NCI Drug Dictionary

512 results found for: S

S-3304: An orally-agent agent with potential antineoplastic activity. S-3304 inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis.
S-adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate: The disulfate salt of the stable p-toluene-sulfonate complex of s-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) with chemopreventive activity. SAMe disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate undergoes hydrolytic conversion to its active compound SAMe within cells. Although the mechanism of action is largely unknown, SAMe attenuates experimental liver damage and prevents experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. In addition, SAMe may reduce mitochondrial cytochrome C release, caspase 3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and attenuate okadaic acid-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. SAMe is an essential compound in cellular transmethylation reactions and a precursor of polyamine and glutathione synthesis in the liver; SAMe deficiency is associated with chronic liver disease-associated decreases in the activity of methionine adenosyltransferase 1A (MAT1A), the enzyme that catalyzes the production of SAMe as the first step in methionine catabolism.
S-adenosylmethionine: A nutritional supplement that is synthesized from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the amino acid methionine by the endogenous essential enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, S-adenosylmethionine acts as a methyl donor for various transmethylation reactions. In cancer cells, this agent induces the methylation of tumor promoting genes, reverses DNA hypomethylation, and leads to the suppression of oncogene transcription. This induces apoptosis in and inhibits proliferation of susceptible tumor cells.
S-equol: An orally bioavailable, non-steroidal estrogen naturally produced by the metabolism of the isoflavonoid daidzein by human intestinal microflora, with potential chemoprotective and estrogen receptor (ER) modulating activities. S-equol preferentially binds to and activates the beta isoform of ER in certain target tissues, while having an antagonistic effect in other tissues. This modulates the expression of ER-responsive genes in a tissue-specific manner. This agent may increase bone mineral density, affect vasomotor symptoms, and may decrease the proliferation rate of susceptible cancer cells. In addition, this agent interferes with the activity of enzymes involved in steroid biosynthesis. S-equol inhibits dihydrotestosterone (DHT) production and may inhibit the proliferation of androgen-driven prostate cancer. S-equol is the biologically active enantiomer while R-equol is essentially inactive and has a weak affinity for alpha-ER.
sabarubicin: A disaccharide analogue of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic doxorubicin. Sabarubicin intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also induces apoptosis through a p53-independent mechanism. Sabarubicin is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin.
sabatolimab: An inhibitor of the inhibitory T-cell receptor T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3; hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2; HAVCR2), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sabatolimab binds to TIM-3 expressed on certain immune cells, including tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). This abrogates T-cell inhibition, activates antigen-specific T lymphocytes and enhances cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis resulting in a reduction in tumor growth. TIM-3, a transmembrane protein expressed on certain T cells, is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.
sabizabulin: An orally bioavailable, small molecule tubulin inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic, antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon oral administration, sabizabulin binds to the colchicine-binding site of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits of microtubules and crosslinks the microtubules, thereby inhibiting microtubule polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and tumor cells. This blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle and leads to cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. As a result, this agent disrupts the tumor vasculature, tumor blood flow, deprives tumor cells of nutrients, and induces apoptosis. In addition, as microtubules plays an important role in intracellular transport, the inhibition of its polymerization may disrupt the transport of the androgen receptor (AR) into the cell nucleus, as well as virus trafficking around the cell. This may decrease viral replication and assembly. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization may also inhibit the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and disrupt inflammatory cell activities. Sabizabulin is not a substrate of P-glycoprotein (Pgp), an efflux pump that when overexpressed, may confer resistance to taxane agents
Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic supplement: A probiotic containing the non-pathogenic yeast Saccharomyces boulardii with antidiarrheal and potential anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and immunomodulating activities. As a dietary supplement, S. boulardii may improve digestion and help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by modulating the composition of the normal intestinal microflora. During colonization of the GI tract, S. boulardii forms a protective barrier that helps maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This prevents attachment of pathogens to the intestinal mucosa. In addition, this probiotic secretes a protease that binds to and degrades toxins A and B produced by Clostridium difficile, thereby preventing their harmful effects. Dietary supplementation with this microorganism may reduce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and may potentiate natural and acquired immunity.
sacituzumab govitecan-hziy: An antibody drug conjugate containing the humanized monoclonal antibody, hRS7, against tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TACSTD2 or TROP2) and linked to the active metabolite of irinotecan, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38), with potential antineoplastic activity. The antibody moiety of sacituzumab govitecan-hziy selectively binds to TROP2. After internalization and proteolytic cleavage, SN-38 selectively stabilizes topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes, resulting in DNA breaks that inhibit DNA replication and trigger apoptosis. TROP2, also known as epithelial glycoprotein-1 (EGP-1), is a transmembrane calcium signal transducer that is overexpressed by a variety of human epithelial carcinomas; this antigen is involved in the regulation of cell-cell adhesion and its expression is associated with increased cancer growth, aggressiveness and metastasis.
sacituzumab tirumotecan: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody against tumor-associated antigen (TAA) trophoblast cell surface protein 2 (trophoblast antigen 2; calcium signal transducer 2; TROP2; TROP-2; TACSTD2; GA733-1; M1S1) conjugated to an as of yet undisclosed toxin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration sacituzumab tirumotecan, the anti-TROP2 antibody targets and binds to TROP2 expressed on tumor cells. Upon cellular uptake, the undisclosed toxin exerts, through an as of yet not disclosed mechanism of action, its cytotoxic effect. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation of TROP2-expressing tumor cells. TROP2 is a transmembrane protein overexpressed in various tumors while its expression is low and/or restricted in normal, healthy tissues; its expression is associated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness, metastasis, drug resistance and increased tumor cell survival.
sacubitril: A neprilysn (NEP) inhibitor prodrug with natriuretic activity. Upon administration, sacubitril is metabolized by esterases to its active metabolite, sacubitrilat, which inhibits NEP, a neutral endopeptidase that cleaves natriuretic peptides such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP), as well as certain vasoconstricting peptides including as angiotensin I and II, and endothelin-1. Additionally, sacubitrilat may inhibit NEP-mediated catabolism of certain peptide-based agents, thereby improving their in vivo stability and increasing tumor cell exposure.
safingol: A saturated derivative of sphingosine. As an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), safingol competitively binds to the regulatory phorbol-binding domain of PKC, a kinase involved in tumorigenesis. This agent has been shown to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents and may potentiate chemotherapy drug-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo.
safusidenib: An orally available inhibitor of isocitrate dehydrogenase type 1 (IDH1; IDH-1; IDH1 [NADP+] soluble) mutant forms, including substitution mutations at the arginine in position 132, IDH1(R132) (IDH1-R132), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, safusidenib specifically binds to and inhibits certain mutant forms of IDH1, thereby inhibiting the formation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) from alpha-ketoglutarate (a-KG). This prevents 2HG-mediated signaling and leads to both an induction of cellular differentiation and an inhibition of cellular proliferation in tumor cells expressing IDH1 mutations. IDH1(R132) mutations are highly expressed in certain malignancies, including gliomas; they initiate and drive cancer growth by both blocking cell differentiation and catalyzing the formation of 2HG. Safusidenib minimally targets and affects wild-type IDH1, which is expressed in normal, healthy cells.
sagopilone: A fully synthetic low-molecular-weight epothilone with potential antineoplastic activity. Sagopilone binds to tubulin and induces microtubule polymerization while stabilizing microtubules against depolymerization, which may result in the inhibition of cell division, the induction of G2/M arrest, and apoptosis. The agent is not a substrate for the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and so may exhibit activity in multidrug-resistant (MDR) tumors. The epothilone class of metabolites was originally isolated from the myxobacterium Solangium cellulosum.
Salagen: (Other name for: pilocarpine hydrochloride)
Salflex: (Other name for: salsalate)
saline: A solution of salt and water. Saline usually refers to normal or physiological saline, which is an aqueous solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride.
salirasib: A salicylic acid derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Salirasib dislodges all Ras isoforms from their membrane-anchoring sites, thereby preventing activation of RAS signaling cascades that mediated cell proliferation, differentiation, and senescence. RAS signaling is believed to be abnormally activated in one-third of human cancers, including cancers of the pancreas, colon, lung and breast.
SalMet-Vec: (Other name for: Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium expressing L-methioninase SGN1)
Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium expressing L-methioninase SGN1: A genetically modified strain of Salmonella enterica, serotype typhimurium that expresses L-methioninase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium expressing L-methioninase SGN1 selectively accumulates and replicates in tumor cells, inhibiting the growth of tumors. SGN1 also delivers the oncolytic enzyme L-methioninase, a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the elimination of L-methionine, to tumor cells. This eliminates L-methionine and results in cell-cycle arrest at the S/G2 phase and tumor cell death. Most tumors are methionine-dependent for growth and proliferation.
Salmonella enterica serovar typhi ZH9: A formulation containing a live-attenuated strain of the bacterium Salmonella typhi, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ZH9, the Salmonella in ZH9 may cause a Salmonella-induced systemic reprogramming of myeloid cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). This enhances the recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells, including the upregulation of co-stimulatory and major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules on dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, monocytes, and macrophages. This may alleviate immune suppression, restore immune fitness and tissue immunosurveillance and re-activate an anti-tumor immune response.
salmonella VNP20009: A genetically stable Salmonella typhimurium strain, attenuated by chromosomal deletion of the purI and msbB genes, with tumor-targeting activity. In rodent models, salmonella VNP20009 has been shown to selectively accumulate and grow in a variety of tumor types, inhibiting the growth of primary and metastatic tumors. This agent may be genetically engineered to contain transgenes that express therapeutic agents or cell surface tumor-associated antigen-specific antibodies, such as CEA-specific antibodies, which may improve its tumor targeting and therapeutic potential.
salsalate: An orally available salicylate and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. As a prodrug, salsalate is hydrolyzed to salicylic acid which inhibits the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. This prevents the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors and leads to decreased formation of prostaglandins that are involved in pain, fever and inflammation. In addition, salsalate appears to inhibit nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB), thereby preventing activation of the NF-kB-mediated pathway and the expression of genes involved in inflammation.
Salsitab: (Other name for: salsalate)
salt-inducible kinase inhibitor GRN-300: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the salt inducible kinases 2 (SIK2) and 3 (SIK3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration of SIK inhibitor GRN-300, this agent targets, binds to and blocks the activity of SIK2 and SIK3. This prevents SIK2/3-mediated signaling, blocks centrosome separation, and inhibits proliferation in SIK2/3-overexpressing tumor cells. GRN-300 may enhance tumor sensitivity to other chemotherapeutic agents. SIK2/3, serine/threonine centrosome kinase family members required for bipolar mitotic spindle formation, are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types.
Salvia hispanica seed: The edible seed of the flowering plant Salvia hispanica (chia) used as a nutritional supplement, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon ingestion, chia seed supplies essential fatty acids, including alpha linolenic acid (an omega-3) and linoleic acid (an omega-6), B vitamins, especially niacin (B3) and thiamine (B1), and several minerals, including calcium, zinc, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus and iron; it also contains high levels of antioxidants and dietary soluble fiber. When used as a dietary supplement, this agent may improve a patient's nutrient intake and may balance their intestinal microbiome.
Salvia officinalis extract tablet: An oral tablet containing an extract of the plant Salvia officinalis (common sage) with reported antihydrotic, antibiotic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, astringent, antispasmodic, estrogenic, and hypoglycemic properties. The primary biologically active component of common sage appears to be its essential oil which contains mainly cineol, borneol, and alpha- and beta-thujone. In addition, sage leaf contains numerous other substances including tannic acid; resins with oleic, ursonic, and ursolic acids; bitter substances with cornsole and cornsolic acid; fumaric, chlorogenic, caffeic and nicotinic acids; nicotinamide; flavones; flavone glycosides; and estrogenic substances. However, the mechanism(s) of action of common sage in the treatment of various disorders is unclear.
SAM-e Complete: (Other name for: S-adenosyl-L-methionine disulfate p-toluene-sulfonate)
Sam68 modulator CWP232291: A small molecule and prodrug of CWP232204 targeting Src associated in mitosis, of 68 kDa (Sam68 or KHDRBS1), with potential antineoplastic activity. CWP232291 is converted in serum into its active form CWP232204 which binds to Sam68, thereby resulting in the induction of apoptosis in selective cancer cells. Due to the multimodular structure of Sam68, the apoptosis mediated by CWP232204-Sam68 interaction can be attributed to 1) activation of transcription factor NF-kB induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling, 2) alternative splicing of BCL-2 apoptosis gene, driving the balance towards pro-apoptotic as opposed to anti-apoptotic isoforms, 3) down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic protein survivin via Want signaling. Sam68, a KH domain RNA-binding protein belonging to the signal transduction and activation of RNA (STAR) family, plays a key role in various cellular processes including cell cycle progression and apoptosis; it is upregulated in many types of cancer cells and its expression is associated with increased cell proliferation and survival.
samalizumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human immunosuppressive molecule CD200 (OX-2) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Samalizumab binds to CD200, blocking the binding of CD200 to its receptor, CD200R, present on cells of the macrophage lineage. Inhibition of CD200 may augment the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated immune response against CD200-expressing tumor cells. CD200 is a type 1a transmembrane protein, related to the B7 family of co-stimulatory receptors, and is upregulated on the surface of multiple hematologic malignant cells; this transmembrane protein appears to be involved in the downregulation of a Th1 (helper T cell) immune response.
samarium Sm 153-DOTMP: A radioconjugate composed of the phosphonic acid chelator DOTMP (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylenephosphonic acid) conjugated to the beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope samarium Sm 153, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of samarium Sm 153-DOTMP, the DOTMP moiety targets and binds to growing bone, thereby selectively delivering samarium Sm 153-mediated cytotoxic radiation to bone tumor and metastases, which may help destroy bone metastases and mitigate pain from bone metastases.
samarium Sm-153 lexidronam pentasodium: The pentasodium salt of samarium Sm 153 lexidronam, a therapeutic agent consisting of a medium energy beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope, samarium Sm 153, and a teraphosphonate chelator, ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP). The chelator moiety of samarium Sm 153 lexidronam associates with hydroxyapatite crystals concentrated in areas of bone turnover, thereby selectively delivering samarium Sm 153-mediated cytotoxic radiation to osteoblastic bone metastases.
samrotamab vedotin: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a humanized monoclonal antibody against leucine-rich repeat containing 15 (LRRC15) linked, via the protease-cleavable valine-citrulline linker, to the microtubule-disrupting cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of samrotamab vedotin, the samrotamab moiety targets and binds to LRRC15 expressed on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and tumor cells. Upon binding and internalization, MMAE is released after proteolytic cleavage. MMAE targets and binds to tubulin, and inhibits microtubule polymerization. This results in G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in LRRC15-expressing CAFs and tumor cells. LRRC15, a type I membrane protein and a member of the LRR superfamily, is highly expressed on CAFs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) within some tumor stroma and on tumor cells in certain tumors.
samuraciclib: An orally available, selective inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, samuraciclib selectively and competitively binds to the CDK7 ATP binding site, thereby inhibiting CDK7-mediated signaling. CDK7, a serine/threonine kinase, plays a role in controlling cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, and promotes the expression of key oncogenes such as c-Myc through the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II. Inhibition of CDK7 may inhibit tumor cell proliferation in certain cancers that are dependent on CDK7-mediated transcriptional regulation and signaling.
San Zhong Kui Jian Tang: A traditional Chinese herbal medicine containing sixteen or seventeen herbs, including berberine and baicalin, with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Although the mechanisms of action through which San Zhong Kui Jian Tang (SZKJT) exerts its effects are not yet fully elucidated, upon administration, SZKJT may reduce swelling, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and inhibit cancer cell proliferation.
