear to be responsible for the malignant growth, recurrence and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.
naphthalimide analogue UNBS5162: An amonafide (naphthalimide) derivative and pan-antagonist of chemokine ligand (CXCL) expression, with potential anti-angiogenic activity. Although UNBS5162 is a derivative of amonafide, this agent appears to have a different profile than that of amonafide and its exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated. This agent seems to decrease the expression of various proangiogenic CXCL chemokines in vitro and may have synergistic effects with radiotherapy or chemotherapy. CXCLs are small cytokines in the CXC chemokine family that are overexpressed in certain cancers; CXCL-mediated signaling plays a key role in angiogenesis and tumor progression.
naporafenib: An orally available inhibitor of all members of the serine/threonine protein kinase Raf family, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, naporafenib binds to Raf proteins and inhibits Raf-mediated signal transduction pathways. This inhibits proliferation of Raf-overexpressing tumor cells. Raf protein kinases are critical enzymes in the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. They play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
Naprosyn: (Other name for: naproxen)
naproxen: A propionic acid derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Naproxen inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in a decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis is responsible for the therapeutic effects of naproxen. Naproxen also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.
naptumomab estafenatox: A recombinant fusion protein consisting of the antigen-binding fragment of a monoclonal antibody directed towards the tumor-associated oncofetal trophoblast glycoprotein antigen 5T4 attached to a mutated form of superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEA/E-120), with immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The Fab moiety of naptumomab estafenatox binds to 5T4, an antigen expressed by various tumor cells. In turn, the superantigen binds to both major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to the T-cell receptor beta chain, which results in a massive activation of T lymphocytes and induces a potent T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells.
naratuximab emtansine: An immunoconjugate that consists of a humanized IgG1 antibody K7153A against the cell-surface antigen CD37 and covalently linked via the uncleavable, maleimide-derived thioether-based linker SMCC to the maytansinoid DM1, with potential pro-apoptotic and cytotoxic activities. Upon administration of naratuximab emtansine, the antibody moiety of IMGN529 binds to CD37 on tumor B cells and induces an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), thereby showing pro-apoptotic activity. In addition, after the internalization of this agent and lysosomal degradation, the DM1 moiety binds to tubulin and inhibits tubulin polymerization and microtubule assembly, resulting in a disruption of microtubule activity and cell division, and eventually causing cell death in CD37-positive B cells. CD37, a transmembrane glycoprotein, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Compared to reducible, cleavable linkers, the non-reducible SMCC linker shows increased stability in plasma.
narazaciclib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of NUAK family SNF1-like kinase 1 (AMPK-related protein kinase 5; ARK5), and the cyclin-dependent kinases 4 (CDK4) and 6 (CDK6), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration,narazaciclib specifically binds to and inhibits ARK5, which interferes with the activation of ARK5-mediated signal transduction pathways and reduces cell proliferation in cancer cells that overexpress ARK5. In addition, ON 123300 inhibits CDK4 and 6 and prevents the phosphorylation of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein in early G1. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation prevents CDK-mediated G1-S phase transition, which causes G1 phase cell cycle arrest, suppresses DNA synthesis and inhibits cancer cell growth. ARK5, a member of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, is associated with tumor growth and invasion. Overexpression of CDK4/6, which is seen in certain types of cancer, causes cell cycle deregulation.
Narcan: (Other name for: naloxone hydrochloride)
Nardil: (Other name for: phenelzine sulfate)
narlumosbart: A recombinant, human, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody directed against the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa beta ligand (RANKL), with potential antiosteoclast and bone-sparing activities. Upon administration, anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody JMT103 specifically binds to RANKL and blocks the interaction of RANKL with RANK, a receptor located on osteoclast cell surfaces. This may inhibit osteoclast activity, decrease bone resorption, increase bone mineral density, and may protect bones from tumor metastasis. This may abrogate hypercalcemia of malignancy and may correct serum calcium levels. RANKL, a protein expressed by osteoblastic cells, plays an important role in osteoclastic differentiation and activation. Both RANKL and RANK are overexpressed in certain bone tumors, and the RANK/RANKL-mediated signaling pathway plays an important role in certain bone tumors.
narnatumab: A monoclonal antibody against RON (recepteur d'origine nantais; macrophage stimulating 1 receptor), with potential antineoplastic activity. Narnatumab binds to RON, thereby preventing binding of its ligand hepatocyte growth factor-like protein (HGFL or macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP)). This may prevent RON receptor-mediated signaling and may prevent cellular proliferation in tumor cells overexpressing RON. RON, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of epithelial cancer cell types and plays an important role in cellular proliferation, migration and invasion.
Naropin: (Other name for: ropivacaine hydrochloride)
Nasacort: (Other name for: triamcinolone acetonide)
Nasalfent: (Other name for: fentanyl citrate pectin-based nasal spray)
Nascobal: (Other name for: cyanocobalamin)
Nasocort: (Other name for: budesonide)
natalizumab: A humanized recombinant IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha4 subunit of the integrins alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 with immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, and potential antineoplastic activities. Natalizumab binds to the apha4-subunit of alpha4beta1 and alpha4beta7 integrins expressed on the surface of all leukocytes except neutrophils, inhibiting the alpha4-mediated adhesion of leukocytes to counter-receptor(s) such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); natalizumab –mediated disruption of VCAM-1 binding by these integrins may prevent the transmigration of leukocytes across the endothelium into inflamed parenchymal tissue. Integrins are cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) that are upregulated in various types of cancer and some autoimmune diseases; alpha4beta1 integrin (VLA4) has been implicated in the survival of myeloma cells, possibly by mediating their adhesion to stromal cells.
nateglinide: A phenylalanine derivative of the meglitinide class of agents with hypoglycemic activity. Nateglinide, compared to repaglitinide, binds with a higher affinity to the SUR1 subunit and with a faster onset of action and a shorter duration of action. This agent is metabolized by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2C9, and, to a lesser extent, by CYP3A4. The parent drug and metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine and its half-life is about 1.5 hours.
Natesto: (Other name for: testosterone nasal gel)
Natolone: (Other name for: pregnenolone)
Natrecor: (Other name for: nesiritide)
natural human interferon alpha OPC-18: A proprietary preparation of natural human interferon alpha (IFN alpha) with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Natural human interferon alpha OPC-18 binds to cell-surface IFN alpha receptors (IFNARs), resulting in the transcription and translation of genes whose products mediate antiviral, antiproliferative, and immune-modulating effects. IFN alpha is a type I interferon produced by peripheral blood leukocytes or lymphoblastoid cells when exposed to live or inactivated virus, double-stranded RNA, or bacterial products and is the primary interferon produced by virus-induced leukocyte cultures. In addition to its pronounced antiviral activity, it activates NK cells.
natural killer cells ZRx101: A population of activated, immortalized, interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent, cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells with potential antitumor activity. Natural killer cells ZRx101 are derived from NK-92 cells, having been modified to target tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) upregulated in certain types of cancer. The NK-92 cell line was originally isolated from a patient with large granular lymphocytic (LGL) leukemia/lymphoma.
navarixin: An orally available small molecule antagonist of the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (CXCR1; interleukin-8 receptor alpha; IL8RA) and 2 (CXCR2; interleukin-8 receptor beta; IL8RB), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, navarixin binds to and inhibits the activation of CXCR 1 and 2. This inhibits CXCR1/2-mediated signaling, reduces both recruitment and migration of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment (TME), inhibits inflammatory processes and abrogates the immunosuppressive nature of the TME. This allows effector cells, such as natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs), to kill and eliminate cancer cells. This inhibits tumor cell migration, metastasis, angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. CXCR 1 and 2, G protein-coupled receptor proteins located on myeloid cells and certain tumor cells, play key roles in the immunosuppressive nature of the TME, tumor metastasis, therapy-resistance, myeloid cell suppression, and inflammation.
navicixizumab: A bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against both the Notch ligand delta-like 4 (DLL4) and the human tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with potential anti-angiogenic and antineoplastic activities. The anti-DLL4 moiety of navicixizumab specifically binds to DLL4, prevents its interaction with Notch receptors, and inhibits Notch-mediated signaling and gene transcription, which may both block tumor angiogenesis and inhibit tumor cell growth. The anti-VEGF moiety binds to VEGF and prevents the binding of VEGF to its receptor, which blocks VEGF-mediated signaling and further inhibits the growth and maintenance of tumor blood vessels. The expression of DLL4 is highly restricted to the vascular endothelium; DLL4/Notch signaling is required for the development of functional tumor blood vessels. The expression of the pro-angiogenic growth factor VEGF is associated with tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation and invasion.
navitoclax: An orally active, synthetic small molecule and an antagonist of a subset of the B-cell leukemia 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Navitoclax selectively binds to apoptosis suppressor proteins Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w, which are frequently overexpressed in a wide variety of cancers, including those of the lymph, breast, lung, prostate, and colon, and are linked to tumor drug resistance. Inhibition of these apoptosis suppressors prevents their binding to the apoptotic effectors Bax and Bak proteins, thereby triggering apoptotic processes in cells overexpressing Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w. This eventually reduces tumor cell proliferation.
navoximod: An orally available inhibitor of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, navoximod targets and binds to IDO1, a cytosolic enzyme responsible for the oxidation of the essential amino acid tryptophan into kynurenine. By inhibiting IDO1 and decreasing kynurenine in tumor cells, this agent increases tryptophan levels, restores the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, and T lymphocytes, and causes a reduction in tumor-associated regulatory T cells (Tregs). Activation of the immune system, which is suppressed in many cancers, may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the IDO1-expressing tumor cells. IDO1 is overexpressed by a variety of tumor cell types and plays an important role in immunosuppression. Tryptophan depletion is associated with immunosuppression caused by T-cell suppression.
navy bean powder: The powder form of the cooked navy bean with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Navy beans are rich in fiber, minerals, vitamins, and phytochemicals such as flavonoids and phytosterols. They appear to prevent carcinogenesis by inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Intake of navy bean powder may have a beneficial effect on intestinal microflora.
naxitamab-gqgk: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human tumor-associated antigen GD2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon vaccination, naxitamab stimulates antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2, a disialoganglioside with expression in normal tissues restricted primarily to the cerebellum and peripheral nerves, is commonly expressed at high levels on tumors of neuroectodermal origins such as melanomas and neuroblastomas. Compared to the murine monoclonal antibody 3F8 (m3F8), the humanized form does not cause a human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response and shows enhanced ADCC activity.
ncmtRNA oligonucleotide Andes-1537: A proprietary antisense oligonucleotide targeting a novel non-coding mitochondrial RNA (ncmtRNA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Andes-1537 binds to ncmtRNA, which is overexpressed in rapidly proliferating cells, such as cancer cells, and not expressed in resting cells. This may decrease the expression of the ncmtRNA, which may inhibit cell proliferation and eventually induce apoptosis in susceptible cancer cells. The proprietary mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) belongs to the family of non-coding RNAs (ncRNA); it contains an inverted repeat (IR) of 815 nucleotides (nt), which can form a covalent link to the 5’ end of the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA (16S mtrRNA).