Sancuso: (Other name for: granisetron)
Sancuso: (Other name for: granisetron transdermal system)
Sandimmune: (Other name for: cyclosporine)
Sandoglobulin: (Other name for: therapeutic immune globulin)
Sandostatin: (Other name for: octreotide acetate)
Sandostatin Lar Depot: (Other name for: octreotide acetate)
Sandostatin pamoate: (Other name for: octreotide pamoate)
Sandostatin pamoate LAR: (Other name for: octreotide pamoate)
SangCya: (Other name for: cyclosporine)
sapablursen: An antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) targeting the transmembrane protease serine 6 (TMPRSS6) mRNA and conjugated to the liver-targeted ligand N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), that can potentially be used to regulate TMPRSS6, hepcidin and iron levels and treat iron overload and anemia associated with certain disorders such as beta thalassemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Upon subcutaneous administration of sapablursen, the GalNAc moiety targets and binds with high affinity to asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGPRs) expressed on hepatocytes. Once inside the cell, the ASO blocks the translation of the TMPRSS6 protein. Reduction of the TMPRSS6 level prevents TMPRSS6-mediated suppression of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-SMAD signaling pathway and leads to an increase in hepcidin levels. Hepcidin decreases the uptake of dietary iron and the release of iron from cellular storage, which reduces serum iron, normalizes iron levels and stimulates erythropoiesis. Hepcidin plays a key role in the homeostasis of systemic iron; low levels of hepcidin are associated with iron overload in certain diseases, such as beta-thalassemia and polycythemia vera. TMPRSS6 negatively regulates hepcidin expression and plays a key role in iron homeostasis.
sapacitabine: An orally bioavailable pyrimidine analogue prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapacitabine is hydrolyzed by amidases to the deoxycytosine analogue CNDAC (2'-Cyano-2'-deoxyarabinofuranosylcytosine), which is then phosphorylated into the active triphosphate form. As an analogue of deoxycytidine triphosphate, CNDAC triphosphate incorporates into DNA strands during replication, resulting in single-stranded DNA breaks during polymerization due to beta-elimination during the fidelity checkpoint process; cell cycle arrest in the G2 phase and apoptosis ensue. The unmetabolized prodrug may exhibit antineoplastic activity as well.
sapanisertib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mTOR (TOR complex 1 or TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (TOR complex 2 or TORC2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapanisertib binds to and inhibits both TORC1 and TORC2 complexes of mTOR, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. TORC1 and 2 are upregulated in some tumors and play an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.
sapitinib: An erbB receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Sapitinib binds to and inhibits erbB tyrosine receptor kinases, which may result in the inhibition of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis in tumors expressing erbB. The erbB protein family, also called the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, plays major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
saponin-based immunoadjuvant OBI-821: A purified, natural saponin isolated from the soapbark tree Quillaja saponaria Molina with potential immunoadjuvant activity. When co-administered with a vaccine, OBI-821 may increase antibody and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against the vaccine's targeted antigen(s).
saponin-cholesterol-phospholipid adjuvant: An adjuvant comprised of saponin, derived from the bark of Quillaia saponaria Molina, cholesterol and phospholipid with antigen-delivery and immunostimulatory activities. This saponin-based adjuvant in combination with various antigens, including those for human papilloma virus (HPV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and the human cancer antigen NY-ESO-1, may result in potent antibody, CD4+ T-helper-cell, and CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses against the targeted antigen. In addition, this agent may reduce the amount of antigen necessary to induce an efficient immune response in the host.
saquinavir mesylate: The mesylate salt form of saquinavir, a synthetic peptidomimetic substrate with antiviral property. Saquinavir selectively binds to and inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease, an aspartic protease that cleaves viral gag and gag-pol polyprotein (precursors for viral proteases, reverse transcriptase, and integrase). Inhibition of HIV-1 protease prevents functional viral proteins to be cleaved from the viral polyprotein precursor and results in the release of immature, noninfectious virions.
saracatinib: An orally available 5-, 7-substituted anilinoquinazoline with anti-invasive and anti-tumor activities. Saracatinib is a dual-specific inhibitor of Src and Abl, protein tyrosine kinases that are overexpressed in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. This agent binds to and inhibits these tyrosine kinases and their effects on cell motility, cell migration, adhesion, invasion, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Specifically, saracatinib inhibits Src kinase-mediated osteoclast bone resorption.
Sarasar: (Other name for: lonafarnib)
Sarclisa: (Other name for: isatuximab-irfc)
SarCNU: An alkylating chloroethylnitrosourea with antineoplastic activity. Selectively accumulating in some tumor cells, SarCNU forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.
sargramostim: A recombinant therapeutic agent which is chemically identical to or similar to endogenous human GM-CSF. Binding to specific cell surface receptors, sargramostim modulates the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production and may reverse treatment-induced neutropenias. This agent also promotes antigen presentation, up-regulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin-2-mediated lymphokine-activated killer cell function; it may also augment host antitumoral immunity.
sargramostim plasmid DNA hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine adjuvant: A vaccine adjuvant consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding sargramostim (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor). Upon administration, expressed sargramostim may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response enhancing the host immune response to a concomitantly administered hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine.
sargramostim plasmid DNA melanoma vaccine adjuvant: A vaccine adjuvant consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding sargramostim (a granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor). Upon administration, expressed sargramostim may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response enhancing the host immune response to a concomitantly administered melanoma vaccine.
sargramostim plasmid DNA pancreatic tumor cell vaccine: A whole cell vaccine comprised of irradiated allogenic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a plasmid DNA encoding human sargramostim (GM-CSF). Vaccination results in expression of GM-CSF, which induces proliferation and differentiation hematopoietic lineage cells as well as stimulating macrophage and dendritic cell functions in antigen presentation and antitumor cell-mediated immunity. Furthermore, administration of this pancreatic tumor cell vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against similar host tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.
sarilumab: A recombinant, human immunoglobulin (IgG) monoclonal antibody targeting the interleukin 6 receptor (IL-6R), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon intravenous administration of sarilumab, this agent targets and binds to both soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and membrane-bound IL-6 receptor (mIL-6R). This inhibits the binding of the pro-inﬂammatory cytokine IL-6 to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which results in the blockade of the IL-6/IL-6R-mediated signal transduction pathway. This may inhibit IL-6/IL-6R-mediated inflammation.
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein plasmid DNA vaccine CORVax: A vaccine consisting of DNA plasmids encoding the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface antigen spike (S) protein, with potential immunizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Upon administration of the SARS-CoV-2 S protein plasmid DNA vaccine CORVax and following electroporation (EP), the DNA plasmids enter the cells and the cells produce the SARS-CoV-2 S protein. This may activate both humoral and cellular immune responses which may result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. S protein, usually found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, plays an essential role in the infection pathway of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
saruparib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), with potential chemo/radiosensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, saruparib selectively targets and binds to PARP and prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of single-strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability and eventually leads to apoptosis. This may enhance the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and is activated by single-strand DNA breaks. The PARP-mediated repair pathway is dysregulated in a variety of cancer cell types.
sasanlimab: An inhibitor of the human inhibitory receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sasanlimab targets and binds to PD-1 and blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor cells. PD-1, an inhibitory receptor belonging to the B7-receptor family, is expressed on activated T lymphocytes, B cells and NK cells; it functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands, and plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
Sativex: (Other name for: nabiximols)
satraplatin: An orally administered third generation platinum compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Satraplatin forms highly reactive, charged, platinum complexes which bind to nucleophilic groups in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, as well as DNA-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in cell growth inhibition and apoptosis.
Satric: (Other name for: metronidazole hydrochloride)
Savaysa: (Other name for: edoxaban tosylate)
savolitinib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. Savolitinib selectively binds to and inhibits the activation of c-Met in an ATP-competitive manner, and disrupts c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress the c-Met protein. C-Met encodes the hepatocyte growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase and plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis; this protein is overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers.
saw palmetto berry extract supplement: An herbal supplement used commonly to alleviate symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In vitro studies show that it may also have anti-cancer properties specific for prostate cancer.
saxagliptin hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of saxagliptin, an orally bioavailable, potent, selective and competitive, cyanopyrrolidine-based inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), with hypoglycemic activity. Saxagliptin is metabolized into an, although less potent, active mono-hydroxy metabolite.
SB-743921: A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic properties. SB-743921 selectively inhibits kinesin spindle protein (KSP), an important protein involved in the early stages of mitosis that is expressed in proliferating cells. Inhibition of KSP results in inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly and interrupts cell division, thereby causing cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.
SB-AS02B adjuvant: A proprietary oil-in-water emulsion specifically designed for combining protein preparations used in vaccines. SB-AS02B adjuvant contains monophosphoryl lipid A and QS21, a saponin extracted from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina. This agent may be used for formulating cancer-specific vaccine preparations such as those containing MAGE-3 melanoma protein.
SB-AS15 adjuvant: A vaccine adjuvant containing CpG 7909, monophosphoryl lipid, and QS-21 with potential antineoplastic and immunostimulatory activities. CpG 7909 is a synthetic 24-mer oligonucleotide containing 3 CpG motifs that selectively targets Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9), thereby activating dendritic and B cells and stimulating cytotoxic T cell and antibody responses against tumor cells bearing tumor antigens. Monophosphoryl lipid is a detoxified derivative of lipid A, a component of Salmonella minnesota lipopolysaccharide (LPS); this agent may enhance humoral and cellular responses to various antigens. QS-21 is a purified, naturally occurring saponin derived from the South American tree Quillaja saponaria Molina and exhibits various immunostimulatory activities. Combinations of monophosphoryl lipid and QS-21 may be synergistic in inducing humoral and cellular immune responses.
SCD1 inhibitor MTI-301: An orally bioavailable stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, SCD1 inhibitor MTI-301 targets, binds to the saturated fatty acid (SFA) pocket and inhibits the activity of SCD1, thereby preventing the oxidation of SFAs to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs). This prevents fatty acid synthesis in cancer cells and the fatty acid-mediated promotion of tumor growth, metastasis and drug resistance. This leads to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and induces apoptotic cell death. Inhibition of SCD1 may also activate the adaptive immune response and may promote T-cell-mediated tumor immune responses. In addition, MTI-301 may sensitize cancers to immune checkpoint inhibitors. SCD1, an enzyme converting SFAs to MUFAs, promotes fatty acid synthesis in cancer cells and is upregulated in certain types of cancer. SCD1 plays a key role in tumor immunosuppression.
Scemblix: (Other name for: asciminib hydrochloride)
Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol: (Other name for: talc)
SDF-1 receptor antagonist PTX-9908: A stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1; CXCL12) analog and inhibitor of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, PTX-9908 selectively targets and binds to CXCR4, thereby preventing the binding of CXCR4 to its ligand SDF-1. This inhibits receptor activation and results in decreased proliferation and migration of CXCR4-overexpressing tumor cells. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which is overexpressed in several tumor cell types, promotes tumor angiogenesis, tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis. SDF-1, a major chemotactic factor, plays a key role in mediating cell trafficking via selective binding to CXCR4.
Seasonale: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel)
Seasonique: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel)
Sec61 inhibitor KZR-261: A small molecule inhibitor of the Sec61 translocon, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Sec61 inhibitor KZR-261 targets Sec61 and inhibits the translocation of multiple secreted and transmembrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Sec61 channel. This inhibits the secretion pathway and prevents the expression of these secreted and transmembrane proteins, which may include cytokines, oncogenic receptors, angiogenic factors and immune checkpoint molecules that are involved in tumor growth, metastasis and immune evasion. This may result in anti-tumor activities. Sec61 translocon plays a key role in regulating the translocation of secreted and transmembrane proteins into the ER.
seclidemstat: An orally available, reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, or KDM1A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, seclidemstat reversibly inhibits LSD1, a demethylase that suppresses the expression of target genes by converting the di- and mono-methylated forms of lysine at position 4 of histone 3 (H3K4) to mono- and unmethylated H3K4, respectively. LSD1 inhibition enhances H3K4 methylation and increases the expression of tumor suppressor genes. This may lead to an inhibition of cell growth in LSD1-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, LSD1 demethylates mono- or di-methylated H3K9 which increases gene expression of tumor promoting genes; inhibition of LSD1 promotes H3K9 methylation and decreases transcription of these genes.
secretin: A synthetic form of the human endogenous gastrointestinal peptide hormone secretin, that may be used as a diagnostic aid. Secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells to emit bicarbonate rich digestive fluids, thereby increases duodenal bicarbonate level. Bicarbonate neutralizes acidity of the intestines, consequently increasing the pH. The administration of synthetic secretin may aid in the diagnosis of exocrine pancreas dysfunction. In patients with gastrinoma, secretin stimulates gastrin secretion. The administration of synthetic secretin may aid in the diagnosis of gastrinoma. In addition, as secretin increases secretions from the pancreas, the administration of synthetic secretin may aid in the identification of the ampulla of Vater and the accessory papilla during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
secukinumab: A recombinant human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody against the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 17A (IL-17A; IL-17), with potential anti-inflammatory activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, secukinumab selectively targets and binds to IL-17A, thereby neutralizing the IL-17A protein. This prevents binding of IL-17A to the IL-17 receptor (IL-17R), and inhibits IL-17A/IL-17R-mediated signaling and inflammation mediated by this pathway. IL-17A is mainly produced by inflammatory T helper 17 cells (Th17), and certain lymphocytes. IL-17A production is upregulated in many immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and plays a key role in the development of inflammation and the immune response.
sedoxantrone trihydrochloride: The trihydrochloride salt of the anthrapyrazole antineoplastic antibiotic sedoxantrone with potential antineoplastic activity. Sedoxantrone intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis.
Seigen: (Other name for: lactobacillus fermented extract)
selatinib ditosilate: An orally bioavailable ditosilate salt form of selatinib, an analog of the quinazoline lapatinib and dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (ErbB-2 or HER-2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, selatinib reversibly blocks phosphorylation of both EGFR and ErbB2, thereby suppressing tumor growth in EGFR/ErbB-2-overexpressing tumor cells. The tyrosine kinases EGFR and ErbB2 have been implicated in the growth of various tumor types.
selected vegetables/Sun's soup: A mixture of vegetables and other edible plants that has been studied in the treatment of cancer. The vegetables include soybean, shiitake mushroom, mung bean, red date, scallion, garlic, leek, lentil, Hawthorn fruit, onion, ginseng, Angelica root, licorice, dandelion root, senega root, ginger, olive, sesame seed, and parsley. Sun's Soup is available in the United States as a dietary supplement.
selective androgen receptor modulator LY2452473: An orally bioavailable selective androgen receptor modulator (SARM), with potential tissue-selective androgenic/anti-androgenic activity. Upon oral administration, LY2452473 acts as an agonist in select tissues and organs, including skeletal muscle, bone and the penis, thereby binding to and activating androgen receptor (AR) while acting as an antagonist in the prostate, thereby blocking AR activation and AR-mediated cellular proliferation. This may improve muscle mass and strength, bone formation, and erectile dysfunction while not stimulating growth of the prostate.
selective cytokine inhibitory drug CC-1088: An analog of thalidomide with potential antineoplastic activity that belongs to the functional class of agents called selective cytokine inhibitory drugs (SelCIDs). SelCIDs inhibit phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE 4), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) production. CC-1088 inhibits production of the cytokines vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (a pro-angiogenic factor) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).
selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonist H3B-6545: An orally available, selective and covalent antagonist of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha; ERa; ESR1; nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1; NR3A1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonist (SERCA) H3B-6545 selectively and covalently binds to a cysteine that is unique to ERalpha and is not present in other nuclear hormone receptors, thereby inhibiting the activity of ERalpha. This inhibits the growth and survival of ERalpha-expressing cancer cells. ERalpha, a nuclear hormone receptor, is often overexpressed and/or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. It plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonist TQB3915: An orally bioavailable, selective and covalent antagonist of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha; ERa; ESR1; nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1; NR3A1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, selective estrogen receptor covalent antagonist TQB3915 selectively and covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of ERalpha. This inhibits the growth and survival of ERalpha-expressing cancer cells. ERalpha, a nuclear hormone receptor often overexpressed and/or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
selective estrogen receptor degrader AND019: An orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader/downregulator (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD AND019 specifically targets and binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in ER degradation. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits both the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
selective estrogen receptor degrader AZD9496: An orally available selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, SERD AZD9496 binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
selective estrogen receptor degrader LX-039: A bispecific antibody fusion protein directed against the human negative immunoregulatory checkpoint receptors programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279) and the human cell surface antigen CD47, with potential immunostimulating, phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of anti-PD-1/CD47 infusion protein HX009, the agent simultaneously and selectively targets and binds to PD-1 expressed on T lymphocytes and CD47 on tumor cells. The CD47 binding by HX009 blocks the interaction of CD47 with signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha), an inhibitory protein expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), which prevents CD47/SIRPalpha-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPalpha-mediated inhibition of phagocytosis. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), expressed on macrophages, which results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of the CD47-expressing tumor cells. The binding of HX009 to PD-1 blocks the interaction between PD-1 and its ligands, PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore effector T cell functions and may further activate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated tumor cell killing. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), widely expressed on normal, healthy cells, such as red blood cells and platelets, and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPalpha, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, which allows cancer cells to proliferate. By co-targeting CD47 and PD-1, HX009 has the potential to overcome the limitations of existing CD47-targeted therapies by possibly avoiding the side effects caused by binding to CD47 on healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which causes unwanted macrophage-mediated phagocytosis. PD-1, an inhibitory receptor belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), is expressed on activated T lymphocytes; it functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands, and plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
selective estrogen receptor degrader SRN-927: An orally available, nonsteroidal selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD SRN-927 specifically binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that results in the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
selective estrogen receptor degraderLSZ102: A selective estrogen receptor (ER) degrader (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of LSZ102, this agent binds to the ER and induces the degradation of the receptor. This prevents ER activation and ER-mediated signaling, and inhibits the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
selective human estrogen-receptor alpha partial agonist TTC-352: A benzothiophene and orally bioavailable selective human estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha; ESR1; ERa) partial agonist (ShERPA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, TTC-352 mimics the naturally-occurring 17beta-estradiol (E2) and targets and binds to ERa located in the nucleus. This causes translocation of ERa to extranuclear sites. Nuclear export of ERa prevents normal ER-mediated signaling and inhibits proliferation of ER-positive tumor cells. TTC-352 causes tumor regression of tamoxifen (TAM)-resistant (TR) tumor cells which often overexpress protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha; PKCa). PKCa expression is associated with poor patient survival and breast cancer aggressiveness and may predict tumor responses to E2, E2-like compounds and ShERPAs. Unlike E2 and E2-like compounds, TTC-352 does not cause endometrial proliferation.
selegiline hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of selegiline, a levorotatory acetylenic derivative of phenethylamine with antiparkinsonian effect. As a selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, selegiline has the greatest affinity for type B MAO, found mainly in the brain. Selegiline is converted by MAO B to an active moiety, which binds irreversibly at the active site of the enzyme's cofactor FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) molecule. This prevents the oxidative deamination of catecholamines and serotonin by MAO B, and leads to an increase in these neurotransmitters' activities resulting in improved motor function. In addition, this agent may inhibit re-uptake of dopamine by the neuron and prolong dopamine activity.
selenium: A nonmetallic chemical element found in trace amounts in human body. Selenium primarily occurs in vivo as selenocompounds, mostly selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (enzymes responsible for detoxification). Alone or in combination with Vitamin E, selenocompounds act as antioxidants. These agents scavenge free radicals; prevent blood clots by inhibiting platelet aggregation; strengthen the immune system; and have been shown, in some instances, to inhibit chromosomal damage and mutations. Exhibiting chemopreventive activity, selenocompounds also inhibit the induction of protein kinase C.
seliciclib: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor with potential proapoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Seliciclib primarily inhibits CDK2/E, CDK2/A, CDK7 and CDK9 by competing for their ATP binding sites, leading to a disruption of cell cycle progression. In addition, this agent appears to interfere with CDK-mediated phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II, inhibiting RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, which may result in the down-regulation of antiapoptotic proteins such as induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein Mcl-1. CDKs, serine/threonine kinases that play an important role in cell cycle regulation, are overexpressed in various malignancies. Mcl-1 belongs to the Bcl-2 family of antiapoptotic proteins and is a protein crucial to the survival of a range of tumor cell types.
selicrelumab: A monoclonal antibody agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the endogenous CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), selicrelumab binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types. This triggers the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and activates B cells and T cells, resulting in an enhanced immune response. Selicrelumab also binds to and activates CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, leading to apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a cell surface receptor and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells and certain cancer cells; it mediates both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis.
selinexor: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of CRM1 (chromosome region maintenance 1 protein, exportin 1 or XPO1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Selinexor modifies the essential CRM1-cargo binding residue cysteine-528, thereby irreversibly inactivates CRM1-mediated nuclear export of cargo proteins such as tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs), including p53, p21, BRCA1/2, pRB, FOXO, and other growth regulatory proteins. As a result, this agent, via the approach of selective inhibition of nuclear export (SINE), restores endogenous tumor suppressing processes to selectively eliminate tumor cells while sparing normal cells. CRM1, the major export factor for proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.
selpercatinib: An orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of wild-type, mutant and fusion products involving the proto-oncogene receptor tyrosine kinase rearranged during transfection (RET), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, selpercatinib selectively binds to and targets wild-type RET as well as various RET mutants and RET-containing fusion products. This results in an inhibition of cell growth of tumors cells that exhibit increased RET activity. In addition, selpercatinib targets, binds to and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and 3 (VEGFR3), and fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), 2 (FGFR2), and 3 (FGFR3). RET overexpression, activating mutations, and fusions result in the upregulation and/or overactivation of RET tyrosine kinase activity in various cancer cell types; dysregulation of RET activity plays a key role in the development and progression of these cancers.
Selumetinib: An orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Selumetinib is an ATP-independent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAPK/ERK kinase) 1 and 2. MEK 1 and 2 are dual specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, are often upregulated in various cancer cells, and are drivers of diverse cellular responses, including proliferation. Inhibition of both MEK1 and 2 by selumetinib prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, thereby leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in various cancers.
selumetinib sulfate: The sulfate salt of selumetinib, an orally active, small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. Selumetinib is an ATP-independent inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAPK/ERK kinase) 1 and 2. MEK 1 and 2 are dual specificity kinases that are essential mediators in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway, are often upregulated in various cancer cells, and are drivers of diverse cellular responses, including proliferation. Inhibition of both MEK1 and 2 by selumetinib prevents the activation of MEK1/2 dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, thereby leading to an inhibition of cellular proliferation in various cancers.
Selzentry: (Other name for: maraviroc)
semaglutide: A glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that is 94% homologous to human GLP-1 (7-37), with antihyperglycemic and appetite regulating activities. Upon administration, semaglutide binds to and activates GLP-1 receptor. In pancreatic beta cells, this increases glucose-dependent insulin release. Semaglutide also reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas and slows gastric emptying. Altogether this lowers the postprandial glucose level. In the brain, the binding to and activation of GLP-1 receptor suppresses appetite, which decreases caloric intake and lowers body weight. GLP-1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) mucosa in response to a meal to normalize blood glucose levels. It also plays an important role in the regulation of appetite and caloric intake
semaxanib: A quinolone derivative with potential antineoplastic activity. Semaxanib reversibly inhibits ATP binding to the tyrosine kinase domain of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), which may inhibit VEGF-stimulated endothelial cell migration and proliferation and reduce the tumor microvasculature. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of the stem cell factor receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, often expressed in acute myelogenous leukemia cells.
semuloparin: An ultralow-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH) (Mw: 2000-3000 daltons) consisting of a polydisperse mixture of oligomeric heparin fragments with potential anticoagulant activity. Semuloparin binds to and activates antithrombin III (ATIII), which may result in the inhibition of activated factor Xa and, to a much lesser extent, factor IIa (thrombin) and so the inhibition of fibrin formation. Compared to low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs), AVE5026 exhibits an even higher ratio of anti-Factor Xa to anti-Factor IIa activity (>30:1). Compared to unfractionated heparins, the use of LMWHs is associated with lower incidences of major bleeding, osteoporosis and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Like LMWHs, this agent may inhibit tumor growth by regulating angiogenesis and apoptosis. AVE5026 is prepared by partial depolymerization of unfractionated porcine mucosal heparin.
semustine: A methylated derivative of carmustine with antineoplastic activity. As an alkylating agent, semustine forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base-pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.
senaparib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nuclear enzymes poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, senaparib selectively binds to PARP 1 and 2 and prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of single-strand DNA breaks via the base-excision repair pathway. This enhances the accumulation of DNA strand breaks and promotes genomic instability and eventually leads to apoptosis. PARP catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins that signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA and is activated by single-strand DNA breaks.
Seneca Valley virus-001: A native, replication-competent oncolytic picornavirus with potential antineoplastic activity. Administered systemically, Seneca Valley virus-001 (SVV-001) specifically targets and infects tumor cells with neuroendocrine characteristics. Upon infection, this agent replicates intracellularly, resulting in tumor cell lysis and reduced tumor cell proliferation. The selective tropism of virus replication may involve receptor-mediated internalization.
senna extract: An extract made from the dried leaflets on the pods of Cassia angustifolia or Cassia acutifolia with cathartic activity. Dimeric glycosides in dried senna extract are converted to the active monoanthrones by bacterial action in the colon. Through direct effects on enterocytes, enteric neurons, and muscle, monoanthrones produce giant migrating colonic contractions in addition to water and electrolyte secretion. As do other stimulant laxatives, monoanthrones may induce a limited low-grade inflammation in the colon through activation of prostaglandin/cyclic AMP and nitric oxide/cyclic GMP pathways and perhaps inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase.
senna fruit: The fruit of Cassia acutifolia and Cassia angustifolia (Cassia) with laxative and purgative activities. The active ingredients in senna fruit include the hydroxyanthracene glycosides sennosides A and B (rhein dianthrones) and sennosides C and D (rhein aloe-emodin heterodianthrones). Sennosides irritate the bowel lining and stimulate the bowel muscular coat, particularly in the colon, resulting in accelerated bowel transit and evacuation.
Sensipar: (Other name for: cinacalcet hydrochloride)
Sensorcaine: (Other name for: bupivacaine hydrochloride)
sepantronium bromide: A small-molecule proapoptotic agent with potential antineoplastic activity. Sepantronium bromide selectively inhibits survivin expression in tumor cells, resulting in inhibition of survivin antiapoptotic activity (via the extrinsic or intrinsic apoptotic pathways) and tumor cell apoptosis. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, is expressed during embryonal development and is absent in most normal, terminally differentiated tissues; upregulated in a variety of human cancers, its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, shorter survival times, and a decreased response to chemotherapy.
Seprehvec: (Other name for: oncolytic HSV-1 expressing anti-PD-1 scFv-Fc/TGFbRII decoy/IL-12 STI-1386)
Septra: (Other name for: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
serabelisib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) alpha isoform with potential antineoplastic activity. Serabelisib selectively inhibits PI3K alpha kinase, including mutations of PIK3CA, in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition in PI3K alpha-expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting class I PI3K alpha, this agent may be more efficacious and less toxic than pan PI3K inhibitors. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently found in solid tumors and results in promoting tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy; PIK3CA, one of the most highly mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K.
SERD SHR9549: An orally available selective estrogen receptor degrader/downregulator (SERD), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD SHR9549 specifically targets and binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that promotes ER degradation. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits both the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
SERD ZB716: An orally bioavailable selective estrogen receptor degrader/downregulator (SERD) and a structural analog of fulvestrant, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SERD ZB-716 specifically targets and binds to the estrogen receptor (ER) and induces a conformational change that promotes ER degradation. This prevents ER-mediated signaling and inhibits both the growth and survival of ER-expressing cancer cells.
serdemetan: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule HDM2 antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Serdemetan inhibits the binding of the HDM2–p53 complex to the proteasome, blocking the degradation of p53; p53 signaling and p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis may thus be restored. In addition to p53, degradation of other HDM2 client proteins may be inhibited. HDM2 (human homolog of double minute 2), a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway; often overexpressed in cancer cells, this oncoprotein has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
seribantumab: A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor ErbB3 (Her3) with potential antineoplastic activity. Seribantumab binds to binds to and inhibits ErbB3 activation, which may result in inhibition of ErbB3-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling and so inhibition of cellular proliferation and differentiation. ErbB3, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is frequently overexpressed in solid tumors, including breast, lung, and colorectal tumors of epithelial origin; it has no active kinase domain itself but is activated through heterodimerization with other members of the EGFR receptor family that do.
serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor ABX-1431: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine hydrolase monoacylglycerol lipase (MGLL), with potential use for the treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases and with potential analgesic and anti-neuroinflammatory activities. Upon oral administration, MGLL inhibitor ABX-1431 targets and binds to MGLL, thereby inhibiting MGLL activity and preventing the breakdown and inactivation of endogenous 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Increased 2-AG levels results in enhanced activation of the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the CNS and enhanced CB1 endocannabinoid signaling in active neural circuits. Activation of CB1 helps modulate the endocannabinoid system and reduce neurotransmitter release, thereby decreasing overactive neural signaling. This induces analgesic, anti-inflammatory and various neurological effects that are caused by dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system and overactive neural signaling, including anxiolytic effects, reduced spasticity and decreased neurodegenerative effects. In addition, MGLL inhibition by ABX-1431 depletes the supply of the inflammatory signaling molecule arachidonic acid, thereby further alleviating pain and inflammation. CB1 plays a key role in the regulation of neurotransmission; increased CB1 activation decreases overactive neural signaling. MGLL, an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of 2-AG, regulates the activation of CB1 and CB2 to modulate neurotransmission and inflammatory signaling, respectively.
serine protease inhibitor WX-671: An orally bioavailable, 3-amidinophenylalanine-derived, second generation serine protease inhibitor prodrug targeting the human urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) system with potential antineoplastic and antimetastatic activities. After oral administration, serine protease inhibitor WX-671 is converted to the active Nα-(2,4,6-triisopropylphenylsulfonyl)-3-amidino-(L)-phenyla lanine-4-ethoxycarbonylpiperazide (WX-UK1), which inhibits several serine proteases, particularly uPA; inhibition of uPA may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. uPA is a serine protease involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix and tumor cell migration and proliferation.
serine/threonine kinase inhibitor CBP501: A peptide with G2 checkpoint-abrogating activity. G2 checkpoint inhibitor CBP501 inhibits multiple serine/threonine kinases, including MAPKAP-K2, C-Tak1, and CHK1, that phosphorylate serine 216 of the dual-specific phosphatase Cdc25C (cell division checkpoint 25 C); disruption of Cdc25C activity results in the inhibition of Cdc25C dephosphorylation of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase complex Cdc2/cyclin B, preventing entry into the mitotic phase of the cell cycle.
serine/threonine kinase inhibitor XL418: A selective, orally active small molecule, targeting protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) and ribosomal protein S6 Kinase (p70S6K), with potential antineoplastic activity. XL418 inhibits the activities of PKB and p70S6K, both acting downstream of phosphoinosotide-3 kinase (PI3K). These kinases are often upregulated in a variety of cancers. Inhibition of PKB by this agent will induce apoptosis, while inhibition of p70S6K will result in the inhibition of translation within tumor cells.
Seromycin: (Other name for: cycloserine)
Serophene: (Other name for: clomiphene citrate)
Seroplex: (Other name for: escitalopram)
Seropram: (Other name for: citalopram hydrobromide)
serplulimab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, serplulimab targets, binds to and inhibits PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of T cells and T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) expressed on T-cells, functions as an immune checkpoint that negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) and 2 (PD-L2); it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
sertraline hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of sertraline, a synthetic derivative of naphthalenamine with anti-serotoninergic and anti-depressant properties. Sertraline appears to selectively inhibit the neuronal uptake of serotonin, raising serotonin levels in the CNS.
serum-derived bovine immunoglobulin protein isolate: A nutritional supplement composed of serum-derived bovine protein concentrate containing high levels of immunoglobulins (Ig), particularly IgG, with the potential to improve nutritional status. Upon oral administration of SBI, the Ig promotes gastrointestinal (GI) health by improving the composition of the GI microflora, enhancing digestive processes, and increasing gut barrier integrity and function. SBI may also improve immune function, maintain immune homeostasis, bind to and neutralize bacterial toxins and antigens, and decrease intestinal inflammation. Altogether, this may enhance the functioning of the GI tract, improve both the digestion and absorption of nutrients, and increase weight gain.
setanaxib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) 1 and 4, with potential anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, setanaxib targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of NOX1 and NOX4. This inhibits NOX1- and NOX4- mediated signal transduction pathways, thereby reducing inflammation and fibrosis. By targeting NOX4-overexpressing cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), setanaxib may also inhibit myofibroblastic activation and enhance both the penetration of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and antitumor T-cell immune responses. The NOX enzymes NOX1 and NOX4 primarily produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays important roles in cellular signaling processes that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, and inflammation and fibrosis.
SETD2 inhibitor EZM0414: An orally bioavailable selective inhibitor of the histone methyltransferase (HMT) SETD2 (SET domain containing 2, histone lysine methyltransferase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SETD2 inhibitor EZM0414 binds to SETD2 and inhibits its activity. This prevents several key biological processes that are mediated by SETD2, including the methylation of histones and non-histone proteins, transcriptional regulation, RNA splicing, DNA damage repair and B cell development and maturation. The inhibition of SETD2 by EZM0414 may inhibit tumor cell proliferation. SETD2 plays multiple important roles in oncogenesis.
sevabertinib: An orally bioavailable, mutant-selective, dual kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, sevabertinib targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of EGFR and HER2 with exon20 insertion mutations, as well as EGFR with C797X mutations, thereby preventing EGFR- and HER2-mediated signaling. This may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression in EGFR/HER2-expressing tumors. EGFR and HER2 are receptor tyrosine kinases that play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
seviteronel: An orally available non-steroidal, lyase-selective inhibitor of the steroid 17-alpha-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1 or CYP17), with potential anti-androgenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, seviteronel selectively inhibits the enzymatic activity of the cytochrome P450 C17,20 lyase in both the testes and adrenal glands, thereby inhibiting androgen production. This may decrease androgen-dependent growth signaling and may inhibit cell proliferation of androgen-dependent tumor cells. The cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP17A1, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, exhibits both 17alpha-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities; it plays a key role in the steroidogenic pathway. The lyase-selective activity of seviteronel prevents the increased synthesis of mineralocorticoids that is normally seen with non-selective CYP17 inhibitors, which also inhibit the 17-alpha-hydroxylase activity of CYP17A1.
sevoflurane: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with general anesthetic activity. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, sevoflurane may interfere with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alter ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter. This agent may also interact directly with the lipid matrix of neuronal membranes, thereby affecting gating properties of ion channels. In addition, sevoflurane may activate gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, hyperpolarizing cell membranes and resulting in a general anesthetic effect, a decrease in myocardial contractility and mean arterial pressure, and an increased respiratory rate.
shark cartilage: A nutritional supplement gleaned from the exoskeleton of the shark. Shark cartilage inhibits metalloproteinases (MMPs) and possesses antiangiogenic and antimetastatic properties.
shark cartilage extract AE-941: A multifunctional antiangiogenic agent derived from shark cartilage with potential antineoplastic activity. Shark cartilage extract AE-941 competitively inhibits the binding of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to its cell receptor, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), stimulates tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and activates caspase-mediated apoptotic pathways in endothelial cells.
sheddase inhibitor INCB007839: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the ADAM (A Disintegrin And Metalloprotease) family of multifunctional membrane-bound proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Sheddase inhibitor INCB007839 represses the metalloproteinase "sheddase" activities of ADAM10 and ADAM17, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The metalloproteinase domains of ADAMs cleave cell surface proteins at extracellular sites proximal to the cell membrane, releasing or "shedding" soluble protein etcodomains from the cell surface; the disintegrin domains of these multifunctional proteins interact with various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). ADAM10 processes particular epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands and appears to regulate Notch signaling through the cleavage of Notch and its related ligand delta-like ligand-1 (Dll-1). ADAM17 (also known as Tumor necrosis factor-Converting Enzyme or TACE) is involved in processing tumor necrosis factor (TNF) from its membrane bound precursor to its soluble circulating form and in processing ligands for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family.