near infrared imaging agent IS-001: A near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent imaging agent and cyanine dye targeting urine proteins, that can potentially be used to improve visualization of the ureter during NIR fluorescence imaging-guided surgery. Upon intravenous administration, NIR imaging agent IS-001 targets and binds to urine proteins in the ureter. Upon fluorescent imaging, the ureter can be visualized and identified. This may prevent ureter injury during pelvic and abdominal surgeries.
near-infrared imaging agent HS-196: An imaging agent containing a human heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor connected by a linker to a near infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye. Upon intravenous administration, HS-196 selectively and competitively binds to Hsp90 in cells. As Hsp90 is upregulated in a variety of tumor cells, the accumulation of the NIR-tethered imaging agent allows for in vivo detection due to enhanced uptake of HS-196. Hsp90 is a molecular chaperone that plays a key role in the conformational maturation, stability and function of oncogenic signaling proteins, such as HER2/ERBB2, AKT, RAF1, BCR-ABL, and mutated p53, as well as many other molecules that are important in cell cycle regulation and/or immune responses.
nebivolol: A beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive and vasodilatory activity. Nebivolol binds to and blocks the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in the heart, thereby decreasing cardiac contractility and rate. This leads to a reduction in cardiac output and lowers blood pressure. In addition, nebivolol potentiates nitric oxide (NO), thereby relaxing vascular smooth muscle and exerting a vasodilatory effect.
nebratamig: An anti-ROR1/anti-CD3/anti-PD-L1/anti-4-1BB tetra-specific antibody, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nebratamig targets and binds to the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1), the immunosuppressive ligand programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; cluster of differentiation 274; CD274) expressed on tumor cells, the T-cell surface antigen CD3 and the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; TNFRSF9) expressed on a variety of leukocyte subsets including activated T lymphocytes. This may crosslink ROR1-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and result in a potent CTL-mediated cell lysis of ROR1-expressing tumor cells. In addition, 4-1BB binding results in T-cell co-stimulation and enhanced anti-tumor activity. At the same time, GNC-035 prevents PD-L1 from binding to and activating its receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279; programmed death-1). This abrogates T-cell inhibition, activates antigen-specific T lymphocytes and enhances CTL-mediated tumor cell lysis, which may lead to a reduction in tumor growth. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits the expansion and survival of CD8-positive T cells, suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion. 4-1BB, a surface glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an inducible costimulatory receptor that plays a key role in T-cell proliferation, survival and cytolytic activity. ROR1, also known as neurotrophic tyrosine kinase, receptor-related 1 (NTRKR1), is expressed during embryogenesis and in many types of hematological malignancies. It plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
NebuPent: (Other name for: pentamidine isethionate)
necitumumab: A fully human IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Necitumumab binds to and blocks the ligand binding site of EGFR, thereby preventing the activation and subsequent dimerization of the receptor. This may lead to an inhibition of EGFR-dependent downstream pathways and so inhibition of EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. EGFR, a member of the epidermal growth factor family of extracellular protein ligands, may be overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various tumor cell types.
Nectin-4-directed TLR8 agonist SBT6290: An immunotherapeutic composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface adhesion molecule and tumor-associated antigen (TAA) nectin-4 (PVRL4) conjugated to a Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8; CD288) agonist, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the nectin-4-directed TLR8 agonist SBT6290, the anti-nectin-4 monoclonal antibody targets and binds to nectin-4 expressed on tumor cells, thereby localizing the TLR8 agonist directly to the tumor site. In turn, the TLR8 agonist moiety binds to TLR8 expressed on myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This activates myeloid cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), myeloid cell-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), and conventional dendritic cells (cDCs), and may lead to the activation of nuclear factor NF-kappa-B, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, macrophage-induced tumor cell killing, inflammasome activation, the activation of cytolytic natural killer (NK) cells and neutrophils, and the induction of a T-helper cell type 1 (Th1)-weighted anti-tumor immune response. It also reverses the suppression of senescent naive and tumor-specific T-cells, and enhances the anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response. TLR8, like other TLRs, recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays a key role in innate and adaptive immunity. Nectin-4, a TAA belonging to the nectin family, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers, but has a restricted distribution in normal tissue.
necuparanib: A low molecular weight heparin derivative and heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) mimetic with no or minimal anticoagulant activity and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, necuparanib mimics HSPGs by binding to and inhibiting various heparin-binding growth factors, chemokines, and cytokines such as VEGF, HGF, FGF2, SDF-1a, heparanase and P-selectin all of which are essential for tumor angiogenesis and metastasis to occur. This inhibits heparin binding growth factor-mediated signaling and disrupts tumor-stromal interactions eventually leading to an inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor cell progression. In addition, M402 may enhance the cytotoxic effect of other chemotherapeutic agents.
nedaplatin: A second-generation cisplatin analogue with antineoplastic activity. Containing a novel ring structure in which glycolate is bound to the platinum by a bidentate ligand, nedaplatin forms reactive platinum complexes that bind to nucelophillic groups in DNA, resulting in intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, apoptosis and cell death. This agent appears to be less nephrotoxic and neurotoxic compared to both cisplatin and carboplatin.
NEDD8 activating enzyme E1 inhibitor TAS4464: An inhibitor of NEDD8 (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8) activating enzyme E1 (NAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TAS4464 selectively binds to and inhibits NAE, which prevents NAE/NEDD8-mediated signaling and prevents the NEDD8 conjugation of cullin-RING ligase complexes (CRLs). This inactivates the CRLs leading to an accumulation of CRL substrate proteins, such as CDT1, p27, p21 and phosphorylated IkappaB, and inactivates nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) as well as downregulates anti-apoptotic proteins. This causes cell cycle dysregulation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell proliferation and survival. NAE catalyzes the first step in the NEDD8 conjugation (neddylation) pathway which controls cancer cell growth and survival through activation of CRLs.
neem mouthrinse: A mouthrinse containing an extract from the Azadirachta indica (A. indica) leaf in addition to other ingredients, such as aloe, anise, ascorbic acid, clove, peppermint, spearmint, and thyme, with potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, soothing and protective activities. Upon rinsing with the neem mouthrinse, the ingredients may exert anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects to help prevent or reduce the symptoms and severity of mucositis.
nefopam hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of nefopam, a centrally-acting, non-opioid benzoxazocine with analgesic activity. The mechanism of action through which nefopam exerts its analgesic effects is, as of yet, largely unknown but may involve inhibition of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake.
neihulizumab: A humanized, agonistic monoclonal antibody against P selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; SELPLG; CD162), with potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon administration, neihulizumab specifically targets and binds to CD162 expressed on activated T-lymphocytes. This induces apoptosis of activated T-cells and reduces T-cell-mediated immune responses. This may halt disease progression of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD).
nelarabine: An arabinonucleoside antimetabolite with antineoplastic activity. Nelarabine is demethoxylated by adenosine deaminase to become biologically active 9-beta-D-arabinosylguanine (ara-G); ara-G incorporates into DNA, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and inducing an S phase-dependent apoptosis of tumor cells.
nelfinavir mesylate: The mesylate salt form of the antiviral agent nelfinavir. Nelfinavir selectively inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease, thereby preventing cleavage of the gag-pol viral polyprotein and resulting in the release of immature, noninfectious virions. In vivo, this agent exhibits broad tissue distribution compared to related agents.
nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF vaccine: A cancer peptide vaccine comprised of a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A2/A3 restricted HER2/neu (ERBB2) peptide from the extracellular domain of the HER2 protein (E75 peptide) and combined with the immunoadjuvant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon intradermal injection, nelipepimut-S plus GM-CSF vaccine may induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against HER2/neu-expressing tumor cell types. HER2/neu, a tumor-associated antigen and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types. GM-CSF potentiates the antitumor immune response.
nelistotug: A monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor CD96 (Tactile; T-cell activation increased late expression), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nelistotug targets, binds to and inhibits CD96 expressed primarily on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, thereby preventing its downstream signaling pathways. This may abrogate CD96-mediated inhibition of T-cell and NK cell effector function and may restore immune function and anti-tumor immune responses through the activation of T cells and NKs. This may kill and inhibit growth of tumor cells. CD96, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily and immunological checkpoint for CD8+ T cells and NK cells, negatively regulates T-cell and NK cell activation and is overexpressed in a variety of cancer settings.
nemtabrutinib: An orally available reversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK; Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nemtabrutinib non-covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of both the wild-type and the C481S mutated form of BTK, a resistance mutation in the BTK active site in which cysteine is substituted for serine at residue 481. This prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B cells that overexpress BTK. Compared to other BTK inhibitors, nemtabrutinib does not require interaction with the BTK C481 site and inhibits the proliferation of cells harboring the BTK C481S mutation. BTK, a member of the Src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed or mutated in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in the development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival of B lymphocytes.
nemvaleukin alfa: A selective effector cell activator protein and agonist of the intermediate-affinity interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nemvaleukin alfa binds to and signals through the intermediate-affinity IL-2 receptor complex; this may selectively stimulate and activate natural killer (NK) cells and memory CD8 T-cells, leading to tumor cell elimination, while circumventing the activation of immunosuppressive cells that may prevent the anti-tumor response. IL-2 is a cytokine signaling molecule that plays a critical role in the immune response.
nendratareotide uzatansine: A miniaturized drug conjugate composed of a peptide analog of somatostatin that targets the somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) and is conjugated, through a cleavable linker, to the microtubule-binding cytotoxic maytansinoid DM1 (mertansine), with potential anti-tumor activity. Upon administration, the peptide ligand moiety of nendratareotide uzatansine targets and binds to SSTR2, which is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types. Binding stimulates SSTR2-mediated endocytosis of the agent; upon internalization, the DM1 moiety is released and binds to tubulin, thereby disrupting microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics. This inhibits both cell division and the proliferation of SSTR2-expressing cancer cells. Compared to antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), miniaturized drug conjugates are much smaller and can more easily penetrate and distribute in dense tumor tissue.
neo-multiple TAA-loaded dendritic cell vaccine: An autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccine composed of DCs loaded with multiple distinct neoantigens, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the neo-multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAA)-loaded DC vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against the tumor cells expressing these neoantigens.