Sheng Di Huang: A Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) derived from the root tuber of perennial herbaceous plant Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (Chinese foxglove root, Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae) belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. This traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is believed to nourish yin and may help relieve any symptoms due to yin deficiency. It may replenish fluids and help with constipation and fever.
Sheng-Mai San: A Chinese herbal medicine composed of extracts from the roots of Panax ginseng (ren shen) and Ophiopogon japonicas (mai men dong), and the berries of Schisandra chinensis (wu wei zi) with potential protective activity. Ginseng contains a complex mixture of saponins, ginsenosides and panaxosides; homoisoflavonoids isolated from Ophiopogon show anti-inflammatory properties; Schisandra contains abundant amounts of phytoestrogen lignans with antioxidant activity. Although the mechanism of action maybe inexplicit or complex, these phytochemicals work synergistically and may improve symptoms such as shortness of breath, sweating, cough, thirst, dry mouth, and palpitations as well as have an effect on chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced fatigue, weakness, and neutropenia.
Sheng-Yu-Tang: A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing Radix rehmanniae praeparata, Radix paeoniae alba, Radix astragali, Radix ginseng, Radix angelicae sinensis, and Rhizoma chuanxiong, with potential immunomodulating activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which Sheng-Yu-Tang exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may have a beneficial effect on the immune system.
Shenqi Fuzheng injection SQ001: An injectable formulation composed of the two Chinese medicinal herbs Radix astragali, the root of astragalus membranaceus (huangqi) and Radix codonopsis, the root of Codonopsis pilosula (dangshen), with potential antineoplastic adjuvant and chemoprotective activities that may prevent cancer-related fatigue. Although the exact mechanisms by which shenqi fuzheng injection (SFI) have yet to be fully elucidated, the herbs may improve tumor response and/or reduce the toxicity of certain chemotherapeutics when administered together. It may also alleviate chemotherapy-associated immunosuppression.
Shi Pi Yin herbal decoction: A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction containing a mixture of Aconiti lateral root, Zingiberis (ginger) root, Fu Ling (Poria), Atractylodis macrocephalae, Chaenomelis fruit (flowering quince fruit), magnolia bark, Aucklandia costus root, Arecae pericarpium, Tsao-Ko (cardamon) fruit, and licorice root, and may also contain Arecae seeds and Ziziphus jujuba fruit (red date), which may be used to treat edema. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which Shi Pi Yin decoction exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may reduce edema.
Shingrix: (Other name for: zoster vaccine recombinant, adjuvanted)
sho-saiko-to: A botanical formulation with potential chemopreventive activities. Sho-Saiko-to, an herbal mixture, contains seven herbal extracts whose mechanism of action if not fully understood. There is evidence of antiproliferative effects against hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro. Other effects of this agent described in animal models include the prevention of liver injury and hepatocyte-regenerating activity. Antitumor effects associated with this herbal product may include induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and activation of an immune response, characterized by the release of cytokines as well as activation of effector cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells.
short chain fatty acid HQK-1004: A short chain fatty acid (SCFA) with potential herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV-TK)-inducing activity. Upon administration, short chain fatty acid HQK-1004 may induce the expression of thymidine kinase (TK) by a silenced HSV-TK, which may activate a co-administered antiviral prodrug such as ganciclovir, resulting in the destruction of virally-infected cancer cells.
short hairpin RNA-IL-6 gene silencing anti-CD19 CAR T cells: A preparation of T lymphocytes that have been genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) CD19 and containing a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), and linked to the intracellular signaling domains of 4-1BB (CD137) and the zeta chain of the TCR/CD3 complex (TCRzeta; CD247; CD3zeta), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, short hairpin RNA-IL-6 gene silencing anti-CD19 CAR T cells target and bind to CD19-expressing tumor cells, thereby inducing selective toxicity in CD19-expressing tumor cells. CD19 antigen is a B-cell specific cell surface antigen expressed in all B-cell lineage malignancies. IL-6 gene silencing reduces IL-6 gene expression and release. This may inhibit IL-6-mediated toxicity due to high IL-6 levels and may prevent severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and CAR-T-related encephalopathy (CRES).
SHP-1 agonist SC-43: An orally available, small molecule agonist of Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1; tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6; PTPN6) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, SHP-1 agonist SC-43 enhances SHP-1 activity by impairing the association between the N-terminal Src homology 2 (N-SH2) domain and the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain of SHP-1, triggering a conformational change of SHP-1 and relieving its autoinhibition. Activation of SHP-1 represses signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling by inhibiting constitutive and interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. The STAT3 pathway is overly active in many cancer types and is implicated in cancer stem cell-mediated growth, recurrence, stemness, and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.
SHP2 inhibitor BBP-398: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor BBP-398 targets, allosterically binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements which are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor ERAS-601: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor ERAS-601 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements which are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor ET0038: An orally bioavailable allosteric inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor ET0038 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements, and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor HBI-2376: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor HBI-2376 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements, and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor HS-10381: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor HS-10381 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements which are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor JAB-3068: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor JAB-3068 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor JAB-3312: An orally bioavailable allosteric inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor JAB-3312 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements, which are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor PF-07284892: A small molecule inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, SHP2 inhibitor PF-07284892 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements, and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor RLY-1971: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor RLY-1971 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor RMC-4630: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor RMC-4630 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The RAS-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
SHP2 inhibitor SH3809: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) non-receptor type 11 (SHP2; Src homology region 2 domain phosphatase; PTPN11), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SHP2 inhibitor SH3809 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SHP2. This prevents SHP2-mediated signaling, inhibits MAPK signaling and prevents growth of SHP2-expressing tumor cells. SHP2, an oncoprotein overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, regulates cell survival, differentiation and proliferation through activation of the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathway. The Ras-MAPK pathway is often hyperactivated in cancer cells due to specific mutations and rearrangements, and are dependent on SHP2 for their oncogenic signaling. SHP2 also regulates programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)-mediated signal transduction and is involved in immune checkpoint modulation.
Shu Di Huang: A Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) containing the cooked or steamed root of the herbaceous plant Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch of the Scrophulariaceae family. Shu Di Huang is believed to treat deficiency of yin and body fluid by nourishing yin. It may tonify and nourish blood.
shu yu wan formula: A traditional Chinese medicine comprising different herbs that may be used for a variety of medical purposes. Shu Yu Wan contains the following herbs: Da Zao (Fructus jujubae), Shu Yu (Radix Dioscoreae quinquelobae), Gan Cao (Radix Glycyrrhizae uralensis), Shu Di Huang (Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae praeparata), Dang Gui (Radix Angelicae sinensis), Shen Qu (Massa Medica fermentata), Gui Zhi (Ramulus Cinnamomi cassiae), Da Dou Juan (Semen Glycines germinatum), E Jiao (Gelatinum Corii asini), Ren Shen (Radix Ginseng), Bai Zhu (Rhizoma Atractylodis macrocephalae), Fu Ling (Sclerotium Poriae cocos), Chuan Xiong (Radix Ligustici wallichii), Bai Shao Yao (Radix Paeoniae lactiflorae), Mai Men Dong (Tuber Ophiopogonis japonici), Chai Hu (Radix Bupleuri), Fang Feng (Radix Ledebouriellae divaricatae), Jie Geng (Radix Platycodi grandiflori), Xing Ren (Semen Pruni armeniacae), Bai Lian (Radix Ampelopsis japonicae) and Sheng Jiang (Rhizoma Zingiberis officinalis recens). This formula may be used to relieve chemotherapeutic side effects or cancer-related symptoms.
sialyl Lewisª-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine: A vaccine consisting of the oligosaccharide antigen sialyl Lewisª (CA19-9) conjugated to the nonspecific immunomodulator keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, sialyl Lewisª-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine may induce production of IgG and IgM antibodies as well as trigger an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells expressing the sialyl Lewisª antigen. Sialyl Lewisª is a blood group antigen and a tumor-associated antigen associated with epithelial cancers such as breast cancer and various digestive cancers. Sialyl Lewisª serves as a ligand for the cytokine-inducible cell adhesion molecule (CAM) E-selectin, an endothelial cell-specific type I transmembrane surface protein, thus facilitating hematogenous metastasis by mediating the adhesion of circulating cancer cells to vascular endothelium.
siG12D LODER: A proprietary, miniature biodegradable polymeric matrix containing small-interfering RNAs for the mutated KRAS oncogene, KRASG12D, (siG12D), with potential antitumor activity. Upon intratumoral injection, siG12D is released locally, thereby preventing translation of KRAS proteins and potentially inhibiting growth of tumor cells overexpressing KRAS. KRAS, a member of the small GTPase superfamily, is mutated in over 90% of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) and is associated with tumor cell proliferation and reduced survival.
Sigosix: (Other name for: recombinant interleukin-6)
SIK inhibitor OMX-0407: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the salt-inducible kinase 3 (SIK3), with potential antineoplastic and chemosensitizing activities. Upon oral administration, SIK3 inhibitor OMX-0407 targets, binds to and blocks the activity of SIK3. This prevents SIK3-mediated signaling, inhibits SIK3-triggered phosphorylation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) and inhibits the associated transcriptional activity of NF-kB. This inhibits pro-survival signaling mediated by SIK3-HDAC4-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling and potentiates death receptor (DR)-mediated apoptosis in SIK3-overexpressing tumor cells. OMX-0407 may enhance tumor sensitivity to other chemotherapeutic agents. In addition, OMX-0407 repolarizes the tumor microenvironment (TME) by strongly decreasing regulatory T cells (Tregs) and M2-polarized macrophages while not affecting the peripheral T cells. This reduces the immunosuppressive TME and increases cytotoxic T-cell activity, thereby inducing an anti-tumor immune response. SIK3, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related family, is required for bipolar mitotic spindle formation; it is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types. It also promotes NF-kB nuclear translocation and stabilization and activation, leading to increased tumor cell survival.
silatecan AR-67: A synthetic, highly lipophilic derivative of camptothecin, with potential antineoplastic and radiosensitizing activities. Silatecan DB-67 binds to and stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex, inhibiting the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks and producing lethal double-stranded DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery; inhibition of DNA replication and apoptosis follow. Camptothecin readily undergoes hydrolysis at physiological pH, changing its conformation from the active lactone structure to an inactive carboxylate form. Modifications on the E ring of camptothecin prevent binding of human serum albumin, which prefers the inactive carboxylate form, thereby enhancing the stability of the active lactone structure and resulting in prolonged agent activity. In addition, this agent may radiosensitize tumor cells.
sildenafil citrate: The citrate salt form of sildenafil, an orally bioavailable pyrazolopyrimidinone derivative structurally related to zaprinast, with vasodilating and potential anti-inflammatory activities. Upon oral administration, sildenafil selectively targets and inhibits cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-specific phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), thereby inhibiting the PDE5-mediated degradation of cGMP found in smooth muscle and increasing cGMP availability. This results in prolonged smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum of the penis, thereby causing vasodilation, blood engorgement and a prolonged penile erection. In the smooth muscle of the pulmonary vasculature, the increase in cGMP results in smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation of the pulmonary vascular bed, relieving pulmonary hypertension and increasing blood flow in the lungs. In addition, sildenafil may reduce airway inflammation and mucus production.
silevertinib: An orally bioavailable, brain penetrating, mutant-selective, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, silevertinib selectively targets, irreversibly binds to, and inhibits the activity of various EGFR alterations and mutations, including certain intrinsic and acquired resistance mutations. This prevents EGFR-mediated signaling in susceptible tumor cells. This may both induce cell death and inhibit tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
silicon phthalocyanine 4: A synthetic photosensitizer agent containing a large macrocyclic ring chelated with silicon. Silicon phthalocyanine 4 localizes primarily in mitochondrial cytosolic membranes and, after photoexcitation, forms reactive oxygen species that induce apoptosis.
silicone-based film-forming topical gel: A silicone-based film forming gel, with potential skin protective and healing activities. Upon topical application to intact or damaged skin, the silicone-based film forming gel dries and forms a transparent, semi-occlusive, gas permeable and waterproof protective film layer over the skin which acts as a barrier. The film barrier maintains and enhances skin integrity, reduces mechanical friction, and reduces transepidermal water loss (TEWL). This provides protection against skin injury, infection and irritation, and maintains moisture to the skin.
silmitasertib: An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme casein kinase II (CK2), with potential antineoplastic, anti-viral and immunomodulatory activities. Upon oral administration, silmitasertib selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of CK2. This may inhibit proliferation of CK2-expressing tumor cells, and may also inhibit the replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2). In addition, this may restore normal host cell cytokine regulation, prevent cytokine storm and suppress the hyperactivation of the innate immune system. CK2, a protein kinase often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, appears to be correlated with malignant transformation, tumor growth and survival. CK2 regulates a diverse array of pro-survival cellular processes including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, hedgehog (Hh) signaling, Hsp90 machinery, hypoxia, and interleukin (IL)-6 expression. CK2 also regulates the activity of XRCC1 and MDC1, two mediator/adaptor proteins that are essential for DNA repair. CK2 is upregulated by SARS-COV-2 and is associated with SARS-COV-2 viral replication and the development of cytokine storm.
silmitasertib sodium: The sodium salt of silmitasertib, an orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of CK2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Silmitasertib selectively binds to and inhibits the enzyme casein kinase II (CK2), which may lead to an inhibition of cellular proliferation. CK2, a protein kinase often overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types, appears to be correlated with malignant transformation, tumor growth and survival. CK2 regulates a diverse array of pro-survival cellular processes including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, hedgehog (Hh) signaling, Hsp90 machinery, hypoxia, and interleukin (IL)-6 expression. CK2 also regulates the activity of XRCC1 and MDC1, two mediator/adaptor proteins that are essential for DNA repair.
silodosin: An orally available, alpha-1 adrenoreceptor (alpha-1a) selective antagonist that can be used to relieve symptoms of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Upon administration, silodosin selectively binds alpha-1a receptors located in the human prostate and bladder with high affinity and blocks signaling pathways mediated by alpha-1a. Blockade of these receptors causes smooth muscle relaxation, lowers intraurethral pressure, and results in improved urine flow and a reduction in the symptoms of BPH, such as difficulty with urinating, painful urination, urinary frequency and incomplete bladder emptying. In addition, silodosin may be used to improve lower urinary tract symptoms, which can occur after receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
siltuximab: A chimeric, human-murine, monoclonal antibody targeting the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 6 (IL-6), with antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon intravenous administration of siltuximab, this agent targets and binds to IL-6. This inhibits the binding of IL-6 to the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), which results in the blockade of the IL-6/IL-6R-mediated signal transduction pathway. This inhibits cancer cell growth in tumors overexpressing IL-6.
Silvadene: (Other name for: silver sulfadiazine)
silver nitrate: An inorganic chemical with antiseptic activity. Silver nitrate can potentially be used as a cauterizing or sclerosing agent.
silver sulfadiazine: A sulfonamide-based topical agent with antibacterial and antifungal activity. Silver sulfadiazine may act through a combination of the activity of silver and sulfadiazine. When this agent interacts with sodium chloride-containing body fluids, silver ions are released slowly and sustainably into wounded areas. Ionized silver atoms catalyze the formation of disulfide bonds leading to protein structural changes and inactivating thiol-containing enzymes; silver ions may also intercalate DNA thereby interfering with replication and transcription of bacteria. As a competitive inhibitor of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), sulfadiazine inhibits bacterial dihydropteroate synthase, thereby resulting in disruption of folic acid metabolism and ultimately DNA synthesis.