Neo-Oestronol I: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
neoantigen DNA-based pancreatic cancer vaccine: A personalized, polyepitope DNA vaccine composed of a DNA plasmid encoding multiple, highly immunogenic tumor associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically expressed by a patient's pancreatic cancer cells, including personalized epitopes of the TAA mesothelin, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration and electroporation of the neoantigen DNA-based pancreatic cancer vaccine, the expressed TAAs induce a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens.
neoantigen heat shock protein vaccine rHSC-DIPGVax: An off-the-shelf (OTS) peptide-based cancer vaccine consisting of sixteen heat shock protein (Hsp) neo-epitopes that are found in the majority of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and diffuse midline glioma (DMG) tumors, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the neoantigen Hsp vaccine rHSC-DIPGVax, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the Hsp neo-epitopes, which results in tumor cell lysis. Hsps are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types.
neoantigen mRNA personalised cancer vaccine SW1115C3: A personalized cancer vaccine (PCV) consisting of mRNA encoding a patient’s tumor-specific neoantigens, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. The cells from the patient's tumor are analyzed, and genetic sequencing is used to identify neoantigens that may elicit the strongest immune response in the patient. The sequences encoding these neoantigens are transcribed and loaded onto a single mRNA molecule. Upon administration of neoantigen mRNA PCV SW1115C3, the mRNA is taken up by and translated into the desired neoantigens in the patient's antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily dendritic cells (DCs), and presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This may activate tumor antigen-specific T-cells to kill cancer cells expressing these neoantigens.
neoantigen peptide vaccine: A peptide-based cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific antigens, which are immunogenic and unique to the patient's tumor, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination with the neoantigen peptide vaccine, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis.
neoantigen srRNA vaccine JCXH-212: A cancer vaccine consisting of self-replicating RNA (srRNA) encoding a patient's tumor-specific neoantigens, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of neoantigen srRNA vaccine JCXH-212, the srRNA is taken up by and translated into the neoantigens in the patient's antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily dendritic cells (DCs), and presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This may activate tumor antigen-specific T-cells to kill cancer cells expressing these neoantigens.
neoantigen vaccine GEN-009: A peptide-based, personalized cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific mutated synthetic long peptides (SLPs), which are immunogenic and unique to the patient's tumor, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous vaccination with the personalized neoantigen peptide vaccine GEN-009, and administration along with the immunoadjuvant poly-ICLC, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific and potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis. The Antigen Lead Acquisition System (ATLAS) will be used to identify neoantigens in each patient's tumor that are recognized by their CD4 and/or CD8 T cells and will be incorporated into GEN-009 in the form of SLPs. Each personalized vaccine contains between four and twenty SLPs.
neoantigen-based glioblastoma vaccine: A peptide-based, personalized glioblastoma cancer vaccine consisting of patient-specific glioblastoma-derived immunogenic mutated epitopes (neoantigens), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the neoantigen-based glioblastoma vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis. Neoantigens are tumor-specific antigens derived from mutated proteins that are present only in a specific tumor.
neoantigen-based melanoma-poly-ICLC vaccine: A peptide-based melanoma cancer vaccine consisting of neoantigens and peptides derived from patient-specific melanoma immunogenic epitopes, combined with the immunostimulant poly-ICLC with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the neoantigen-based melanoma vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis. The adjuvant poly-ICLC, composed of double-stranded RNA molecules of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly L-lysine in carboxymethylcellulose, is a ligand for toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) and induces the release of cytokines which may help to boost the immune response against the selected neoantigens.
neoantigen-based renal cell carcinoma-poly-ICLC vaccine: A peptide-based renal cell carcinoma (RCC) vaccine consisting of neoantigens and peptides derived from immunogenic epitopes identified through DNA and RNA sequencing of a patient's tumor cells, combined with the immunostimulant poly-ICLC with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with the neoantigen-based RCC vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, leading to tumor cell lysis. The adjuvant poly-ICLC, composed of double-stranded RNA molecules of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly L-lysine in carboxymethylcellulose, is a ligand for toll-like receptor-3 (TLR3) and induces the release of cytokines which may help to boost the immune response against the selected neoantigens.
neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccine GRT-C903: A cancer priming vaccine consisting of tumor-specific shared neoantigens, which are immunogenic and unique across a subset of patients, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccine GRT-C903, followed by the boosting vaccine GRT-R904, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the shared neoantigens expressed on tumor cells, which results in tumor cell lysis.
neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccine GRT-R904: A cancer boosting vaccine consisting of tumor-specific shared neoantigens, which are immunogenic and unique across a subset of patients, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the neoantigen-based therapeutic cancer vaccine GRT-R904, which is administered after the initial administration of the priming vaccine GRT-C903, the peptides stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the shared neoantigens expressed on tumor cells, which results in tumor cell lysis.
neoantigen-encoding personalized virus-2: A personalized cancer vaccine comprised of a not yet disclosed oncolytic virus encoding tumor-specific neoantigens that have been identified through genetic sequencing of a patient’s tumor cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the neoantigen-encoding personalized virus-2 (PSV-2) infects cells and expresses the tumor-specific neoantigens (TSNAs). This stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the TSNAs, leading to tumor cell lysis.
neoantigen-HSP70 peptide cancer vaccine AGEN2017: A proprietary, personalized autologous synthetic cancer vaccine composed of patient-specific synthetic cancer neo-epitopes complexed with heat shock protein 70 (HSP 70; HSP70), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the neoantigen-HSP70 peptide cancer vaccine AGEN2017, the HSPs present the neoantigens to antigen presenting cells (APCs) and help elicit a potent neoantigen-specific T-cell-based anti-tumor immune response, thereby killing the neoantigen-expressing cancer cells. HSP70 is able to the transport the neo-epitopes, activate APCs and enhance the T-cell-mediated immune response.
neoantigen-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A personalized, peptide-based therapeutic dendritic cell (DC) vaccine consisting of autologous DCs loaded with immunogenic peptides derived from autologous cancer cells, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon leukapheresis, mature DCs are loaded with immunogenic neoantigens. Vaccination with the neoantigen-loaded autologous DC vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the neoantigens, which results in tumor cell lysis.
Neogest: (Other name for: norgestrel)
Neohombreol M: (Other name for: methyltestosterone)
Neomark: (Other name for: broxuridine)
Neomark-BU: (Other name for: broxuridine)
neomycin: A broad spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic derived from Streptomyces fradiae with antibacterial activity. Neomycin is an antibiotic complex consisting of 3 components: the two isomeric components B and C are the active components, and neomycin A is the minor component. Neomycin irreversibly binds to the 16S rRNA and S12 protein of the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit. As a result, this agent interferes with the assembly of initiation complex between mRNA and the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting the initiation of protein synthesis. In addition, neomycin induces misreading of the mRNA template and causes translational frameshift, thereby results in premature termination. This eventually leads to bacterial cell death.
Neoquin: (Other name for: apaziquone)
Neoral: (Other name for: cyclosporine)
Neoscan: (Other name for: gallium citrate Ga 67)
neostigmine: A parasympathomimetic agent that acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
Neovastat: (Other name for: shark cartilage extract AE-941)
Neptazane: (Other name for: methazolamide)
neratinib maleate: The maleate salt form of neratinib, an orally available, quinazoline-based, irreversible inhibitor of both the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, neratinib targets and covalently binds to the cysteine residue in the ATP-binding pockets of both HER2 and EGFR. This inhibits their activity and results in the inhibition of downstream signal transduction events, induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and ultimately decreases cellular proliferation in HER2- and EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFR and HER2, RTKs that are mutated or overactivated in many tumor cell types, play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
Nerlynx: (Other name for: neratinib maleate)
nesfrotamig: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) bispecific antibody targeting both the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ErbB2; HER-2) and the costimulatory receptor 4-1BB (CD137; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; TNFRSF9), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-HER2/4-1BB bispecific antibody YH32367 simultaneously targets and binds to HER2 expressed on tumor cells and 4-1BB expressed on activated T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. This crosslinks HER2-expressing tumor cells and 4-1BB-expressing T cells and NK cells, and activates 4-1BB signaling locally in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This results in cytotoxic T-cell co-stimulation and enhances T-lymphocyte-mediated anti-tumor activity. YH32367 also promotes the secretion of interferon-gamma (IFNg) from T cells, which leads to tumor cell lysis. In addition, the binding of YH32367 to HER2 prevents HER2-mediated signaling. This inhibits the proliferation of HER2-expressing tumor cells. HER2 is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types and is associated with increased tumor cell proliferation. 4-1BB, a surface glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an inducible costimulatory receptor that plays a key role in T-cell proliferation, survival and cytolytic activity.
nesiritide: A recombinant version of the cardiac neurohormone, human B-type natriuretic peptide (hBNP) produced by the ventricular myocardium. Nesiritide binds to natriuretic peptide receptors on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, through which it triggers guanylate cyclase dependent signal transduction resulting in increase of intracellular concentrations of cGMP. This leads to smooth muscle cell relaxation causing arterial and venous dilatation.
nesuparib: An orally bioavailable second-generation inhibitor of the nuclear enzymes poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) type 1 (PARP1) and 2 (PARP2) and tankyrase (TNK; TNKS; TANK) 1 and 2, with potential chemo/radiosensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, nesuparib selectively and simultaneously targets and binds to PARP1/2 and TNK1/2. Inhibiting PARP activity prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of single-strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability and eventually leads to apoptosis. This may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. Inhibiting TNK activity blocks the tankyrase-mediated poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of multiple target proteins including various tumor suppressors. This may include the blockage of the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and destabilization of AXIN, a negative regulator of beta-catenin, thereby stabilizing AXIN. This prevents Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and may inhibit the activation of transcription of a wide range of Wnt/beta-catenin target genes. This may suppress proliferation of cancer cells in which Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is overactivated. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and is activated by single-strand DNA breaks. The PARP-mediated repair pathway is dysregulated in a variety of cancer cell types. TNK, a member of the PARP family, plays an important role in the regulation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway.
nesvacumab: A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against angiopoietin 2 (ANG2) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Nesvacumab binds to ANG2 and interferes with the interaction between Ang2 and its receptor TEK tyrosine kinas e (Tie2), which may inhibit tumor cell angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. ANG2 is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and plays a crucial role in angiogenesis.
netazepide: An orally active, benzodiazepine type, selective cholecystokinin B receptor (CCKBR; CCK2R; gastrin receptor) antagonist with potential gastric acid reducing and antiproliferative activity. Upon administration of netazepide, this agent selectively binds to and blocks the CCKBR, thereby preventing the binding of gastrin and cholecystokinin. This may prevent gastric neuroendocrine enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell-induced secretion of histamine, ultimately preventing gastric acid secretion from adjacent parietal cells. In addition, YF476 may inhibit ECL cell proliferation and ECL-derived gastric carcinoids.
netupitant: A selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist with potential antiemetic activity. Netupitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the human substance P/NK1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting NK1-receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP), which may result in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). SP is found in neurons of vagal afferent fibers innervating the brain-stem nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema, which contains the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), and may be elevated in response to chemotherapy. The NK-receptor is a G-protein receptor coupled to the inositol phosphate signal-transduction pathway and is found in both the nucleus tractus solitarii and the area postrema.
netupitant/palonosetron hydrochloride: An orally available combination formulation containing netupitant, a selective neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonist, and the hydrochloride salt form of palonosetron, a selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) receptor subtype 3 (5-HT3) antagonist, with antiemetic activity. Upon oral administration, palonosetron competitively blocks the action of 5-HT at 5-HT3 receptors located on vagal afferent nerves in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). This inhibits acute emesis associated with 5-HT secretion and subsequent 5-HT3 activation. Netupitant competitively binds to and blocks the activity of the human NK1 receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inhibiting NK1 receptor binding of the endogenous tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP). This prevents delayed emesis, which is associated with SP secretion. Altogether, this results in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV).
Neugranin: (Other name for: recombinant human albumin-human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor)
Neulasta: (Other name for: pegfilgrastim)
Neumega: (Other name for: oprelvekin)
Neupogen: (Other name for: filgrastim)
Neuraceq: (Other name for: florbetaben (18F))
Neuradiab: (Other name for: iodine I 131 monoclonal antibody 81C6)
neural stem cells-expressing CRAd-S-pk7: Neural stem cells (NSCs) that are transfected with the gliomatropic oncolytic adenovirus (OV) CRAd-S-pk7, a conditionally replicative oncolytic adenoviral (CRAd) vector that contains the tumor-specific survivin promoter (S) and a fiber protein polylysine modification (pk7), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intracerebral administration of NSC loaded with CRAd-S-pk7, the NSCs preferentially migrate towards tumor cells, and the polylysine moiety of the modified fiber protein expressed by the viral vector specifically targets and binds to tumor-specific heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Subsequently, the virus can infect the tumor cells and viral replication is initiated because E1 gene expression is controlled by the tumor-specific promoter for survivin. This results in the specific lysis of the glioma cells. The pk7 fiber modification and the survivin promoter enable tumor-specific infectivity, and transcriptional targeting and preferential replication in glioma cells, while sparing the surrounding normal brain parenchyma. The pK7 is comprised of a heparan sulfate binding domain incorporated into the fiber protein of the adenovirus.j
neuroinflammatory inhibitor MW151: An orally bioavailable central nervous system (CNS)-penetrant and inhibitor of certain inflammatory mediators, with potential neuroinflammation attenuating and neuroprotective activities. Upon oral administration, MW151 is able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) and inhibits the up-regulation of certain neuroinflammatory responses upon brain injury or caused by certain diseases. MW151 suppresses neuroinflammation-induced glial activation and prevents the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). By preventing the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines, over-activated neuroinflammatory pathways are attenuated and associative damage is decreased. This may slow down or prevent certain neurodegenerative disease and cognitive impairment. MW151 may also prevent damage to synapses and synaptic plasticity.
Neurontin: (Other name for: gabapentin)
Neutrexin: (Other name for: trimetrexate glucuronate)
neutrophil activation probe imaging agent: A fluorescence imaging agent composed of a fluorescent agent linked, via a human neutrophil elastase (HNE) cleavable peptide, to a dequencher molecule, with imaging activity for diagnostic purposes. Upon local administration, the neutrophil activation probe (NAP) imaging agent, initially quenched, is quickly taken up by activated neutrophils. In turn, the HNE expressed by these cells specifically cleaves the linker and dequenches the fluorescent agent. The activated fluorescent moiety allows for visualization of activated neutrophils and HNE activity upon using a fluorescence imaging device. Activated neutrophils are upregulated at sites of inflammation and in inflammation-induced cancers, and express high levels of HNE.
Neuvenge: (Other name for: lapuleucel-T)
nevirapine: A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) with activity against human immunodeficiency virus 1. Nevirapine binds directly to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, blocking its function in viral DNA replication. In combination with other antiretroviral drugs, nevirapine reduces HIV viral loads and increases CD4 counts, thereby retarding or preventing the damage to the immune system and reducing the risk of developing AIDS.
Nexavar: (Other name for: sorafenib tosylate)
Nexium: (Other name for: esomeprazole magnesium)
Nexrutine: (Other name for: Phellodendron amurense bark extract)
Nexterone: (Other name for: amiodarone hydrochloride)
nezastomig: A bispecific antibody directed against both the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and the co-stimulatory T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of nezastomig this bispecific antibody binds to both CD28 on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and PSMA found on PSMA-expressing tumor cells. This activates and redirects CTLs to PSMA-expressing tumor cells, which may result in the CTL-mediated cell death of PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PSMA is overexpressed on the surface of metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells.
nezutatug: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3; ERBB3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nezutatug targets and binds to HER3 and inhibits its activation. This may prevent HER3-mediated signaling and inhibit HER3-dependent tumor cell proliferation and differentiation. HER3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in tumors and is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance; it has no active kinase domain but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family, such as HER2.
NFE2L2/KEAP1/CUL3 mutant-targeting agent MGY825: An antineoplastic agent targeting mutant forms of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein (NFE2L2), Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and Cullin-3 (CUL3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, NFE2L2/KEAP1/CUL3 mutant-targeting agent MGY825 inhibits the activity of NFE2L2, KEAP1 and CUL3 mutant forms, thereby halting the proliferation of NFE2L2, KEAP1, and CUL3 mutant-expressing tumor cells. NFE2L2/KEAP1/CUL3 are mutated in certain tumor cell types.
NG-nitro-L-arginine: An amino acid derivative and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Upon administration, NG-nitro-L-arginine inhibits the enzyme nitric oxide synthase, thereby preventing the formation of nitric oxide (NO). By preventing NO generation, the vasodilatory effects of NO are abrogated leading to vasoconstriction, reduction in vascular permeability and an inhibition of angiogenesis. As blood flow to tumors is restricted, this may result in an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. NO plays an important role in tumor blood flow and stimulation of angiogenesis, tumor progression, survival, migration and invasiveness.
NGFR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes: A preparation of autologous, genetically modified T lymphocytes that are expressing the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR; p75 neurotrophin receptor; p75(NTR); CD271), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the NGFR-transduced autologous T lymphocytes may induce an immune response and may kill NGF-expressing tumor cells. Dysregulated NGF signaling may promote proliferation and invasion in certain tumor cell types.
NHS-POx-based hemostatic sealant patch: A sterile resorbable hemostatic sealing patch composed of porcine gelatin fiber-based carrier loaded with N-hydroxy-succinimide polyoxazoline (NHS-POx) polymer and nucleophilically activated polyoxazoline (NU-POx) granulate, with potential hemostatic activity. Upon application on the wound tissue, the coagulation cascade is started. A matrix of platelet aggregation is formed, and a fibrin clot is formed in the gelatin fibers. This combines with NHS-POx and NU-POx to form POx-hydrogel, which promotes hemostasis.
niacin: A water-soluble vitamin belonging to the vitamin B family, which occurs in many animal and plant tissues, with antihyperlipidemic activity. Niacin is converted to its active form niacinamide, which is a component of the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphate form, NADP. These coenzymes play an important role in tissue respiration and in glycogen, lipid, amino acid, protein, and purine metabolism. Although the exact mechanism of action by which niacin lowers cholesterol is not fully understood, it may act by inhibiting the synthesis of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue, increasing lipoprotein lipase activity, and reducing the hepatic synthesis of VLDL-C and LDL-C.
niacinamide: The active form of vitamin B3 and a component of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Niacinamide acts as a chemo- and radio-sensitizing agent by enhancing tumor blood flow, thereby reducing tumor hypoxia. This agent also inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, enzymes involved in the rejoining of DNA strand breaks induced by radiation or chemotherapy.
Niagen: (Other name for: nicotinamide riboside)
nicardipine: A synthetic derivative of nitrophenyl-pyridine and potent calcium channel blocker, nicardipine (Nifedipine Family) blocks calcium ions from certain cell walls and inhibits contraction of coronary and peripheral arteries, resulting in lowered oxygen requirements for heart muscle and decreased arterial contraction and spasm. It is used clinically as a cerebral and coronary vasodilator.
Nicene: (Other name for: nitroxoline)
Nicholin: (Other name for: Citicoline)
niclosamide: An orally bioavailable chlorinated salicylanilide, with anthelmintic and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, niclosamide specifically induces degradation of the androgen receptor (AR) variant V7 (AR-V7) through the proteasome-mediated pathway. This downregulates the expression of the AR variant, inhibits AR-V7-mediated transcriptional activity, and reduces AR-V7 recruitment to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene promoter. Niclosamide also prevents AR-V7-mediated STAT3 phosphorylation and activation. This inhibits AR/STAT3-mediated signaling and prevents expression of STAT3 target genes. Altogether, this may inhibit growth of AR-V7-overexpressing cancer cells. The AR-V7 variant, which is encoded by contiguous splicing of AR exons 1/2/3/CE3, is upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types, and is associated with both cancer progression and resistance to AR-targeted therapies.
NicoDerm CQ: (Other name for: nicotine patch)
nicorandil: A niacinamide derivative, a plasma membrane adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K+) (KATP) channel activator and a nitric oxide (NO) donor, with vasodilatory, antihypertensive and potential cardio- and lung-protective activities. Upon administration, nicorandil binds to and opens KATP channels, which causes relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, stimulates vasodilatation, reduces vasoresistance, decreases blood pressure and protects the myocardium against ischemia. In addition, nicorandil exerts nitrate-like properties, through the stimulation of guanylate cyclase, the downregulation of Rho-kinase activity and the further promotion of venous vasodilation. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, nicorandil may exhibit protective activity against radiation-induced lung and heart toxicity, possibly by preventing both accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced cellular damage.
Nicorette: (Other name for: nicotine gum)
nicotinamide riboside: An orally available form of vitamin B3 and precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) with potential use in the treatment of chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Upon oral administration, nicotinamide riboside (NR) is converted to nicotinamide mononucleotide by the NR kinases, nicotinamide riboside kinase 1 (NRK 1) and nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (NRK 2), to which a second adenine is transferred by nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyl transferase to generate NAD+. NAD+, an essential redox coenzyme, may offer protective effects against axonal injury from both mechanical and neurotoxic injury, and maintenance of NAD+ may be protective in mitochondrial disease. NR may help elevate and maintain NAD+ levels, which may ameliorate potential mechanisms implicated in the development of CIPN including mitochondrial dysfunction and peripheral nerve degeneration.
nicotine: A plant alkaloid, found in the tobacco plant, and addictive central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that causes either ganglionic stimulation in low doses or ganglionic blockage in high doses. Nicotine acts as an agonist at the nicotinic cholinergic receptors in the autonomic ganglia, at neuromuscular junctions, and in the adrenal medulla and the brain. Nicotine's CNS-stimulating activities may be mediated through the release of several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, beta-endorphin, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and ACTH. As a result, peripheral vasoconstriction, tachycardia, and elevated blood pressure may be observed with nicotine intake. This agent may also stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone, thereby inducing nausea and vomiting.
nicotine gum: A chewing gum containing nicotine used as a substitute for the active ingredient in tobacco. Nicotine chewing gum reduces the withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.
nicotine lozenge: A lozenge preparation containing the alkaloid nicotine with nicotine replacement activity. Upon administration of the lozenge, nicotine is released and, although nicotine binds to nicotinic cholinergic receptors at the autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla and at neuromuscular junctions as well, the binding of nicotine to the receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) appears to be responsible for the addictive nature of nicotine. Binding to CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptors causes the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine which appears to be responsible for the addiction of nicotine. Administration of nicotine may prevent nicotine craving and may help with the withdrawal symptoms associated with smoking cessation.
nicotine nasal spray: A method for nicotine replacement.
nicotine patch: A transepidermal patch designed to deliver nicotine, the addictive substance contained in cigarettes, directly through the skin and into the blood stream. Used for cessation of smoking.