Silybin-Phytosome: (Other name for: phosphatidylcholine-bound silybin)
silymarin: A mixture of flavonolignans isolated from the milk thistle plant Silybum marianum. Silymarin may act as an antioxidant, protecting hepatic cells from chemotherapy-related free radical damage. This agent may also promote the growth of new hepatic cells.
simeprevir: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) protease complex comprised of non-structural protein 3 and 4A (NS3/NS4A), with activity against HCV genotype 1. Upon administration, simeprevir reversibly binds to the active center and binding site of the HCV NS3/NS4A protease and prevents NS3/NS4A protease-mediated polyprotein maturation. This disrupts both the processing of viral proteins and the formation of the viral replication complex, which inhibits viral replication in HCV genotype 1-infected host cells. NS3, a serine protease, is essential for the proteolytic cleavage of multiple sites within the HCV polyprotein and plays a key role during HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) replication. NS4A is an activating factor for NS3. HCV is a small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family; HCV infection is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
simethicone: A mixture of polydimethylsiloxanes with antifoaming and anti-bloating effects. Simethicone reduces the surface tension of gas bubbles causing them to coalesce into larger bubbles that can be passed more easily by belching or flatulence.
simlukafusp alfa: A recombinant fusion protein comprised of a human monoclonal antibody directed against fibroblast activation protein-alpha (FAP) linked to an engineered, variant form of interleukin-2 (IL-2v), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of simlukafusp alfa, the monoclonal antibody moiety recognizes and binds to FAP, thereby concentrating IL-2 in FAP-expressing tumor tissue. Subsequently, the IL-2 moiety of this fusion protein may stimulate a local immune response and activate natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T cells. FAP is a cell surface protein that is expressed on a wide variety of cancer cells. IL-2v cannot bind to IL-2 receptor-alpha (CD25, IL2Ra) and does not activate regulatory T cells (Tregs).
simmiparib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) 1 (PARP1) and 2 (PARP2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, simmiparib selectively binds to PARP and prevents PARP-mediated DNA repair of breaks in single-stranded DNA via the base excision repair pathway. This induces the accumulation of DNA strand breaks, promotes genomic instability, induces G2/M arrest and leads to apoptosis. PARP is activated by single-strand DNA breaks and catalyzes post-translational ADP-ribosylation of nuclear proteins, which signal and recruit other proteins to repair damaged DNA.
simmitecan hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of simmitecan, an ester prodrug of chimmitecan, a 9-alkyl substituted camptothecin derivative with potential antineoplastc activity. Upon intravenous administration, simmitecan is hydrolyzed by carboxylesterase and the activated form, chimmitecan, is produced. Chimmitecan inhibits topoisomerase I, stabilizes covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complexes, and inhibits the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-strand DNA breaks. Futhermore, the covalent topoisomerase I-DNA complexes interfere and block the DNA replication machinery, resulting in the production of potentially lethal double-strand DNA breaks. This leads to an inhibition of DNA replication and the induction of apoptosis. The modification at position 9 yields improved cytotoxicity compared to some other camptothecin analogues.
simmitinib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of numerous tyrosine kinases (TKs) including fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 2 (VEGFR2; KDR), and colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R; CSF-1R), with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, simmitinib binds to and inhibits the activities of these TKs, thereby preventing both the activation of downstream signaling pathways and the proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing these TKs. FGFR, VEGFR2, and CSF1R are upregulated in a variety of cancer cell types and play key roles in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
simo decoction: A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing simo decoction which contains Fructus aurantii, Radix aucklandiae, Semen arecae and Radix linderae, that can potentially be used to improve gastrointestinal (GI) function following surgery. Upon oral intake of simo decoction, this TCM may stimulate mainly muscarinic M3 receptors, but also muscarinic M2 receptors, calcium channels and nicotinic receptors triggering a release of nitric oxide (NO), while inhibiting adrenergic receptors Altogether, this stimulates the contraction of antral circular smooth muscle, thereby abrogating GI hypomotility and enhancing the return of GI function after surgery.
simotaxel: A semi-synthetic, orally bioavailable, third-generation taxane derivative and microtubule-stabilizing agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, simotaxel binds to tubulin, promotes microtubule assembly and stabilization, and prevents microtubule depolymerization. This results in G2/M arrest, apoptosis and the inhibition of cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. This agent is a poor substrate for P-glycoprotein-related drug resistance mechanisms; therefore, it may be useful for treating multi-drug resistant tumors. MST-997 is more potent than paclitaxel and docetaxel and overcomes paclitaxel and docetaxel resistance in certain tumor cell types.
Simulect: (Other name for: basiliximab)
simvastatin: A lipid-lowering agent derived synthetically from a fermentation product of the fungus Aspergillus terreus. Hydrolyzed in vivo to an active metabolite, simvastatin competitively inhibits hepatic hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, a key step in cholesterol synthesis. This agent lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, and modulates immune responses by suppressing MHC II (major histocompatibility complex II) on interferon gamma-stimulated, antigen-presenting cells such as human vascular endothelial cells.
Sinemet: (Other name for: carbidopa/levodopa)
Sinequan: (Other name for: doxepin hydrochloride)
Singulair: (Other name for: montelukast sodium)
sintilimab: A recombinant human monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed cell death 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; PD1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sintilimab binds to PD-1 and inhibits the binding of PD-1 to the PD-1 ligands programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2). This prevents the activation of PD-1 and its downstream signaling pathways. This may restore immune function through the activation of both T cells and T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, a transmembrane protein in the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily expressed on activated T cells, negatively regulates T-cell activation and effector function when activated by its ligands; it plays an important role in tumor evasion from host immunity.
sipjeondaebo-tang: An orally bioavailable east Asian herbal supplement, with potential gastro- and neuro-protective, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-cachexic and antioxidant activities. Sipjeondaebo-tang is comprised of various components, including Angelica root (Angelicae Gigantis Radix), the rhizome of Cnidium officinale Makino (Cnidii Rhizoma), Radix Paeoniae, Rehmannia glutinosa root (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata), Ginseng root (Ginseng Radix Alba), Atractylodes lancea root (Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba), the dried sclerotia of Poria cocos (Poria cocos Sclerotium), Licorice root (Glycyrrhizae Radix), Astragalus root (Astragali Radix), and the dried bark of Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomi Cortex). Upon administration, and although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, sipjeondaebo-tang may exert its effect through the various mechanism of actions that may be attributed to the different herbs.
siplizumab: A monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Siplizumab binds to CD2, a specific receptor found in T cells and NK cells, thereby triggering a host immune response that results in lysis of CD2+ cells, selective suppression of the immune system, and control of activated T cell growth.
siponimod fumarate: The fumarate salt form of siponimod, an orally bioavailable sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, siponimod targets and binds to S1P receptors 1 and 5 on lymphocytes. This prevents the egress of lymphocytes from lymph nodes, thereby reducing both the number of circulating peripheral lymphocytes and the infiltration of lymphocytes into target tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS). This prevents lymphocyte-mediated immune response and may reduce inflammation. S1P plays a key role in lymphocyte migration from lymphoid tissues. Siponimod does not target S1P receptor 3, the activation of which may be responsible for adverse effects such as bradycardia associated with other S1P receptor modulators.
sipuleucel-T: A cell-based vaccine composed of autologous antigen-presenting peripheral blood mononuclear cells (enriched for a dendritic cell fraction) that have been exposed to a recombinant protein consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) fused to prostatic-acid phosphatase (PAP), a protein expressed by prostate cancer cells. Upon administration, the vaccine may stimulate an antitumor T-cell response against tumor cells expressing PAP.
siremadlin: An orally bioavailable human double minute 2 homolog (HDM2) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Siremadlin inhibits the binding of the HDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this HDM2-p53 interaction, the proteasome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited, which may result in the restoration of both p53 signaling and p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. HDM2, a zinc finger protein and negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is often overexpressed in cancer cells and has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
sirexatamab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the WNT antagonist dickkopf homolog 1 (DKK1), with potential anti-osteolytic activity. Upon administration, sirexatamab binds to and inhibits DKK1, thereby restoring signaling through the WNT pathway, which may result in osteoblast differentiation and activation within the bone matrix and the reversal of tumor-induced osteolytic disease. DKK1, overexpressed by certain cancer cells, is an inhibitor of the WNT signaling pathway and prevents the mediated formation of bone.
siRNA-expressing SV40 vector: A simian virus 40 (SV40)-based shuttle vector, encoding small interfering RNA (siRNA), with potential antineoplastic activity. The expression of siRNA in target tumor cells transfected with an siRNA-expressing SV40 vector may result in siRNA-mediated silencing of target oncogenes and, so, the inhibition of tumor cell growth and the induction of tumor cell death.
siRNA-transfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells APN401: Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) transfected ex vivo with small-interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA) directed against the E3 ubiquitin ligase casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b gene (Cbl-b), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. The Cbl-b gene is silenced ex vivo through the binding of Cbl-b siRNA to Cbl-b mRNA, which prevents the translation of the Cbl-b protein in T-lymphocytes. Upon infusion, the activated, Cbl-b-silenced T-lymphocytes are able to increase the production of cytokines, proliferate and activate the immune system, which leads to cancer cell eradication. Cbl-b, a negative regulator of the immune system, is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. Its expression is inversely correlated with activation of T-lymphocytes and tumor cell eradication.
sirolimus: A natural macrocyclic lactone produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus, with immunosuppressant properties. In cells, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate an immunosuppressive complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. This results in inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and proliferation that occurs in response to antigenic and cytokine (IL-2, IL-4, and IL-15) stimulation and inhibition of antibody production.
sirolimus protein-bound nanoparticles: The macrolide antibiotic rapamycin bound to nanoparticle albumin with immunosuppressant (see sirolimus) and potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Rapamycin binds to the immunophilin FK Binding Protein-12 (FKBP-12) to generate a complex that binds to and inhibits the activation of the mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR), a key regulatory kinase. In turn, inhibition of mTOR may result in the inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI-3) kinase/Akt pathway and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) secretion, which may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis. The binding of water-insoluble rapamycin to nanoparticle albumin permits the albumin-mediated endocytosis of rapamycin by tumor cells and endothelial cells.
sirolimus topical gel NPC-12Y: A topical gel formulation containing the macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin), with potential anti-proliferative activity. Upon topical administration of sirolimus topical gel NPC-12Y, sirolimus is internalized by the affected cells in the skin. In turn, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK binding protein-12 (FKBP-12) and forms a sirolimus-FKBP-12 complex. This complex binds to and inhibits the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mTOR-mediated signaling pathways, which reduces cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3K) kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation, and its expression or activity is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.
sirolimus topical gel PTX-022: A topical gel formulation containing the macrolide sirolimus (rapamycin), with potential anti-proliferative and chemopreventive activities. Upon topical administration of sirolimus topical gel PTX-022, sirolimus migrates into the basal keratinocytes and is internalized by the affected cells. In turn, sirolimus binds to the immunophilin FK binding protein-12 (FKBP-12) and forms a sirolimus-FKBP-12 complex. This complex binds to and inhibits the activity of the serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the mTOR-mediated signaling pathways, which reduces cellular proliferation in mTOR-overexpressing cells. Additionally, by inhibiting mTOR, PTX-022 may inhibit translation of mutant keratin mRNAs and the production of mutant keratins in cells in which mutant keratin genes dysregulate keratinocyte proliferation.
SIRP-alpha Fc fusion protein IMM01: A recombinant fusion protein composed of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRP-alpha; SIRPa; CD172a) linked to an Fc domain derived from human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory, phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, SIRP-alpha Fc fusion protein IMM01 selectively targets and binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, an inhibitory protein expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), thereby preventing CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling. This abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation, and induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), which is expressed on macrophages. This results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. Additionally, blocking CD47/SIRPa signaling activates an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects tumor cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing these cells to proliferate and survive.
SIRP-alpha-Fc fusion protein HCB101: A recombinant fusion protein composed of an extracellular domain of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRP-alpha; SIRPa; CD172a) linked to an Fc domain derived from human immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory, phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, SIRP-alpha-Fc fusion protein HCB101 selectively targets and binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, an inhibitory protein expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), thereby preventing CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling. This abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation, and induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP), which is expressed on macrophages. This results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. Additionally, blocking CD47/SIRPa signaling activates an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T-cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects tumor cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing these cells to proliferate and survive.
SIRPa-4-1BBL fusion protein DSP107: A bi-functional, trimeric, fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domains (ECDs) of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha; SIRPa; CD172a) fused to a 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory, immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the SIRPa-4-1BBL fusion protein DSP107 selectively targets and binds to both CD47 expressed on tumor cells and 4-1BB (CD137; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; TNFRSF9) expressed on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Binding to CD47 blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, a cell surface protein expressed on macrophages. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation and phagocytosis of cancer cells. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), which is expressed on macrophages, and results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. The binding of 4-1BBL to 4-1BB activates 4-1BB-mediated signaling, induces cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) proliferation, cytokine production and promotes a CTL-mediated anti-tumor immune response as well as NK-mediated tumor cell killing. The crosslinking specifically enables the activation of 4-1BB-mediated signaling in T-cells and NK cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), allowing targeted immune responses in the TME. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate. 4-1BB, a surface glycoprotein of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is an inducible costimulatory receptor that plays a key role in T-cell proliferation, survival and cytolytic activity.
SIRPa-Fc fusion protein TTI-621: A soluble recombinant antibody-like fusion protein composed of the N-terminal CD47 binding domain of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) linked to the Fc domain of human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the SIRPa-Fc fusion protein TTI-621 selectively targets and binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, a cell surface protein expressed on macrophages. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation and phagocytosis of cancer cells. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), expressed on macrophages, and results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.
SIRPa-Fc-CD40L fusion protein SL-172154: A bi-functional fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domains (ECDs) of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPalpha; SIRPa; CD172a) and CD40 ligand (CD40L; CD154; TRAP; TNFSF5) linked via a human Fc domain, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the SIRPa-Fc-CD40L fusion protein SL-172154 selectively targets and binds to both CD47 expressed on tumor cells and CD40, a cell surface receptor that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Binding to CD47 blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, a cell surface protein expressed on macrophages. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation and phagocytosis of cancer cells. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1), which is expressed on macrophages, and results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. The binding of CD40L to CD40 activates CD40, increases CD40-mediated signaling and induces proliferation and activation of B-lymphocytes, shifts the induction of suppressive macrophages towards immunostimulatory macrophages, activates monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs), and leads to the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. This activates the immune system to induce the proliferation and activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) against tumor cells. The crosslinking specifically enhances antigen presentation to CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes and tumor cell phagocytosis by the APC. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.
SIRPa-targeting agent: Any agent that targets tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type substrate 1 (SIRPalpha; SIRPa; CD172a).
SIRPant-M: (Other name for: autologous SIRPa-depleted activated macrophages SI-101)
sirpiglenastat: A broad acting glutamine antagonist, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, DON (6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine), the active moiety of sirpiglenastat, irreversibly inhibits multiple enzymes involved in glutamine metabolism. Blocking glutamine metabolism inhibits proliferation in rapidly growing tumor cells and leads to an induction of cell death. Unlike normal healthy cells, glutamine-dependent tumors rely heavily on the intracellular conversion of exogenous glutamine into glutamate and glutamate metabolites to both provide energy and generate building blocks for the production of macromolecules, which are needed for cellular growth and survival. In addition, blocking glutamine metabolism leads to the accumulation of glutamine in tumor cells and increases glutamine concentration in the tumor microenvironment (TME) upon tumor cell death. As glutamine is essential for T-cell generation, DON may also enhance T-cell proliferation and activation in the TME, which may lead to further killing of tumor cells. The conversion of sirpiglenastat to the active moiety DON occurs primarily in tumor cells, allowing glutamine metabolism in healthy cells which may lessen adverse effects.
sirtratumab vedotin: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of sirtratumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against SLIT and NTRK-like protein 6 (SLITRK6), covalently linked to the cytotoxic agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), an auristatin derivative and a potent inhibitor of microtubule polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the monoclonal antibody moiety of sirtratumab vedotin binds to SLITRK6 expressed on tumor cells, which facilitates both the internalization of the ADC and the intracellular delivery of MMAE. Upon cleavage, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M phase arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. SLITRK6, a member of the Slitrk family of leucine-rich repeat (LRR) neuronal transmembrane proteins, is minimally expressed in normal tissue but overexpressed in a variety of cancers, including bladder cancer, some forms of lung cancer, breast cancer and glioblastoma.
sisunatovir: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F protein), with potential antiviral activity. Upon oral administration, sisunatovir specifically targets and binds to RSV-F protein on the viral surface, which inhibits RSV-F protein-mediated fusion with the host cell membrane and prevents viral entry. This blocks RSV replication, reduces viral load, and decreases the severity of the disease. RSV-F protein, a viral surface glycoprotein, plays a key role in RSV fusion with and entry into target cells.
sitagliptin phosphate: The phosphate salt form of sitagliptin, an orally available, competitive, beta-amino acid-derived inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP-4) with hypoglycemic activity. Sitagliptin may cause an increased risk in the development of pancreatitis.
site specific immunomodulator QBECO: A formulation composed of components of the inactivated bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli), with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon subcutaneous administration, site specific immunomodulator (SSI) QBECO stimulates the innate immune system by recruiting and activating M1 macrophages. This may restore the unhealthy and altered gut microbiome, restore the function in the gastrointestinal (GI) tact, restore the immune system and rebuild normal barrier function. In addition, by enhancing and optimizing immune function, cancer cell proliferation may be inhibited and GI tract-related inflammatory diseases may be treated.