Nicotrol NS: (Other name for: nicotine nasal spray)
NicVax: (Other name for: 3'-aminomethyl nicotine-P. aeruginosa r-exoprotein A conjugate vaccine)
nidanilimab: A low fucose, fully-humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) antibody (hmAb) against the interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein (interleukin-1 receptor associated protein; IL1RAP), with potential immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, nidanilimab targets and binds to IL1RAP, thereby preventing IL1RAP-mediated signaling, and disrupting IL-1 and IL-33 mediated nuclear factor kappa beta (NFkB) activation. This prevents the secretion of tumor stimulating cytokines, decreases tumor inflammation and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. In addition, nidanilimab induces antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and stimulates natural killer (NK) cells to attack tumor cells, thereby killing the IL1RAP-poisitive tumor cells. IL1RAP, a co-receptor of the IL-1 receptor (IL1R1) and the IL-33 receptor (ST2), is upregulated in certain tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.
Niferex: (Other name for: iron)
nifurtimox: A nitrofuran derivative with antiprotozoal and potential antineoplastic activities. Nifurtimox is reduced by cytosol enzymes or flavin-containing microsomal enzymes to a highly reactive nitro anion free radical; autooxidation of the nitro anion free radical generates cytotoxic superoxide anion (02-). In addition, nifurtimox-derived nitro anion free radicals may alkylate macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins, resulting in the disruption of their structure and function.
Niktimvo: (Other name for: axatilimab)
Nilandron: (Other name for: nilutamide)
nilotinib hydrochloride monohydrate: The monohydrate monohydrochloride form of nilotinib, an orally bioavailable aminopyrimidine-derivative Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity. Designed to overcome imatinib resistance resulting from Bcr-Abl kinase mutations, upon administration, nilotinib binds to and stabilizes the inactive conformation of the kinase domain of the Abl portion of the Bcr-Abl fusion protein, resulting in the inhibition of the constitutive kinase activity of Bcr-Abl protein. This inhibits the Bcr-Abl-mediated proliferation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Nilotinib also inhibits the receptor tyrosine kinases platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R; PDGFR), mast/stem cell growth factor receptor Kit (c-Kit), and, to a lesser extent, colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R; CSF1R), and discoidin domain-containing receptor 1 (DDR1).
nilutamide: A synthetic, nonsteroidal agent with antiandrogenic properties. Nilutamide preferentially binds to androgen receptors and blocks androgen receptor activation by testosterone and other androgens; this agent may inhibit androgen-dependent growth of normal and neoplastic prostate cells.
Nimbex: (Other name for: cisatracurium besylate)
nimesulide-hyaluronic acid conjugate CA102N: A covalently bound conjugate composed of the biological polymer sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) and the hydrophobic, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor and cytotoxic agent nimesulide (Nim), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of Nim-HA conjugate CA102N, the HA moiety targets and binds to CD44. Following endocytosis of CA102N and enzymatic degradation within the lysosomal compartment, Nim is released inside CD44-expressing tumor cells, causing Nim-mediated induction of cell cycle arrest tumor cell apoptosis and decreases tumor cell growth. In addition, Nim inhibits various tumor cell signaling pathways thereby further inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. CD44, a transmembrane glycoprotein and HA receptor expressed in healthy tissue, plays a key role in cellular growth, survival, differentiation and motility. Overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, CD44 plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival. Conjugation of HA to Nim allows for increased solubility of Nim and for targeted delivery of Nim to CD44-expressing tumor cells, thereby increasing efficacy and safety of Nim.
nimodipine: A dihydropyridine derivative and an analogue of the calcium channel blocker nifedipine, with antihypertensive activity. Nimodipine inhibits the transmembrane influx of calcium ions in response to depolarization in smooth muscle cells, thereby inhibiting vascular smooth muscle contraction and inducing vasodilatation. Nimodipine has a greater effect on cerebral arteries than on peripheral smooth muscle cells and myocardial cells, probably because this agent can cross the blood brain barrier due to its lipophilic nature. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits the drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein, which is overexpressed in some multi-drug resistant tumors, and may improve the efficacy of some antineoplastic agents.
Nimotop: (Other name for: nimodipine)
nimotuzumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Nimotuzumab binds to and inhibits EGFR, resulting in growth inhibition of tumor cells that overexpress EGFR. This agent may act synergistically with radiation therapy.
nimustine: A nitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Nimustine alkylates and crosslinks DNA, thereby causing DNA fragmentation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and cell death.
ningetinib tosylate: The tosylate salt form of ningetinib, an orally available inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinases c-MET/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2 KDR), Axl (UFO), Mer, and Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3; CD135; STK1; FLK2), with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, ningetinib binds to a variety of kinases, including c-Met, VEGFR2, Axl, Mer and Flt3, thereby inhibiting their signaling pathways. This inhibits growth, angiogenesis and metastasis of tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. c-Met, VEGFR2, Axl, Mer and Flt3 are overexpressed by many tumor cell types and play key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis.
Ninlaro: (Other name for: ixazomib citrate)
nintedanib: An orally bioavailable, indolinone-derived inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and non-receptor tyrosine kinases (nRTKs), with potential antiangiogenic, antifibrotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nintedanib selectively binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) tyrosine kinases, which may result in the induction of endothelial cell apoptosis, the reduction in tumor vasculature, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration, and antifibrotic activity in pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, nintedanib also binds to and inhibits members of the Src family of tyrosine kinases, including Src, Lck and Lyn, and fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT-3). VEGFR, FGFR, PDGFR and CSF1R RTKs play key roles in tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation and metastasis, as well as pulmonary fibrosis.
Nipent: (Other name for: pentostatin)
nipocalimab: A fully human monoclonal antibody that targets the neonatal crystallizable fragment receptor (FcRn), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, nipocalimab targets and binds to FcRn at the immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding site, thereby preventing the interaction between FcRn and the serum protein IgG. By preventing FcRn/IgG binding, nipocalimab blocks the FcRn-mediated rescue of IgG, enables IgG degradation and prevents IgG-mediated inflammation. IgG plays a key role in many autoimmune diseases and is an important factor in inflammatory processes.
NIR fluorochrome VM110: A synthetic near infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging agent that can potentially be used to detect the presence of certain cancers. Upon intravenous administration, VM110 is specifically cleaved by certain proteases, including cathepsins B, L, and S, and plasmin, which are highly expressed in various types of cancer. Proteolysis liberates a highly fluorescent cleavage product, which can be detected in vivo by NIRF imaging techniques. Thus, tumor cells can be visualized and the presence of micrometastases may be assessed.
niraparib tosylate monohydrate: An orally bioavailable, hydrated, tosylate salt form of niraparib, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) types 1 and 2 (PARP-1 and -2), with antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, niraparib binds to and inhibits the activity of PARP-1 and -2, thereby inhibiting PARP-1 and -2-mediated DNA repair, enhancing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promoting genomic instability and resulting in apoptosis. The PARP family of proteins catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins and is activated by single-strand DNA (ssDNA) breaks.
niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate: An orally bioavailable fixed dose combination agent containing the acetate ester prodrug of the steroidal compound abiraterone, an inhibitor of the cytochrome p450 (CYP) family member 17 alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17; CYP17A1), and the tosylate monohydrate salt form of niraparib, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) types 1 and 2 (PARP-1 and -2), with anti-androgen and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of niraparib tosylate monohydrate and abiraterone acetate, abiraterone acetate is converted to its active form abiraterone, which, in turn, targets, binds to and inhibits the enzymatic activity of CYP17, thereby preventing the formation of steroid intermediates and androgens involved in androgen synthesis. This suppresses testosterone production by testes, adrenals and testosterone-dependent prostate tumor cells in order to decrease testosterone to castrate-range levels, which inhibits proliferation of testosterone-dependent cancer cells. In addition, niraparib binds to and inhibits the activity of PARP-1 and -2, thereby inhibiting PARP-1 and -2-mediated DNA repair, enhancing the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, and promoting genomic instability, which results in cancer cell apoptosis. PARP family proteins are often overexpressed in cancer cells and are activated by single-strand DNA (ssDNA) breaks to catalyze post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins, which promotes DNA repair and cancer cell survival.
nirogacestat hydrobromide: The hydrobromide salt form of nirogacestat, a selective gamma secretase (GS) inhibitor with antitumor activity. Upon administration, nirogacestat targets and binds to GS, thereby blocking the proteolytic activation of Notch receptors. This inhibits the Notch signaling pathway and results in the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress Notch. The integral membrane protein GS is a multi-subunit protease complex that cleaves single-pass transmembrane proteins, such as Notch receptors, at residues within their transmembrane domains. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway has been correlated with increased tumor cell growth and survival.
nirsevimab: A Fc-engineered recombinant human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 kappa monoclonal antibody against the fusion protein (F protein) of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), that can be used for prophylactic and protective purposes in RSV infections. Upon administration, nirsevimab targets and binds to the F1 and F2 subunits of the RSV fusion (F) protein, thereby locking the RSV F protein in the prefusion conformation and blocking viral entry into the host cell. This neutralizes the virus and prevents syncytia formation. This may prevent RSV and RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) among infants and young children. RSV F protein, a small envelop glycoprotein, is required for cytopathic syncytia formation resulting from cell-to-cell fusion. It is necessary for viral infection and spreading. Nirsevimab has an extended half-life and one administration may therefore provide seasonal protection against RSV.
nisevokitug: A monoclonal antibody directed against human transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nisevokitug targets and binds to TGF-beta, thereby preventing the activation of TGF-beta-mediated signaling pathways. TGF-beta, a pro-inflammatory mediator that is mutated and/or overexpressed in a number of cancer cell types, is involved in cancer cell proliferation and migration, and tumor progression.
nitazoxanide: A synthetic benzamide with antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide exerts its antiprotozoal activity by interfering with the pyruvate ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase dependent electron transfer reaction, which is essential to anaerobic energy metabolism. PFOR enzyme reduces nitazoxanide, thereby impairing the energy metabolism. However, interference with the PFOR enzyme-dependent electron transfer reaction may not be the only pathway by which nitazoxanide exhibits antiprotozoal activity. Nitazoxanide is active against Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum.
nitric oxide-releasing acetylsalicylic acid derivative: A nitric oxide (NO) donating derivative of acetylsalicyclic acid with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antithrombotic, gastroprotective and potential antitumor activities. The acetylsalicylic acid derivative moiety of this agent inhibits the activities of cyclooxygenase (COX) I and II, preventing the formation of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. A reduction in prostaglandin synthesis accounts for this agent's anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic and analgesic activities; a reduction in thromboxane A2 synthesis results in an irreversible inhibition of platelet aggregation. NO donation by this agent, after cleavage from the acetylsalicylic acid derivative in vivo, may protect the gastric mucosa against the damaging effects of the aspirin derivative by modulating prostaglandins. In tumor cells, the NO donating moiety may block the cell cycle in the G1 and G2 phases and may induce apoptosis through caspase-mediated mechanisms.
nitroglycerin: An organic nitrate with vasodilator activity. Nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO) in smooth muscle and activates guanylyl cyclase, thereby increasing cGMP concentration, and resulting in smooth muscle relaxation. Dilatation of the veins results in decreased venous return to the heart, thereby decreasing left ventricular volume (reduced preload) and decreasing myocardial oxygen requirements. Arteriolar relaxation reduces arteriolar resistance (reduced afterload), thereby decreasing myocardial oxygen demands. In addition, nitroglycerin causes coronary artery dilatation, thereby improving myocardial blood distribution.
nitroglycerin transdermal patch: A sustained-release transdermal patch containing the organic nitrate nitroglycerin, with vasodilator and potential immunomodulating activities. Upon application to the skin, nitroglycerin is continuously released from the patch and absorbed. In turn, nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO), which activates guanylyl cyclase, increasing cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration thus resulting in smooth muscle relaxation. In addition, activation of NO-mediated signaling pathways may inhibit hypoxia-induced tumor cell invasiveness, chemoresistance, evasion of immune cell recognition and cancer cell progression. Particularly, reactivation of NO-mediated signaling appears to inhibit the increased tumor cell shedding of the major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related (MIC) molecules MICA and MICB as is seen in hypoxic tumor environments; MIC molecules play key roles in tumor cell immune surveillance through their interaction with the C-type lectin-like NKG2D receptor on natural killer, lymphokine-activated killer and effector T cells.
nitroglycerin/sodium citrate/ethanol solution: An antimicrobial lock solution (ALS) containing the nitrate nitroglycerin, sodium citrate and ethanol, with potential antimicrobial and anticoagulant activities. Upon application to the catheter as an ALS, the nitroglycerin is converted into nitric oxide (NO), which exerts antimicrobial activity. The citrate exerts anticoagulant activity, thereby preventing blood clotting and occlusion and maintaining the fluidity of the administered solution. In addition, both citrate and ethanol exert antimicrobial activity. This may prevent bacterial colonization on the surface of the catheter, biofilm formation, and catheter-associated infections.
nitroxoline: An orally bioavailable quinoline antibiotic, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, nitroxoline may induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation in NF1-null Schwann cells in neurofibromatosis type I through as of yet undisclosed mechanism of actions, other than inhibiting the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and possibly through modulating mitochondrial function. NF1 encodes neurofibromin which inactivates Ras. Loss of neurofibromin in neurofibromatosis type I results in increased Ras activity, which promotes the transcription of genes that drives tumor cell growth and proliferation. As an antibiotic, nitroxoline inhibits bacterial RNA polymerase.
Niu Xi: A Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) composed of the dried root from the herbaceous plant Ox-Knee (Achyranthes bidentata Blume) belonging to the Amaranthaceae family. Niu Xi may regulate the blood, may help relieve certain pains, and it may tonify the liver and kidneys.
nivatrotamab: A bispecific antibody comprised of a humanized anti-CD3 OKT3 (huOKT3) single chain variable fragment (scFv), linked to the carboxyl end of a humanized anti-GD2 3F8 (hu3F8) immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) light chain, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, nivatrotamab binds to CD3 on T cells and disialoganglioside GD2 expressed on certain tumor cells, thereby cross-linking T cells with GD2-expressing tumor cells. This promotes a selective cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GD2-expressing cells. The Fc region of the anti-GD2 hu3F8/anti-CD3 huOKT3 bispecific antibody has two amino acid substitutions, N297A and K322A, which may prevent cytokine release syndrome and other unwanted side effects including complement-mediated pain. GD2, a disialoganglioside and tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types. CD3 is part of the functional T-cell receptor (TCR) complex, which is necessary for antigen recognition by T cells and is required for signal transduction.
Nivestym: (Other name for: filgrastim)
nivolumab: A fully human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1, PCD-1) with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy: A co-formulation composed of nivolumab, a fully human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279), and a recombinant form of human hyaluronidase, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration of nivolumab and hyaluronidase-nvhy, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1, an immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) transmembrane protein, by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This results in the activation of T cells and cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity. Hyaluronidase hydrolyzes and degrades the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid (HA), thereby decreasing interstitial viscosity and enhancing penetration of nivolumab through the interstitial space. This facilitates the delivery of nivolumab.
nivolumab/relatlimab-rmbw: An injectable fixed-dose combination formulation composed of nivolumab, a human immunoglobulin (Ig) G4 monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1, PCD-1), and relatlimab-rmbw, a human IgG4 monoclonal antibody directed against the inhibitor receptor lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of nivolumab and relatlimab-rmbw, nivolumab binds to and blocks the activation of PD-1 by its ligands programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1), which is overexpressed on certain cancer cells, and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2), which is primarily expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This prevents PD-1-mediated signaling and PD-1-mediated inhibition of the immune response. Relatlimab binds to LAG-3 on tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and prevents LAG-3 binding to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II. This prevents LAG-3-mediated signaling and LAG-3-mediated inhibition of the immune response. Together, blocking these two immune checkpoints re-activates the immune system, increases cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) proliferation and activation, and leads to a reduction in tumor growth. Activated PD-1 negatively regulates T-cell activation and plays a key role in tumor evasion from host immunity. LAG-3 expression on TILs is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.
Nizoral: (Other name for: ketoconazole)
NKp46/CD16-based BCMA-targeted NK cell engager SAR445514: An engineered tri-specific natural killer (NK) cell engager (NKCE) containing specific antibodies targeting the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17; TNFRSF17), and the NK activating receptors natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor (NKp46; activating natural killer receptor p46) and CD16, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of NKp46/CD16-based BCMA-targeted NK cell engager SAR445514, the NKCE targets and binds to BCMA expressed on tumor cells and simultaneously binds, via the activating receptors NKp46 and CD16, to NK cells, thereby bringing BCMA-expressing tumor cells and NK cells together. This stimulates the NK cells and results in the selective NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis of BCMA-expressing tumor cells. BCMA, a tumor-specific antigen and a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) that binds to both a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL; TNFSF13) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF; TNFSF13B), plays a key role in plasma cell survival. BCMA is found on the surfaces of plasma cells and is overexpressed on malignant plasma cells.
NKp46/CD16-based CD123-targeted NK cell engager SAR443579: An engineered tri-specific natural killer (NK) cell engager (NKCE) containing specific antibodies targeting the tumor-associated antigen cluster of differentiation 123 (CD123), and the NK activating receptors natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor (NKp46; activating natural killer receptor p46) and CD16, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of NKp46/CD16-based CD123-targeted NK cell engager SAR443579, the NKCE targets and binds to CD123 expressed on tumor cells and simultaneously binds, via the activating receptors NKp46 and CD16, to NK cells, thereby bringing CD123-expressing tumor cells and NK cells together. This stimulates the NK cells and results in the selective NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis of CD123-expressing tumor cells. CD123 is normally expressed on committed blood progenitor cells in the bone marrow; its overexpression is associated with both increased leukemic cell proliferation and aggressiveness.
NKp46/CD16/CD20/IL-2-variant-specific NK cell engager IPH6501: A tetra-specific natural killer (NK) cell engager composed of antibody fragments directed against the two NK cell activating receptors NKp46 and CD16a (FcgammaRIIIa), an antibody fragment against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CD20 and a non-alpha interleukin-2 variant (IL-2v), composed of the beta chain (CD122) of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NKp46/CD16/CD20/IL-2-variant-specific NK cell engager IPH6501 targets and binds with the anti-NKp46 moiety to the activating receptor NKp46 expressed on tumor-infiltrating NK cells, and with Fc gamma to the activating receptor CD16, also expressed on NK cells. In addition, IPH6501 targets and binds, with its IL-2v moiety, to IL-2Rbeta on NK cells, and with its anti-CD20 antibody moiety to CD20 that is expressed on tumor cells. This bridges cancer cells and NK cells, stimulates NK cell proliferation and activation, and allows for NK cell-mediated cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity against CD20-expressing cancer cells. This depletes CD20-expressing tumor cells. CD20 is overexpressed on a variety of tumor cell types. IL-2R enhances NK cell proliferation. NKp46 enhances NK cytokine production. IL-2v does not bind to the IL-2R-alpha chain (CD25) and does not interact with regulatory T cells (Tregs). Co-engagement of NKp46 and CD16 triggers strong NK cell activation.
NLRP3 agonist BMS-986299: A nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD Containing Protein 3; NALP3) agonist with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NLRP3 agonist BMS-986299 binds to and activates NLRP3, potentially promoting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), which may induce tumoricidal activity of natural killer (NK) cells against tumor cells. NLRP3, a sensor component of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a significant role in immunity and inflammation, and may protect against tumorigenesis in some cancers.
NLRP3 inhibitor DFV890: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the innate immune signaling sensor nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat (NLR) family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3; NACHT, LRR and PYD containing protein 3; NALP3), with potential immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, NLRP3 inhibitor DFV890 specifically binds to and inhibits NLRP3, the sensor component of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and prevents the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. This inhibits the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-18 (IL-18), which may prevent or reduce inflammation. NLRP3 plays an important role in immunity and inflammation. Inflammasome activation may also be involved in disease initiation and progression in myeloid malignancies.
NM-3: An orally bioavailable antiangiogenic isocoumarin with potential antineoplastic activity. NM-3 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pro-angiogenic growth factor, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. This agent also induces apoptosis by a mechanism involving reactive oxygen species.