Sitravatinib: An orally bioavailable, receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, sitravatinib binds to and inhibits the activity of several RTKs including hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR; c-Met; MET), tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO (AXL receptor tyrosine kinase; AXL), mast/stem cell growth factor receptor (SCFR; c-kit; KIT), the receptor tyrosine kinase MER, discoidin domain receptor 2 (DDR2), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) types 1 (VEGFR-1; FLT1), 2 (VEGFR-2; KDR; Flk-1) and 3 (VEGFR-3), members of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) family, RET (rearranged during transfection), tropomyosin-related kinases (TRK) and members of the ephrin (Eph) family of receptor tyrosine kinases. This may result in both the inhibition of signal transduction pathways mediated by these RTKs and the reduction of tumor cell proliferation in cancer cell types that overexpress these RTKs.
sivifene gel: The phenylhydrazone 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone formulated as a topical agent with immunomodulating and potential antineoplastic activities. Applied topically as a gel, sivifene may stimulate a local immune response against human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).
six TAAs-specific autologous T cells MT-601: A preparation of autologous, ex vivo-expanded, CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes specific for six tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of six TAAs-specific autologous T cells MT-601, the T cells target, bind to and induce selective toxicity in cancer cells overexpressing one or more of these six TAAs. By targeting more than one antigen, MT-601 may be able to induce a better and more durable anti-tumor response due to its ability to overcome antigen loss.
Sixofilan: (Other name for: sizofiran)
sizofiran: A soluble beta-D-glucan produced by the Basidiomycetes fungus, Schizophyllum commune Fries, with potential immunomodulating and antitumor activities. Although sizofiran’s exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to stimulate the immune system by increasing cytokine production, activating macrophages and enhancing the activity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PML) and natural killer (NK) cells.
SK-Diphenhydramine: (Other name for: diphenhydramine hydrochloride)
SK-furosemide: (Other name for: furosemide)
SK-Probenecid: (Other name for: probenecid)
Skinostelon: (Other name for: pregnenolone)
Sklice: (Other name for: ivermectin)
SLC6A8 inhibitor RGX-202: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the creatine transporter, solute carrier family 6, member 8 (SLC6a8), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, RGX-202 inhibits phosphocreatine uptake by SLC6a8, thereby reducing intracellular levels of phosphocreatine available for ATP synthesis in tumor cells. SLC6a8 is overexpressed in some cancer types and inhibition of its activity may potentially limit tumor cell growth and metastasis.
SLFN12-PDE3A complex inducer BAY 2666605: An orally bioavailable agent that triggers the formation of a complex of the two proteins Schlafen family member 12 (SLFN12) and phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SLFN12-PDE3A complex inducer BAY2666605 triggers the formation of the SLFN12-PDE3A complex. This stabilizes SLFN12 and alters the expression of a set of genes that regulate cell survival, death, and proliferation. This suppresses cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in cancer cells that specifically express elevated levels of both of these proteins.
SLIT cisplatin: (Other name for: sustained-release lipid inhaled cisplatin)
Slo-bid: (Other name for: theophylline)
Slo-Phyllin: (Other name for: theophylline)
Smac mimetic BGB-24714: An orally bioavailable mimetic of the natural second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac), with potential apoptotic-inducing, chemo-radio-sensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, Smac mimetic BGB-24714 targets and binds to the Smac binding groove on inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs), including the direct caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP), and the cellular IAPs 1 (c-IAP1) and 2 (c-IAP2). This inhibits the activities of these IAPs and promotes the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting active caspases via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains. They contribute to chemo-radio-resistance of cancer cells to certain cytotoxic agents and radiation, promote tumor cell survival and are associated with poor prognosis in certain types of cancer. Smac, a pro-apoptotic mitochondrial protein, is an endogenous inhibitor of the IAPs family of cellular proteins.
SMAC mimetic BI 891065: A mimetic of second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) and inhibitor of IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Smac mimetic BI 891065 targets and binds to the Smac binding groove on IAPs, including the caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and the cellular IAPs 1 and 2. This inhibits the activities of these IAPs and promotes the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting certain caspases.
Smac mimetic CUDC-427: An orally available, monovalent mimetic of second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) and inhibitor of IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins) with potential antineoplastic activity. Smac mimetic CUDC-427 binds to the Smac binding groove on IAPs, including the direct caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and the cellular IAPs 1 and 2. This inhibits the activities of these IAPs and promotes the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains.
Smac mimetic GDC-0152: A second mitochondrial activator of caspases (Smac) mimetic inhibitor of IAPs (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins) with potential antineoplastic activity. Smac mimetic GDC-0152 binds to the Smac binding groove on IAPs, including the direct caspase inhibitor X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and the cellular IAPs 1 and 2, which may inhibit their activities and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding to and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9 via their baculoviral lAP repeat (BIR) domains. Smac, the endogenous IAP antagonist, relies on its N-terminal four amino-acid motif for binding to IAPs.
SMAC mimetic LCL161: An orally bioavailable second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetic and inhibitor of IAP (Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein) family of proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. SMAC mimetic LCL161 binds to IAPs, such as X chromosome-linked IAP (XIAP) and cellular IAPs 1 and 2. Since IAPs shield cancer cells from the apoptosis process, this agent may restore and promote the induction of apoptosis through apoptotic signaling pathways in cancer cells. IAPs are overexpressed by many cancer cell types and suppress apoptosis by binding and inhibiting active caspases-3, -7 and -9, which play essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell death), necrosis and inflammation.
SMARCA2 degrader PRT3789: A targeted protein degrader (TPD) of SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2 (SMARCA2; BRM), with potential antineoplastic activity. PRT3789 is comprised of an E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding moiety conjugated, via a chemical linker, to a SMARCA2-binding moiety. Upon administration of SMARCA2 degrader PRT3789, the SMARCA2-binding moiety specifically targets and binds to SMARCA2 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding moiety targets and binds to the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby forming a ternary complex. This induces E3 ligase ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of SMARCA2. This may lead to the inhibition of the SWI/SNF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor; BAF) chromatin remodeling complex, disrupt chromatin remodeling and gene expression, and result in the downregulation of oncogenic pathways and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 4 (SMARCA4; BRG1)-deleted cancers. SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 are the primary ATPase components and mutually exclusive core catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, an important regulator of transcriptional programs and gene expression. SMARCA4 expression is absent in certain cancer cells, and these SMARCA4-deleted cancer cells depend on SMARCA2 for survival.
SMARCA2 degrader PRT7732: An orally bioavailable targeted protein degrader (TPD) of SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 2 (SMARCA2; BRM), with potential antineoplastic activity. PRT7732 is comprised of an E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding moiety conjugated, via a chemical linker, to a SMARCA2-binding moiety. Upon oral administration of SMARCA2 degrader PRT7732, the SMARCA2-binding moiety specifically targets and binds to SMARCA2 and the E3 ubiquitin ligase-binding moiety targets and binds to the E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby forming a ternary complex. This induces E3 ligase ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of SMARCA2. This may lead to the inhibition of the SWI/SNF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor; BAF) chromatin remodeling complex, disrupt chromatin remodeling and gene expression, and result in the downregulation of oncogenic pathways and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation in SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 4 (SMARCA4; BRG1)-deleted cancers. SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 are the primary ATPase components and mutually exclusive core catalytic subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, an important regulator of transcriptional programs and gene expression. SMARCA4 expression is absent in certain cancer cells, and these SMARCA4-deleted cancer cells depend on SMARCA2 for survival.
SMO antagonist BMS 833923: An orally bioavailable small-molecule SMO (Smoothened) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. SMO antagonist BMS-833923 inhibits the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway protein SMO, which may result in a suppression of the SHH signaling pathway. SMO is a G-protein coupled receptor that lies just downstream of the SHH ligand cell surface receptor Patched-1 in the SHH pathway; in the absence of ligand Patched-1 inhibits SMO and ligand binding to Patched-1 results in increased levels of SMO. The SHH signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair; constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation and has been observed in a variety of cancers.
SMO protein inhibitor ZSP1602: An orally bioavailable small molecule SMO (Smoothened) inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. SMO inhibitor BMS-833923 inhibits the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway protein SMO, which may result in a suppression of the SHH signaling pathway. SMO is a G-protein coupled receptor that lies just downstream of the SHH ligand cell surface receptor Patched-1 in the SHH pathway; in the absence of ligand Patched-1 inhibits SMO and ligand binding to Patched-1 results in increased levels of SMO. The SHH signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair; constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation and has been observed in a variety of cancers.
smoked plum: The fruit of the Prunus mume tree that is used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Wu Mei, which may be used to promote hydration and improve bowel function. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which this TCM exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, this TCM may reduce dehydration and improve peristalsis in the bowel.
smokeless tobacco: Tobacco that is not smoked but used in another form such as chewing tobacco or snuff.
Smoothened antagonist LDE225 topical: A topical formulation of the small-molecule Smoothened (Smo) antagonist LDE225 with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical application, smoothened antagonist LDE225 topical selectively binds to the Hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway and, so, the inhibition of tumor cells in which this pathway is abnormally activated. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Inappropriate activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.
Smoothened antagonist LEQ506: An orally bioavailable small-molecule Smoothened (Smo) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Smoothened antagonist LEQ506 selectively binds to the Hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Dysregulated activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.
Smoothened antagonist TAK-441: An orally bioavailable pyrrolopyridine derivative and Smoothened (Smo) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Smo antagonist TAK-441 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity Smo, which is a cell surface co-receptor for ligands in the Hedgehog (Hh) family. This may result in a suppression of Hh-mediated signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in which this pathway is aberrantly activated. Smo is a G-protein coupled receptor that lies just downstream of the Hh cell surface receptor Patched-1 in the Hh pathway; in the absence of ligand, Patched-1 (Ptch1) inhibits Smo, and ligand binding to Ptch1 results in increased levels of Smo. The Hh-mediated signaling pathways play an important role in cellular growth and differentiation, and tissue repair; constitutive activation of this pathway is associated with uncontrolled cellular proliferation in a variety of cancers.
SN-38-loaded polymeric micelles NK012: A formulation consisting of polymeric micelles loaded with the irinotecan metabolite SN-38 with potential antineoplastic activity. SN-38-loaded polymeric micelles NK012 is an SN-38-releasing nanodevice constructed by covalently attaching SN-38 to the block copolymer PEG-PGlu, followed by self-assembly of amphiphilic block copolymers in an aqueous milieu. SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin), a biological active metabolite of the prodrug irinotecan (CPT-11), binds to and inhibits topoisomerase I by stabilizing the cleavable complex between topoisomerase I and DNA, resulting in DNA breaks, inhibition of DNA replication, and apoptosis. SN-38 has been reported to exhibit up to 1,000-fold more cytotoxic activity against various cancer cells in vitro than irinotecan. This formulation increases the water-solubility of SN-38 and allows the delivery of higher doses of SN-38 than those achievable with SN-38 alone.
SNS01-T nanoparticles: A colloidal mixture of nanoparticles consisting of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting the native eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), plasmids expressing a pro-apoptotic mutant of elF5A under the control of a B-cell specific promoter (B29), and a synthetic cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) as a delivery vehicle, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the siRNA component of SNS01-T suppresses elF5A expression, thereby interfering with translation of eIF5A and reducing levels of hypusinated elF5A in cancer cells. In turn, this inhibits activation of the transcription factor NF-kB and induces apoptosis. In addition, the B-cell specific plasmid component expresses an arginine substituted form of eIF5A, eIF5AK50R, which can not be hypusinated, thus leads to a selective induction of apoptosis in B-cells. The native unhypusinated form of eIF5A is pro-apoptotic and can be modified at the lysine residue, by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and subsequently deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DHH), to the anti-apoptotic hypusinated form which is associated with tumor cell growth and survival. The delivery vehicle protects the siRNA and plasmid from degradation.
soblidotin: A dolastatin-10 derivative. Soblidotin inhibits tubulin polymerization, resulting in cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.
sodium alginate microspheres: An embolic agent containing microporous hydrospheres of sodium alginate with potential arterial occlusive activity. In transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), the sodium alginate microspheres (KMG) are administered into blood vessels that feed the tumor, occluding tumor blood vessels and inducing ischemic tumor necrosis. In addition, these microspheres may be used to encapsulate various therapeutic agents.
sodium bicarbonate: The monosodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing and electrolyte replacement properties. Upon dissociation, sodium bicarbonate forms sodium and bicarbonate ions. Ion formation increases plasma bicarbonate and buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, resulting in raised blood pH.
sodium bicarbonate solution: An aqueous oral mouthwash solution containing the monosodium salt of carbonic acid with alkalinizing and antimucositis activities. Upon introduction into the mouth, the sodium bicarbonate dissociates, forming sodium and bicarbonate ions, which buffer excess hydrogen ion and elevates the oral pH. An alkaline oral environment is less prone to colonization with yeast and aciduric bacteria. In addition, this solution may help relieve mucositis and mucositis-induced pain by diluting human saliva, and cleansing and lubricating mucosal tissues of the mouth, tongue and oropharynx.
sodium bicarbonate/potassium bicarbonate/anhydrous citric acid: A combination preparation containing sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, and anhydrous citric acid, with acid-neutralizing properties. This combination in water principally contains the antacids potassium citrate and sodium citrate, and is used for the relief of acid indigestion and heartburn. This combination does not contain aspirin, and therefore does not exert aspirin's analgesic or anti-inflammatory effects.
sodium biphosphate/sodium phosphate oral laxative: An oral hyperosmotic saline laxative containing sodium biphosphate and sodium phosphate. Sodium phosphate/sodium biphosphate oral laxative promotes retention of water in the bowel, thereby increasing stool water content and volume, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and stool transit time and evacuation of colonic contents.
sodium borocaptate: A boron-carrying compound. After parenteral administration, borocaptate sodium accumulates preferentially in tumor cells. When exposed to neutron irradiation, borocaptate absorbs neutrons and self-destructs releasing short-range alpha radiation and 'recoil' lithium in tumor cells, resulting in alpha radiation-induced tumor cell death. This highly selective, localized radiotargeting of tumor cells, known as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), spares adjacent normal tissues.
sodium butyrate: The sodium salt of butyrate with potential antineoplastic activity. Butyrate, a short chain fatty acid, competitively binds to the zinc sites of class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs). This binding affects hyperacetylation of histones, resulting in a modified DNA conformation, which subsequently leads to the uncoiling or relaxing of chromatin. Enhanced accessibility of chromatin to transcription-regulatory complexes leads to increased transcriptional activation of various epigenetically suppressed genes. Butyrate, a HDAC inhibitor, induces cell cycle arrest in G1 or G2/M and also increases the expression of other genes and proteins involved in cellular differentiation and apoptotic signaling.
sodium citrate: The sodium salt of citrate with alkalinizing activity. Upon absorption, sodium citrate dissociates into sodium cations and citrate anions; organic citrate ions are metabolized to bicarbonate ions, resulting in an increase in the plasma bicarbonate concentration, the buffering of excess hydrogen ion, the raising of blood pH, and potentially the reversal of acidosis. In addition, increases in free sodium load due to sodium citrate administration may increase intravascular blood volume, facilitating the excretion of bicarbonate compounds and an anti-urolithic effect.
sodium dichloroacetate: The sodium salt of dichloroacetic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Dichloroacetate ion inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, resulting in the inhibition of glycolysis and a decrease in lactate production. This agent may stimulate apoptosis in cancer cells by restoring normal mitochondrial-induced apoptotic signaling.
sodium ferric gluconate complex in sucrose: A compound containing elemental iron as the sodium salt of a ferric ion carbohydrate complex in an alkaline aqueous solution with approximately 20% sucrose w/v in water for injection, used to replete the total body content of iron. Iron is critical for normal hemoglobin and myoglobin syntheses to maintain oxygen transport and various enzymatic processes, including the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase (RNR).
sodium fluoride: An inorganic salt of fluoride used topically or in municipal water fluoridation systems to prevent dental caries. Fluoride appears to bind to calcium ions in the hydroxyapatite of surface tooth enamel, preventing corrosion of tooth enamel by acids. This agent may also inhibit acid production by commensal oral bacteria.
sodium fluoride F-18: A radiopharmaceutical consisting of the sodium salt of fluorine F 18 fluoride with radioisotopic and bone mineralizing activities. Fluoride binds to calcium ions in hydroxyapatite crystals in bone. The uptake and incorporation of positron-emitting fluorine F 18 fluoride into bone can be imaged using positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), allowing visualization of malignant bone lesions in which regional blood flow and bone turnover are increased.
sodium glycididazole: The sodium salt of glycididazole with potential radiosensitizing activity. Due to its low redox potential, glycididazole is selectively activated via bioreduction in hypoxic tumor cells and may sensitize hypoxic tumor cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation.
sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel: A proprietary topical gel formulation containing sodium hyaluronate with wound repair and skin moisturizing properties. Upon application, sodium hyaluronate topical hydrogel adheres to injured tissues, hydrates skin, and provides protection from further chemical or mechanical irritation. Hyaluronate, a non-sulfated glucosaminoglycan, is a chief component of the extracellular matrix in connective, epithelial, and neural tissues and contributes significantly to cell proliferation and migration.
sodium hypochlorite: A chlorine compound often used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. Sodium hypochlorite in 0.5% w/v solution is called Dakin's solution, and is used as an antiseptic to clean infected topical wounds.
sodium iodide I-131: A radiopharmaceutical containing the beta- and gamma-emitting radioisotope I-131. After absorption, the iodide is distributed through the extracellular fluid of the body and accumulates in the thyroid gland, thereby allowing the imaging of the thyroid.
sodium metaarsenite: A highly soluble, orally available trivalent arsenic-containing telomerase inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. Although the exact mechanism through which sodium metaarsenite exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent appears to target and bind to telomeric sequences, specifically TTAGGG repeats, leading to a shortening of telomeres, and subsequent induction of apoptosis and inhibition of tumor cell growth. In addition, sodium metaarsenite also leads to the translocation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase into the cytoplasm and inhibition of the activity of telomerase. Telomerase is active in most tumors cells and is responsible for the maintenance of telomere length and plays a key role in cellular proliferation, but is quiescent in normal, healthy cells. The susceptibility to sodium metaarsenite seems to be inversely correlated with initial length of telomeres.
sodium nitrate supplement: A dietary supplement containing sodium nitrate, that can be used for nitrate supplementation purposes. Upon oral administration, nitrate is absorbed by the body and is partially converted to nitrite, which is stored and circulated in the blood, leading to an increase in nitrite levels. Nitrate, and to some extent nitrite, accumulates in saliva and may enhance salivary flow, which may help to treat dry mouth and chemo- and radiation-induced oropharyngeal problems.
sodium pentaborate pentahydrate: The pentahydrate sodium salt form of the naturally occurring mineral and element boron, with potential radioprotective, cryoprotective, antioxidant, apoptotic, wound healing, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sodium pentaborate appears to exert various anticancer and protective activities via multiple mechanisms of actions (MoAs) even though the exact MoAs have yet to be fully elucidated. Sodium pentaborate causes gene expression alterations of multiple essential genes, affecting both upregulations and downregulations. Many of the dysregulated genes serve key roles in various biological processes, including the inflammation response, stress response, cellular growth, proliferation, apoptosis and tumorigenesis/oncolysis. Specifically, the upregulation of proapoptotic genes may induce cell cycle arrest at different phases and may decrease tumor cell proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. Sodium pentaborate may also induce oxidative stress which results in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and in enhanced apoptosis, thereby further inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
sodium phenylbutyrate: The sodium salt of phenylbutyrate, a derivative of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate, with potential antineoplastic activity. Phenylbutyrate reversibly inhibits class I and II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which may result in a global increase in gene expression, decreased cellular proliferation, increased cell differentiation, and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations.
sodium phosphate: An inorganic compound used as a laxative, dietary supplement and for electrolyte-replacement purposes. Phosphate, a predominant intracellular anion, plays an important role in energy storage, osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities, regulating serum calcium concentrations, and numerous cellular phosphate-transfer reactions. Sodium phosphate increases fluidity of the intestinal contents by retention of water by osmotic forces, thereby indirectly inducing intestinal smooth muscle constriction. Sodium phosphate is also used in the renal excretion of hydrogen ions while promoting the reabsorption of sodium ions.
sodium picosulfate/magnesium oxide/citric acid oral laxative: An oral laxative formulation containing the stimulant cathartic sodium picosulfate as the primary active ingredient . Picosulfate acts on the enteric nerves in the intestinal wall to increase muscle contractions, thereby stimulating peristaltic action and promoting defecation. Other active ingredients are osmotic agents that increase stool water content.
sodium propionate: The sodium salt form of propionic acid, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA) and food additive, with potential gastrointestinal (GI) protective activity. Upon oral administration of sodium propionate, it converts to propionic acid which may protect the GI tract and reduce incidence and severity of GI toxicity from radiation therapy.
sodium salicylate: The sodium salt of salicylic acid. As a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), sodium salicylate irreversibly acetylates cyclooxygenases I and II, thereby inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and associated inflammation and pain. This agent may also activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.
sodium selenite: An inorganic form of the trace element selenium with potential antineoplastic activity. Selenium, administered in the form of sodium selenite, is reduced to hydrogen selenide (H2Se) in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and subsequently generates superoxide radicals upon reaction with oxygen. This may inhibit the expression and activity of the transcription factor Sp1; in turn Sp1 down-regulates androgen receptor (AR) expression and blocks AR signaling. Eventually, selenium may induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and inhibit tumor cell proliferation.
sodium stibogluconate: Pentavalent antimony (Sb) in differential complex formation with gluconic acid with leishmanicidal and potential antineoplastic activities. The Sb moiety of sodium stibogluconate (SSG) may inhibit protein tyrosine phophorylases (PTPases) by covalently modifying sulfhydryl groups in PTPase cysteine residues, resulting in specific inactivation of SH2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatases-1 and -2 (SHP-1 and SHP-2), PTPases which negatively regulate interferon (IFN) signaling; enhancement of IFN-induced Stat1 tyrosine phosphorylation; and induction of cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation. SSG in combination with IFN-alpha may synergize to overcome tumor cell resistance to IFN-alpha-mediated apoptosis.
sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative: An oral preparation containing sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate and magnesium sulfate, with osmotic laxative activity. Upon oral administration of the sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative, this osmotic laxative promotes the retention of water in the bowel. This increases the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and facilitates the evacuation of colonic contents. This results in a complete cleansing of the colon.
sodium thiosulfate: A water soluble salt and reducing agent that reacts with oxidizing agents. Although its exact mechanism of action is unknown, thiosulfate likely provides an exogenous source of sulfur, thereby hastening the detoxification of cyanide through the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase) which converts cyanide to the relatively nontoxic, excretable thiocyanate ion. In addition, this agent neutralizes the reactive alkylating species of nitrogen mustard, thereby decreasing skin toxicity related to nitrogen mustard extravasation.
sodium thiosulfate formulation DB-020: An injectable sterile viscous solution composed of the thiol-containing reducing agent sodium thiosulfate (STS) pentahydrate formulated in sodium hyaluronate in sterile water that can be used to prevent ototoxicity. Upon administration into the ear via trans tympanic injection, thiosulfate targets and irreversibly binds to cisplatin. This inactivates cisplatin locally in the cochlea and prevents hearing loss caused by cisplatin without interfering with cisplatin’s anti-cancer activity. As DB-020 can be administered directly to the ear prior to each cycle of chemotherapy, it may protect the ear from cisplatin’s ototoxic effects.
sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor RX108: A small-molecule, inhibitor of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+/K+-ATPase) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, RX108 inhibits the activity of the Na+/K+-ATPase, which prevents the activation of various signal transduction pathways that play a key role in tumor proliferation. This may lead to cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. Na+/K+-ATPase is overexpressed in certain tumor types and may serve as a scaffold for the assembly of multiple-protein signaling complexes that regulate cell proliferation and motility. In normal, healthy cells, the Na+/K+-ATPase controls transportation of Na+ and K+ across the cell membrane and is essential for electrochemical gradient maintenance, osmotic balance, and cellular pH.
Sodothiol: (Other name for: sodium thiosulfate)
sofosbuvir: An orally available nucleotide prodrug and a hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS5B polymerase inhibitor with potential HCV inhibiting activity. Upon oral administration, sofosbuvir is metabolized to 2'-deoxy-2'-alpha-fluoro-beta-C-methyluridine-5'-monophosphate, which is then converted into the active triphosphate nucleotide that inhibits the NS5B polymerase, thereby preventing viral replication. The HCV NS5B protein, an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is essential for the replication of the viral HCV RNA genome.
Solaraze: (Other name for: diclofenac sodium gel)
Solatene: (Other name for: beta carotene)
Soliris: (Other name for: eculizumab)
solitomab: A recombinant bispecific monoclonal antibody directed against both CD3 and epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Solitomab attaches to both CD3-expressing T lymphocytes and EpCAM-expressing tumor cells, thereby selectively cross-linking tumor and T lymphocytes; this may result in the recruitment of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to T lymphocyte/tumor cell aggregates and the CTL-mediated death of EpCAM-expressing tumor cells. CD3 is an antigen expressed on mature T cells; EpCAM, a cell surface protein, is expressed by a variety of tumor cells and is frequently found in head and neck cancers.
Soltamox: (Other name for: tamoxifen citrate)
Solu-Cortef: (Other name for: hydrocortisone sodium succinate)
soluble corn fiber prebiotic supplement: A nutritional supplement containing soluble corn fiber, with potential immunomodulating and prebiotic activities. Upon oral administration of soluble corn fiber prebiotic supplement, the soluble corn fiber stimulates the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and modulates the GI flora ecosystem. In addition, the prebiotic supplement may modulate the immune system and inhibit inflammation.
soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator IW-1701: An orally bioavailable stimulator of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), with potential anti-inflammatory and vasodilating activities. Upon oral administration, sGC stimulator IW-1701 targets, allosterically binds to and enhances the nitric oxide (NO)-dependent catalytic activity of sGC. This enhances NO-sGC signaling and increases the formation of the intracellular second messenger cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP). This enhances NO/cGMP-mediated muscle relaxation, suppresses leukocyte-endothelial interactions and promotes vascular anti-inflammatory effects. The NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway plays an important role in vasodilation, blood flow and inflammatory processes. sGC, a heme-containing cytoplasmic signaling enzyme, catalyzes the formation of cGMP from GTP in response to NO binding to heme.
Solurex: (Other name for: dexamethasone sodium phosphate)
Solurex LA: (Other name for: dexamethasone acetate, unspecified)
somatotropin: A recombinant form of endogenous human growth hormone (GH), a polypeptide produced by the anterior lobe of the human pituitary gland. GH exhibits growth-promoting effects and metabolic effects on carbohydrate, fat, protein and bone metabolism. GH stimulates protein synthesis and the uptake of amino acids into cells, and induces lipolysis in adipose tissues. The secretion of GH increases with sexual maturation and then declines steadily.
Somatuline Depot: (Other name for: lanreotide acetate)
Somavert: (Other name for: pegvisomant)
Somophyllin-CRT: (Other name for: theophylline)
Somophyllin-T: (Other name for: theophylline)
sonepcizumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sonepcizumab binds S1P, which may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. S1P is the extracellular ligand for the G protein-coupled lysophospholipid receptor EDG-1 (endothelial differentiation gene-1).
sonidegib: An orally bioavailable small-molecule smoothened (Smo) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Sonidegib selectively binds to the hedgehog (Hh)-ligand cell surface receptor Smo, which may result in the suppression of the Hh signaling pathway and, so, the inhibition of tumor cells in which this pathway is abnormally activated. The Hh signaling pathway plays an important role in cellular growth, differentiation and repair. Inappropriate activation of Hh pathway signaling and uncontrolled cellular proliferation, as is observed in a variety of cancers, may be associated with mutations in the Hh-ligand cell surface receptor Smo.
sonrotoclax: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, sonrotoclax specifically binds to and inhibits the activity of the pro-survival protein Bcl-2. This restores apoptotic processes and inhibits cell proliferation in Bcl-2-overexpressing tumor cells. Bcl-2, a protein that belongs to the Bcl-2 family, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types and plays an important role in the negative regulation of apoptosis. Its tumor expression is associated with increased drug resistance and cancer cell survival.
sontuzumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the tumor associated antigen (TAA) mucin-1 (MUC1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, sontuzumab targets and binds to MUC1 expressed on the surface of tumor cells, which may activate the immune system to induce an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against MUC1-expressing tumor cells. MUC1, a glycoprotein overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells, plays a key role in tumor cell survival and proliferation.
sorafenib tosylate: The tosylate salt of sorafenib, a synthetic compound targeting growth signaling and angiogenesis. Sorafenib blocks the enzyme RAF kinase, a critical component of the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation; in addition, sorafenib inhibits the VEGFR-2/PDGFR-beta signaling cascade, thereby blocking tumor angiogenesis.
Sorghum bicolor supplement: An herbal-based nutritional supplement containing the leaf sheaths of the plant Sorghum bicolor, with potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemopreventive and immunomodulating activities. Sorghum bicolor supplement contains various phytochemicals, including phenolic acids and polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins. Sorghum bicolor supplement is particularly rich in 3-deoxyanthocyanins, such as luteolinidin and apigeninidin, and appears to induce apoptosis and inhibit cell proliferation in cancer cells through the stimulation of various apoptosis promoter genes and the downregulation of certain apoptosis inhibitor genes. In addition, due to the strong antioxidant nature of the phytochemicals, these compounds are able to scavenge free radicals and prevent tissue damage. Also, intake of this supplement modulates the immune system by both increasing the activity of natural killer (NK) cells and initiating the activation of macrophages.
Soriatane: (Other name for: acitretin)
SORT1-targeted docetaxel TH1902: A peptide-drug conjugate composed of the second-generation taxane docetaxel and the sortilin (SORT1)-targeting peptide TH19P01, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of SORT1-targeted docetaxel TH1902, the TH19P01 moiety targets and binds to SORT1 expressed on tumor cells. Upon internalization, docetaxel binds to and stabilizes the beta-tubulin subunit, thereby inhibiting microtubule disassembly which results in cell-cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and cell death. SORT1 is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and plays an important role in protein internalization, sorting and trafficking.
SOS1 inhibitor MRTX0902: An orally available, brain-penetrant, phthalazine-based inhibitor of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SOS1 inhibitor MRTX0902 selectively targets and binds to SOS1, thereby preventing the interaction of SOS1 with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) in the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound 'off' state, which is the inactivated state of KRAS. This abrogates the exchange of RAS-bound GDP for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and prevents the formation of GTP-loaded KRAS, which is the activated 'on' state of KRAS. This prevents activation of downstream RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway by GTP-loaded KRAS. This inhibits mutant KRAS-dependent signaling and may inhibit growth and survival of KRAS-expressing tumor cells. KRAS is a member of the RAS family of oncogenes that is mutated in many cancer cell types. Mutations of KRAS may induce constitutive signal transduction leading to tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. SOS1 regulates the KRAS GDP-GTP cycle and promotes nucleotide exchange and formation of 'active' KRAS-GTP.
SOS1 inhibitor ZG2001 tosylate: The tosylate salt form of ZG2001, an orally available inhibitor of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) Son of sevenless homolog 1 (SOS1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ZG2001 selectively targets and binds to SOS1, thereby preventing the interaction of SOS1 with Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) in the guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound 'off' state, which is the inactivated state of KRAS. This abrogates the exchange of RAS-bound GDP for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and prevents the formation of GTP-loaded KRAS, which is the activated 'on' state of KRAS. This prevents activation of downstream RAF/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway by GTP-loaded KRAS. This inhibits mutant KRAS-dependent signaling and may inhibit growth and survival of KRAS-expressing tumor cells. KRAS is a member of the RAS family of oncogenes that is mutated in many cancer cell types. Mutations of KRAS may induce constitutive signal transduction leading to tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis. SOS1 regulates the KRAS GDP-GTP cycle and promotes nucleotide exchange and formation of 'active' KRAS-GTP.
sotagliflozin: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the sodium-glucose co-transporter subtypes 1 (SGLT1) and 2 (SGLT2), with potential antihyperglycemic activity. Upon oral administration, sotagliflozin binds to and blocks both SGLT1 in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and SGLT2 in the kidneys, thereby suppressing the absorption of glucose from the GI tract and the reabsorption of glucose by the proximal tubule into the bloodstream, respectively. This decreases glucose uptake and enhances the urinary excretion of glucose, which lowers and/or normalizes blood glucose levels. SGLT1 is the primary transporter responsible for glucose absorption from the GI tract. SGLT2, a transport protein exclusively expressed in the proximal renal tubules, mediates approximately 90% of renal glucose reabsorption from tubular fluid.
sotatercept: A soluble fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the activin receptor type IIA (ActRIIA) linked to the Fc portion of human IgG1 with anabolic bone activity. Sotatercept selectively binds to activin, inhibiting its binding to ActRIIA and ActRIIA signaling, resulting in the stimulation of osteoblast activity and the inhibition of osteoclast activity and so normal bone formation and increased bone mineral density and strength. The Fc moiety of this fusion protein binds to the salvage receptor FcRN, preventing its lysosomal degradation and so extending its half-life in the circulatory system.
sotiburafusp alfa: A recombinant, humanized fusion protein composed of a monoclonal antibody directed against the immunosuppressive ligand programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; cluster of differentiation 274; CD274) fused to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1/FLT-1), with potential anti-angiogenesis, immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of sotiburafusp alfa, the anti-PD-L1 antibody moiety specifically targets and binds to PD-L1 expressing cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In turn, VEGFR-1 moiety binds to pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), thereby preventing VEGFs from binding to the endogenous receptors. Disruption of the binding of VEGFs to their cellular receptors may result in the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis, and ultimately tumor regression. PD-L1, a transmembrane protein, is expressed on the surface of antigen presenting cells (APCs) and on many cancer cell types. PD-L1 binding to PD-1, a negative regulator of the immune system on activated T cells, limits the expansion and survival of CD8-positive T cells, suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion.
sotigalimab: A humanized monoclonal antibody agonist of the cell surface receptor CD40, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Similar to the endogenous CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154), sotigalimab binds to CD40 on a variety of immune cell types. This triggers the cellular proliferation and activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and activates B cells, and effector and memory T cells. This results in an enhanced immune response against tumor cells. Sotigalimab also binds to and activates CD40 present on the surfaces of some solid tumor cells, leading to apoptosis and decreased tumor growth. CD40, a cell surface receptor and member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells and certain cancer cells; it mediates both indirect tumor cell killing through the activation of the immune system and direct tumor cell apoptosis.
sotorasib: An orally available inhibitor of the specific KRAS mutation, p.G12C, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, sotorasib selectively targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of the KRAS p.G12C mutant. This may inhibit growth in KRAS p.G12C-expressing tumor cells. The KRAS p.G12C mutation is seen in some tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation.
sotrastaurin acetate: The acetate salt form of sotrastaurin, an orally available pan-protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor with potential immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities. Sotrastaurin inhibits both T- and B-cell activations via PKC theta and beta isozymes, respectively. Both PKCs are important in the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB). Inhibition of PKC beta in B cells results in prevention of NF-kB-mediated signaling and down regulation of NF-kB target genes. This may eventually lead to an induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. This agent may act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic agents. PKC, a family of serine/threonine protein kinases overexpressed in certain types of cancer cells, is involved in cell differentiation, mitogenesis, inflammation, and the activation and survival of lymphocytes.