NMT inhibitor PCLX-001: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzyme N-myristoyl transferase (NMT), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, NMT inhibitor PCLX-001 targets and binds to NMT, especially NMT type 2 (NMT2). This prevents NMT-mediated signaling and myristoylation. This inhibits proliferation of certain cancer cells in which NMT expression is lost. PCLX-001 also inhibits B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and reduces the levels of Src-family tyrosine kinases (SFKs). NMTs mediate myristoylation, a key process by which the fatty acid myristate is added to proteins and allows proteins to interact with cell membranes and become part of the cell signaling system. NMT expression is lost in numerous cancers, such as blood cancer cells, thereby making these cells more sensitive to PCLX-001 compared to normal cells. The loss of NMT expression may promote tumorigenesis.
nofazinlimab: A humanized, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nofazinlimab targets, binds to and inhibits PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of T cells and T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) expressed on T cells, functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2); it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
nogapendekin alfa inbakicept-pmln: A mutated form of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 (IL-15N72D), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nogapendekin alfa binds to the IL-15 receptor on natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T lymphocytes, which activates and increases the levels of NK cells and memory T cells. This may increase tumor cell killing and decrease tumor cell proliferation. IL-15 regulates CD8+ T and NK cell development, activation and proliferation.
nolatrexed dihydrochloride: The dihydrochloride salt of nolatrexed, a water-soluble lipophilic quinazoline folate analog with antineoplastic activity. Nolatrexed occupies the folate binding site of thymidylate synthase, resulting in inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity and thymine nucleotide synthesis with subsequent inhibition of DNA replication, DNA damage, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. This agent also exhibits radiosensitizing activity.
nomacopan: A recombinant small peptide inhibitor of the terminal complement pathway protein C5 originally derived from a protein in the saliva of the Ornithodoros moubata tick, with potential anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities. Upon administration, nomacopan targets and binds to a unique site on the terminal complement protein C5, which blocks C5 cleavage into the pro-inflammatory components C5a and C5b, and prevents the C5b-dependent assembly of the membrane-attack complex (MAC; C5b-9). This prevents MAC-mediated lysis and destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and prevents tissue destruction in various other complement-mediated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. In addition, this C5 inhibitor targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), thereby further preventing inflammatory-mediated cell destruction.
non-adjuvanted A(H1N1) influenza vaccine: A monovalent vaccine containing hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A (H1N1)-like virus with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, non-adjuvanted A(H1N1) influenza vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount an antibody response against H1N1.
non-enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drug: Any antiepileptic drug (AED) that does not induce the activity of enzymes.
non-small cell lung cancer mRNA-derived vaccine CV9201: A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) vaccine containing modified mRNAs encoding cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, melanoma-associated antigens C1 (MAGE-C1/CT7) and C2 (MAGE-C2/CT10), survivin, and the oncofetal antigen 5T4 with potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, non-small cell lung cancer mRNA-derived vaccine CV9201 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic, antigen-specific T lymphocyte response (CTL) against NSCLC cells. The modified mRNAs in this vaccine are taken up by cells after injection and exhibit enhanced translational potency. The five tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) encoded by these mRNAs are frequently expressed by NSCLC cells.
norcantharidin lipid microspheres: A formulation composed of lipid microspheres encapsulating the demethylated derivative of cantharidin and poorly water soluble norcantharidin (NCTD), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the NCTD lipid microspheres, NCTD modulates the expression and activity of numerous proteins and signaling pathways involved in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis. This induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, promotes tumor cell demethylation, inhibits cell proliferation, modulates immune responses, inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inhibits invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis in susceptible tumor cells.
Norcept-E: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)
Norcuron: (Other name for: vecuronium bromide)
Nordette: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel)
norepinephrine, DL-: A synthetic phenylethylamine that mimics the sympathomimetic actions of the endogenous norepinephrine. Norepinephrine acts directly on the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors. Clinically, norepinephrine is used as a peripheral vasoconstrictor that causes constriction of arterial and venous beds via its alpha-adrenergic action. It is also used as a potent inotropic and chronotropic stimulator of the heart mediated through its beta-1 adrenergic action.
Norethin: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)
norethindrone acetate: The orally bioavailable acetate salt of norethindrone, a synthetic progestin with some anabolic, estrogenic, and androgenic activities. As do all progestins, norethindrone binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors (PRs) in target tissues such as the pituitary and reproductive system; ligand-receptor complexes are translocated to the nucleus where they bind to progesterone response elements (PREs) located on target genes, followed by various transcriptional events and histone acetylation. Physiological effects include the inhibition of luteinizing hormone (LH) release, an increase in the endometrial luteal-phase, and alterations in endocervical mucus secretion.
Norflex: (Other name for: orphenadrine citrate)
norgestrel: A synthetic progestin commonly used alone or in combination with an estrogen for contraception. Norgestrel suppresses the secretion of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones (LH and FSH), thickens cervical mucus, and slows the transit of ova through the fallopian tubes. This agent also exhibits antiproliferative activity in endometrial tissue and may exhibit chemopreventive and antineoplastic activities in endometrial carcinoma.
Norglycin: (Other name for: tolazamide)
Norinyl: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)
Norlutate: (Other name for: norethindrone acetate)
NormoCort: (Other name for: levoketoconazole)
Norplant: (Other name for: levonorgestrel)
Norpramin: (Other name for: desipramine hydrochloride)
North American ginseng extract AFX-2: An orally available proprietary aqueous extract from the North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) dried root, primarily containing poly-furanosyl-pyranosyl-saccharides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration, North American ginseng extract AFX-2 may stimulate the proliferation and activation of B-lymphocytes and stimulates IgG production by B cells. Also, this agent induces maturation of dendritic cells, induces T cell proliferation and activates peritoneal exudate macrophages leading to an increase in the production of the cytokines interleukin -1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma and nitric oxide.
Nortrel: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)
Norvir: (Other name for: ritonavir)
NOS enhancer BZ371A: A synthetic peptide and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enhancer, with potential vasodilating and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon topical application, NOS enhancer BZ371A induces local expression of NOS, thereby increasing endogenous NO production and NO level. This may result in vasodilation and penile erection when BZ371A is topically applied to the genital area. BZ371A may also be topically applied to other areas such as the eye and the skin for the treatment of glaucoma and various skin conditions through its vasodilating and anti-inflammatory actions. Nitric oxide is an important intercellular signaling molecule that acts as a vasodilator and an immune and inflammatory mediator.
noscapine hydrochloride: The orally bioavailable hydrochloride salt of the opioid agonist noscapine, a phthalideisoquinoline alkaloid derived from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, with mild analgesic, antitussive, and potential antineoplastic activities. Noscapine binds to tubulin and alters its conformation, resulting in a disruption of the dynamics of microtubule assembly (by increasing the time that microtubules spend idle in a paused state) and, subsequently, the inhibition of mitosis and tumor cell death. Unlike other tubulin inhibitors such as the taxanes and vinca alkaloids, noscapine does not affect microtubule polymerization.
Notch signaling pathway inhibitor MK0752: A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MK0752 inhibits the Notch signaling pathway, which may result in induction of growth arrest and apoptosis in tumor cells in which the Notch signaling pathway is overactivated. The Notch signaling pathway plays an important role in cell-fate determination, cell survival, and cell proliferation.
Novaban: (Other name for: tropisetron hydrochloride)
Novarel: (Other name for: recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin)
NovaSoy: (Other name for: soy isoflavones)
novobiocin: An aminocoumarin antibiotic, produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces nivens, with antibacterial property. Novobiocin, as well as other aminocoumarin antibiotics, inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis by targeting at the bacteria DNA gyrase and the related enzyme DNA topoisomerase IV. This antibiotic was used to treat infections by gram-positive bacteria.
Novolauden: (Other name for: hydromorphone hydrochloride)
Novolin N: (Other name for: insulin, NPH)
Noxafil: (Other name for: posaconazole)
Nozin: (Other name for: ethanol-containing nasal solution)
Nplate: (Other name for: romiplostim)
NSCLC antigen-loaded dendritic cell-derived exosomes: Exosomes loaded with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-specific antigens, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Exosomes derived from autologous maturing dendritic cells (DCs) are pulsed with HLA-DP04-restricted MAGE-3, and HLA-A02-restricted peptides NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1, MAGE-3, and MART-1. Upon vaccination, these exosomes may stimulate natural killer (NK) cell activation and proliferation, restoration of NKG2D expression on NK cells, and antigen-specific T-cell responses. This may eventually lead to inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in NSCLC expressing these specific tumor antigens. These exosomes, nanovesicles secreted from DCs, are embedded with molecules necessary for potent immune responses on the exosomal surface, such as MHC class II molecules, CD40, ICAM-1, IL-15Ralpha, and NKG2D ligands.
NSCLC-specific marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes: A preparation of autologous, ex-vivo activated and expanded, bone marrow-derived infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) from a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patient, with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration of the NSCLC-specific MILs, the T cells target and destroy the destroy the patient’s NSCLC cells.
Nubeqa: (Other name for: darolutamide)
Nucala: (Other name for: mepolizumab)
nucleoside analog DFP-10917: A deoxycytosine analog with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, DFP-10917 is phosphorylated to generate its nucleotide form, which functions as a deoxycytosine mimic and is incorporated into DNA in tumor cells. This causes DNA strand breaks during polymerization due to beta-elimination during the fidelity checkpoint, which results in G2/M phase-arrest and tumor cell apoptosis.
nucleotide analogue GS 9219: A prodrug of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogue 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)guanine (PMEG) with potential antineoplastic activity. Formulated to selectively accumulate in lymphocytes, nucleotide analogue GS 9219 is converted to its active metabolite, PMEG diphosphate (PMEGpp), via enzymatic hydrolysis, deamination, and phosphorylation; subsequently, PMEGpp is incorporated into nascent DNA chains by DNA polymerases, which may result in the termination of DNA synthesis, S-phase cell cycle arrest, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible lymphoma cell populations.
numidargistat: An orally available inhibitor of arginase, a manganese-dependent enzyme that hydrolyzes the amino acid arginine to form ornithine and urea, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, numidargistat inhibits the breakdown of arginine by arginase, which is produced by myeloid cells, and restores arginine levels. This allows arginine to stimulate the synthesis of nitric oxide and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which induces the proliferation and activation of T cells. Therefore, this agent may prevent the immunosuppressive effects of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and promote lymphocyte-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. Arginase is produced by neutrophils, macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and plays a role in inflammation-associated immunosuppression.
Numorphan: (Other name for: oxymorphone hydrochloride)
nurulimab: A monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell-expressed receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4; CTLA-4), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, nurulimab targets and binds to CTLA-4 expressed on T cells and inhibits the CTLA-4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.
nutraceutical TBL-12: An orally available nutritional supplement and proprietary formulation containing extracts from the sea cucumber, sea sponge, shark fin, sea urchin and the marine grass Sargassum, with potential antioxidant, antitumor, anti-angiogenic and immunomodulating activities. TBL-12 contains various amino acids, minerals, vitamins and omega-3 fatty acids.
Nutracort: (Other name for: therapeutic hydrocortisone)
NutreStore: (Other name for: glutamine)
Nutri-jelly: (Other name for: nutritious semisolid food gel)
Nutri-jelly with PEITC: (Other name for: nutritious semisolid food gel with phenethyl isothiocyanate)
nutrient-rich whole wheat flour supplement: A nutritional supplement composed of nutrient-rich whole wheat flour-based bread mix, with potential anti-cachexia activity. Following the production of an unleavened bread from the mix and upon oral intake of the nutrient-rich whole wheat flour supplement, the various nutrients in the bread may improve cachexia symptoms. The bread is made from the flour of pulverized whole wheat from an Indian crop.
Nutrison: (Other name for: casein/whey protein/soy protein/pea protein/fat mix/EPA/DHA-based nutritional supplement)
nutritional supplement drink: A calorie-dense nutritional supplement drink containing a variety of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional supplement drink contains vitamin A, vitamin C, D, E and K, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chloride and choline. In addition, this drink contains protein, fiber and fa, including omega-3 fatty acids.
nutritional supplement drink (pediatric): A liquid, milk protein-based, pediatric nutritional supplement containing a variety of vitamins and minerals. Nutritional supplement drink (pediatric) contains vitamins and minerals such as vitamin A, vitamin C, D, E and K, calcium, iron, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, phosphorus, iodine, magnesium, zinc, selenium, copper, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, chloride and choline. In addition, this supplement contains soy protein isolate and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), sucrose and short-chain oligofructosaccharides.
nutritious semisolid food gel: A proprietary, flavored, semisolid food gel-based nutritional supplement containing a variety of vitamins, iron, calcium, protein, fat and carbohydrates, that can be consumed for nutritional support. Upon oral intake, the nutritious semisolid food gel may prevent malnutrition and weight loss. The food gel has a semisolid texture and is specifically formulated for patients who have difficulty chewing and swallowing.
nutritious semisolid food gel with phenethyl isothiocyanate: A proprietary, flavored, semisolid food gel-based nutritional supplement containing a variety of vitamins, iron, calcium, protein, fat and carbohydrates, in combination with the phytochemical phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), that can be consumed for nutritional support, and with chemopreventive and anti-cancer activities. Upon oral intake, the nutritious semisolid food gel may aid in the prevention of malnutrition and weight loss. The food gel has a semisolid texture and is specifically formulated for patients who have difficulty chewing and swallowing. PEITC may delay cancer growth, and inhibit cancer cell migration and invasion.
Nuvigil: (Other name for: armodafinil)
Nuvion: (Other name for: visilizumab)
nuzefatide pevedotin: A bicyclic peptide targeting Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) and conjugated, through an inert sarcosine spacer chain and a valine-citrulline cleavable linker, to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, nuzefatide pevedotin targets and binds to EphA2-expressing tumor cells. After internalization and enzymatic cleavage of the immunoconjugate within the tumor cell cytosol, free MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which may result in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. The cell-surface receptor EphA2, a member of the ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involved in mammalian development, is overexpressed by a variety of different cancer cell types. EphA2 expression is associated with poor prognosis.
NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1), an antigen found in normal testis and various tumors. Vaccination with NY-ESO-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response to cells expressing NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
NY-ESO-1 peptides/threitolceramide-6-loaded nanoparticles PORT-3: An immunomodulating agent and nanovaccine composed of the invariant natural killer T-cell (iNKT) agonist, dendritic cell (DC) transactivator, and an alpha-galactosylceramide (a-GalCer) analog threitolceramide-6 (ThrCer6, IMM60) and immunogenic peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) New York Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma-1 (NY-ESO-1) encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of NY-ESO-1 peptides/ThrCer6-loaded nanoparticles PORT-3, ThrCer6 targets and binds to the T-cell receptor on iNKTs, thereby activating the iNKTs. The activated iNKTs activate DCs, resulting in the secretion of a large amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The NY-ESO-1 peptides are processed and presented by DCs. Altogether, this induces antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell, and B-cell responses, and leads to the induction of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. Encapsulating antigens and adjuvants together within the same biodegradable polymeric nanoparticle can enhance T-cell responses. NY-ESO-1 is a cancer-testis antigen normally expressed in testicular germ cells and trophoblasts of the placenta and overexpressed in a variety of cancers.
NY-ESO-1 plasmid DNA cancer vaccine: A plasmid DNA encoding an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon adninstration, NY-ESO-1 plasmid DNA cancer vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is a tumor associated antigen (TAA) found in normal testes and expressed on the surfaces of various tumor cells, including melanoma, breast, bladder, prostate, lung, ovarian, and hepatocellular tumor cells.
NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine plus Montanide ISA-51 VG: A cancer vaccine consisting of an immunogenic peptide derived from the cancer-testis antigen (NY-ESO-1) and emulsified in the immunoadjuvant Montanide ISA-51 VG, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous vaccination, the NY-ESO-1 protein vaccine emulsified in Montanide ISA-51 VG may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testes and various tumors, including bladder, breast, hepatocellular, melanoma, and prostate cancers. The surfactant mannide monooleate in Montanide ISA 51 VG is derived from vegetable-grade (VG) oleic acid that was purified from olive oil.
NY-ESO-1 protein/microparticle MDP/bacterial DNA-containing MIS416 vaccine: A combination preparation composed of a protein derived from the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) cancer-testis antigen 1 (NY-ESO-1) and a microparticle combining two immune-modifying components derived from the bacterium Propionibacterium acnes, a bacterial cell wall component that is rich in muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and bacteria-derived single-stranded DNA fragments, with potential immunomodulating, immunoadjuvant and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of NY-ESO-1 protein/microparticle MDP/bacterial DNA-containing MIS416 vaccine, MIS416 localizes in and is taken up mainly by the liver, thereby forming a liver depot. MIS416 is then taken up by immune cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), where MDP and the bacterial DNA target and bind to the cytosolic innate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2), and toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), respectively. The simultaneous binding and activation of both NOD2 and TLR9, leads to activation of both NOD2 and TLR9 signaling pathways. This stimulates the innate immune system, induces secretion of cytokines, particularly interferon (IFN), and modulates the activation of various immune cells. In the presence of the NY-ESO-1 peptide, MIS416 enhances the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1, resulting in an increased anti-tumor immune response. NY-ESO-1 is expressed in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
NY-ESO-1 reactive TCR retroviral vector transduced autologous PBL: Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the NY-ESO-1 reactive TCR-transduced autologous PBLs bind to NY-ESO-1-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) killing of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types; the TCR is specific for NY-ESO-1:157-165.
NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with a peptide derived from the tumor associated antigen human cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 (NY-ESO-1(157-165)), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NY-ESO-1(157-165) peptide-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount both an anti-tumoral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and an antibody-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed both in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
NY-ESO-1-expressing artificial adjuvant vector cells ASP0739: A preparation of artificial adjuvant vector cells (aAVCs) composed of modified human cells engineered to express the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) and loaded with loaded with the cluster of differentiation 1d (CD1d) ligand alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer; a-GalCer), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the NY-ESO-1-expressing aAVCs ASP0739, the presentation of α-GalCer by CD1d molecules on the cell surface activates invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, thereby eliciting NY-ESO-1-specific NKT cell responses against ASP0739. This in turn activates a natural killer (NK) cell response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. In turn, the NY-ESO-1 released from destroyed ASP0739 is taken up by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), mainly by dendritic cells (DCs), which in turn activates NY-ESO-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and results in a CTL-mediated immune response against NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells, thereby further destroying NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. In addition, the activation of antigen-specific memory T cells provides long-lasting anti-tumor effects against the NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells.
NY-ESO-1-specific CD4-positive T lymphocytes: A preparation of autologous CD4+ T-lymphocytes sensitized to cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. CD4-positive T-lymphocytes are exposed to a NY-ESO-1 peptide ex vivo, expanded, and introduced into the patient. The NY-ESO-1-specific CD4-positive T-lymphocytes may stimulate the host immune system to produce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen, which results in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1, an antigen found in normal testis, may be upregulated in various cancers.
NY-ESO-1-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1301: Human peripheral blood T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following leukapheresis, isolation of lymphocytes, expansion ex vivo, transduction, and introduction into the patient, the NY-ESO-1-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1301 bind to NY-ESO-1 on tumor cells. This may result in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated elimination of NY-ESO-1-positive cancer cells. NY-ESO-1, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is found in normal testis and on the surface of various tumor cell types.
NY-ESO-1/GLA-SE vaccine ID-G305: A cancer vaccine composed of a recombinant form of the tumor antigen NY-ESO-1 and glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA)-stable emulsion (GLA-SE), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon intramuscular injection, the adjuvant portion of the NY-ESO-1/GLA-SE vaccine ID-G30 binds to toll-like receptor subtype 4 (TLR-4) expressed on dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages and B cells. The activated DCs present the NY-ESO-1 antigen to Th1 CD4 T-lymphocytes. This leads to the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and the killing of NY-ESO-1-expressing tumor cells. This vaccine also induces specific antibody responses and increases the production of inflammatory cytokines.
NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 HLA class I/II peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing HLA class I- and II-binding peptides derived from the NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 cancer/testis antigen with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 HLA class I/II peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic immune response against tumor cells that over-express NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1. Rarely expressed by normal cells, the NY-ESO-1/LAGE-1 cancer/testis antigen has been shown to be preferentially expressed on the surface of some cancer cell types.
NY-ESO-1/MART-1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigens human cancer/testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells (MART-1/Melan-A), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the NY-ESO-1/MART-1 peptide-pulsed DC vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount an anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against NY-ESO-1/MART-1-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell lysis. NY-ESO-1 is expressed both in normal testes and on the surfaces of various tumor cells. MART-1 is expressed by melanoma cells.
NY-ESO-1/PRAME/MAGE-A3/WT-1 peptide vaccine: A peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of synthetic peptides derived from the cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME), human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and the human Wilms tumor protein-1 (WT-1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, NY-ESO-1/PRAME/MAGE-A3/WT-1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing NY-ESO-1, PRAME, MAGE-A3 and WT-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The NY-ESO-1, PRAME, MAGE-A3 and WT-1 peptides, tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, play a key role in tumor cell proliferation.
NY-ESO-1b peptide vaccine: A recombinant nonapeptide used as an antineoplastic vaccine. NY-ESO-1b peptide vaccine contains the amino acid sequence SLLMWITQC, derived from the cancer-testis tumor antigen (NY-ESO-1), which is expressed on tumor cells of many different types, including melanomas. Vaccination with this peptide vaccine may elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses to NY-ESO-1-expressing cancers.
NY-ESO-B: A tumor-associated antigen belonging to the family of immunogenic testicular proteins that are aberrantly expressed in human cancers in a lineage-nonspecific fashion. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed NY-ESO-1 mRNA expression in a variable proportion of a wide array of human cancers, including melanoma, breast cancer, bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and hepatocellular carcinoma; and restricted expression in normal tissues, with high-level mRNA expression found only in testis and ovary tissues. The gene for NY-ESO-1 maps to Xq28 and codes for an 18-kDa protein having no homology with any known protein. NY-ESO-1 elicits a strong, integrated humoral and cellular immune response in a high proportion of patients with NY-ESO-1-expressing tumors and is under investigation as a cancer immunotherapy agent.
Nyvepria: (Other name for: pegfilgrastim)