Sotret: (Other name for: isotretinoin)
sotrovimab: A neutralizing human monoclonal antibody directed against the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that can potentially be used for passive immunization against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Upon administration, sotrovimab specifically targets and binds to an epitope on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that is shared with SARS-CoV-1, thereby blocking viral attachment and entry into human cells and may thereby neutralize SARS-CoV-2. This may slow the progression of the disease and accelerate recovery, and may potentially provide temporary protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2. S protein, usually found on the surface of SARS-CoV-2, plays an essential role in the infection pathway of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.
sovateltide: A highly selective peptide agonist of the endothelin-B receptor. Sovateltide binds to endothelin-B receptors on endothelial cells in tumor blood vessels, which, unlike the angioarchitecture of normal blood vessels, are relatively devoid of smooth muscle. This agent may induce a transient, selective increase in blood flow to a tumor, which may result in an increase in the delivery of anticancer agents to the tumor and, so, an increase in anticancer agent efficacy.
sovilnesib: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule inhibitor of the human kinesin-like protein KIF18A, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, sovilnesib selectively inhibits the activity of KIF18A. This may result in multipolar cell division and inhibit tumor cell proliferation. KIF18A, a mitotic kinesin-8 motor protein, plays an important role in the regulation of chromosome positioning during cell division and is overexpressed in certain cancers. Certain cancer cells with chromosomal instability (CIN) features depend on KIF18A activity for bipolar spindle integrity and cell proliferation.
sovipostobart: A probody composed of ipilimumab, a recombinant human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4; CTLA-4), linked to a proprietary masking peptide that covers the active antigen-binding site of the antibody through a protease-cleavable linker, with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of sovipostobart, the masking peptide is cleaved by tumor-associated proteases upon extravasation into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Protease-mediated removal of the linker enables binding of the unmasked monoclonal antibody moiety to CTLA-4, which is expressed on certain T cells. This inhibits the CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation, and leads to both activation of tumor infiltrating T-effector cells and a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on activated effector T cells (Teffs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), plays a key role in the inhibition of T-cell activity and downregulation of the immune system. The peptide masking of BMS-986249 minimizes binding to CTLA-4 in normal tissues and may reduce systemic toxicity, when compared to ipilimumab. Tumor-associated proteases are present in high concentrations and aberrantly activated in the TME.
sovleplenib: An orally available inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration of sovleplenib, this agent binds to and inhibits the activity of Syk. This inhibits B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which leads to the inhibition of B-cell activation, and prevents tumor cell activation, migration, adhesion and proliferation. Syk, a non-receptor cytoplasmic, BCR-associated tyrosine kinase, is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is often overexpressed in hematopoietic malignancies; it plays a key role in B-cell receptor signaling.
soy isoflavones: A dietary supplement isolated from soybeans containing phytoestrogen isoflavones. Although the mechanism of action is unclear, soy isoflavones mimic estrogen action mediated through estrogen receptors. In addition, this agent also modulates estrogen metabolism. As a result, soy isoflavones have been shown to reduce tumor cell proliferation and induce tumor cell apoptosis, as well as to be able to regulate hormone balance and reduce the risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
soy lecithin/glycerol dioleate-based oral spray: An oral spray containing soy phospholipid and glycerol dioleate, with protective, analgesic and anti-mucositic activities. Upon spraying onto the oral mucosal surface and contact with saliva, the soy lecithin/glycerol dioleate-based oral spray forms a gel and adheres to the mucosal surfaces thereby forming a lipid film. This provides a protective barrier and an analgesic effect within the oral cavity. In addition, the lipid barrier prevents bacterial growth at affected areas thereby decreasing infection risk.
soy protein isolate: A dietary protein isolated from soybeans that contains isoflavone phytoestrogens. Soy protein isolate has been shown to reduce tumor incidence and growth in some animal studies, possibly by modulating estrogen metabolism, reducing tumor cell proliferation, and inducing tumor cell apoptosis. Soy protein isolate may also inhibit endothelial cell proliferation. Isoflavone phytoestrogens display mild estrogen-like activities which may regulate hormone balance and reduce the risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and osteoporosis.
SpagoPix: (Other name for: nanoparticle-based manganese-containing contrast agent SN132D)
spanlecortemlocel: A preparation of allogeneic umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) expanded in culture with the stimulatory cytokines stem cell factor (SCF; Kit ligand; mast cell growth factor; MGF), FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and thrombopoietin, in the presence of an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) antagonist LHD221 (StemRegenin-1; SR-1), with potential to improve hematopoietic recovery following myeloablative conditioning. Upon administration of spanlecortemlocel, these cells increase and restore the number of HSPCs, which may prevent or decrease the risk of infection and other complications of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN) or cord blood transplantation. LHD221, an AHR antagonist facilitates the expansion of CD34-positive hematopoietic progenitors and impedes HSPC differentiation during cytokine-driven expansion in culture.
sparfosic acid: A stable transition state analogue for an aspartate transcarbamylase- cartalyzed reaction with antineoplastic activity. Sparfosic acid is a stable transition analogue of the activated complex for the reaction catalyzed by aspartate transcarbamylase, the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. This agent inhibits de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis and increases the extent to which fluorouracil metabolites are incorporated into RNA.
spartalizumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the negative immunoregulatory human cell surface receptor programmed death-1 (PD-1, PCD-1), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, spartalizumab binds to PD-1 expressed on activated T cells and blocks the interaction with its ligands, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1, PD-1L1) and PD-1 ligand 2 (PD-L2, PD-1L2). The inhibition of ligand binding prevents PD-1-mediated signaling and results in both T-cell activation and the induction of T-cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells. PD-1, an immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily transmembrane protein and inhibitory receptor, negatively regulates T-cell activation.
spherical nucleic acid nanoparticle NU-0129: A spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle formulation composed of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the Bcl-2-like protein 12 (BCL2L12) sequence and conjugated to gold nanoparticles, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of SNA NU-0129, the siRNA prevents the translation of the BCL2L12 gene. Inhibiting the expression of BCL2L12 by NU-0129 induces tumor cell apoptosis. Bcl2L12, a protein belonging to the Bcl-2 protein family, is overexpressed in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and plays a role in tumor cell progression and tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. NU-0129 is able to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB).
Spiriva: (Other name for: tiotropium bromide monohydrate)
spirogermanium: A synthetic organometallic compound containing the element germanium with possible antineoplastic activity. Spirogermanium exhibits significant toxicity, particularly neurotoxicity.
spiromustine: A bifunctional nitrogen alkylating agent with antineoplastic activity and lipophilic properties. Containing a lipophilic hydantoin group that serves as a carrier to cross the blood brain barrier, spiromustine forms covalent linkages with nucleophilic centers in DNA, causing depurination, base-pair miscoding, strand scission, and DNA-DNA cross-linking, which may result in cytotoxicity.
spironolactone: A synthetic 17-spironolactone corticosteroid with potassium-sparing diuretic, antihypertensive, and antiandrogen activities.Spironolactone competitively inhibits adrenocortical hormone aldosterone activity in the distal renal tubules, myocardium, and vasculature. This agent may inhibit the pathophysiologic effects of aldosterone produced in excess by various types of malignant and benign tumors.
spiroplatin: A synthetic derivative of cyclohexane sulfatoplatinum with antineoplastic properties. Spiroplatin induces DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and RNA and protein synthesis. Similar to other platinum compounds, this agent has been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic.
spirulina-based dietary supplement: A nutritional supplement composed of the blue-green microalgae spirulina. Spirulina is high in protein and contains significant amounts of calcium, niacin, potassium, magnesium, B vitamins, vitamin E, iodine, iron, beta-carotene, phycocyanin and chlorophyll. The spirulina dietary supplement may affect the cardiovascular, digestive and immune systems and may improve diabetes and high cholesterol. In addition, spirulina contains antioxidants and may protect against cellular DNA damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). As spirulina has a high concentration of iodine and contains the amino acid tyrosine, it may improve thyroid function, and ameliorate the size of benign thyroid nodules.
splicing inhibitor H3B-8800: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the splicing factor 3B subunit 1 (SF3B1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, H3B-8800 binds to and blocks the activity of SF3B1, a core spliceosome protein that is mutated in various cancer cells. This modulates RNA splicing by preventing aberrant mRNA splicing by the spliceosome, blocks RNA mis-splicing, enhances proper RNA splicing and prevents the expression of certain tumor-associated genes. This leads to an induction of apoptosis and prevents tumor cell proliferation. In many cancer cells, core spliceosome proteins, including SF3B1, U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor 1 (U2AF1), serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) and U2 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein auxiliary factor subunit-related protein 2 (ZRSR2), are mutated and aberrantly activated leading to a dysregulation of mRNA splicing.
Sporanox: (Other name for: itraconazole)
Sprycel: (Other name for: dasatinib)
spyrine: (Other name for: trientine hydrochloride)
squeezed red blood cells expressing HPV16 epitopes SQZ-AAC-HPV: A cell therapy agent composed of autologous red blood cells (RBCs) engineered to act as artificial antigen carriers (AACs) and expressing tumor-specific antigens (TAAs), human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 epitopes, and containing a Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist as an activating adjuvant, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Using cell squeeze technology, the RBCs are squeezed (SQZ) and loaded with TAAs and an adjuvant to generate SQZ AACs that appear similar to aged RBCs. Upon administration of the SQZ RBCs expressing HPV16 epitopes SQZ-AAC-HPV, the SQZ RBCs are rapidly taken up by the patient's professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) similar to the process of natural clearance and destruction of aged RBCs. In turn, the HPV16 epitopes are presented to the immune system and activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune response against tumor cells expressing HPV16. By mimicking natural aged RBCs, the AACs are able to activate an anti-tumor immune response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells. HPV16 plays an important role in the development of certain types of cancer.
SR-T100 gel: A cutaneous gel preparation containing an extract from Solanum incanum with potential antineoplastic activity. SR-T100 gel contains high amounts of the steroidal alkaloid glycoside solamargine. Solamargine is able to upregulate expression of tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 (TNFR1) and 6 (TNFRSF6 or Fas), and their signaling adaptors TNFR1-associated death domain, and Fas-associated death domain. In addition, this agent is able to upregulate expression of apoptosis promoter Bax, and suppress the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-xL and Bcl-2. Altogether, this induces apoptosis in tumor cells and may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.
SR31747A: A synthetic peripheral sigma receptor ligand with immunomodulatory and potential antitumor activities. Although the exact mechanism by which SR31747A exerts its antitumor effects has not been fully established, SR31747A binds to and inhibits the sigma1 receptor (SR31747A-binding protein-1 or SR-BP1), human sterol isomerase (emopamil-binding protein) and the sigma2 receptor, which may result in a reduction in tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell apoptosis. In addition, this agent inhibits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines. Upregulated in various cancers, the sigma1 and sigma2 receptors and human sterol isomerase are proteins that are involved in the regulation of cell proliferation and survival.
Src/Abl kinase inhibitor AZD0424: An orally bioavailable small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets both Abl and Src kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, AZD0424 selectively inhibits both Src and Abl kinase activity which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth in susceptible tumor cells. Src and Abl kinases are upregulated in certain tumor cells and play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.
src/tubulin inhibitor KX02: A lipophilic, orally available inhibitor of both Src kinase activity and tubulin polymerization, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, src/tubulin inhibitor KX02 binds to and inhibits the activity of Src kinase. This inhibits both downstream signaling and the proliferation of Src kinase-expressing tumor cells. KX02 also binds to tubulin heterodimers and inhibits microtubule polymerization, thereby disrupting microtubule formation, mitosis, and further proliferation. Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis.
SRC/YES1 kinase inhibitor NXP900: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of SRC family of kinases (SFK), including SRC and YES1, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, SRC/YES1 kinase inhibitor NXP900 targets, binds to, and locks SRC and YES1 into their native closed conformation, thereby inhibiting both their kinase activity and their association with protein signaling partners. This inhibits the oncogenic signaling pathways mediated by these kinases and the proliferation of tumor cells overexpressing these kinases. SRC family of kinases are upregulated in many tumor cells and play important roles in tumor cell proliferation and metastasis.
SRPK1/ABCG2 inhibitor SCO-101: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/arginine-rich splicing factor protein kinase 1 (SRPK1) and the ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 2 (ABCG2), with potential chemosensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, SRPK1/ABCG2 inhibitor SCO-101 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of SRPK1 and ABCG2. Inhibition of the cellular efflux pump ABCG2 by SCO-101 prevents the efflux of co-administered chemotherapeutic agents from cancer cells. This may abrogate cancer cell drug resistance and may re-sensitize cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agents. Inhibition of SRPK1 kinase by SCO-101 inhibits the SRPK1-mediated phosphorylation of splicing factors rich in serine/arginine domains, thereby inhibiting the activation of proteins that are involved in the regulation of alternative splicing. This may inhibit cancer cell proliferation. SRPK1 is upregulated in various cancer cell types. Its upregulation is correlated with higher tumor staging, grading, and shorter survival.
SS1(dsFv)-PE38 immunotoxin: A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the single chain anti-mesothelin monoclonal antibody SS1(dsFv) linked to Pseudomonas exotoxin PE-38. The monoclonal antibody moiety of the agent binds to cells that express mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein which may be overexpressed in ovarian cancer, mesotheliomas, and some squamous cell carcinomas; after internalization, the exotoxin moiety inactivates eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2, thereby disrupting tumor cell protein synthesis.
SSD: (Other name for: silver sulfadiazine)
ssRNA-based immunomodulator CV8102: A 547 nucleotide (nt), noncoding, uncapped single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) containing several polyU-repeats complexed with a polymeric carrier formed by disulfide-crosslinked cationic peptides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon intratumoral injection, the ssRNA in CV8102 activates toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG I; RIG-I; DDX58). This stimulates a T-helper type 1 cell (Th1) response, the production of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and activates a systemic cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against the tumor cells when simultaneously exposed to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). The cationic carrier peptides protect the ssRNA from RNase degradation.
St. John's wort: An herbal extract prepared from the plant Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) with photodynamic, antineoplastic, and antidepressant activities. Hypericin, one of the active compounds found in Hypericum perforatum, is a photosensitizer that, when exposed to a particular wavelength and intensity of light, may induce tumor cell apoptosis. Another compound, hyperforin, induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in certain tumor cell lines. Hypericum perforatum preparations may also stimulate the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes and P-glycoprotein drug transporters, resulting in increased metabolism and decreased efficacy of various chemotherapeutic agents and other drugs.
stabilized sulphur hexafluoride microbubble-based contrast agent: An injectable ultrasound contrast media formulation composed of microbubbles of stabilized sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) in sodium chloride solution. With stabilized sulphur hexafluoride microbubble-based contrast agent, ultrasound waves are scattered and reflected at the microbubble-blood interface during ultrasound imaging, thereby enhancing blood vessel visualization and the contrast between blood vessels and adjacent tissues.
Stakel: (Other name for: padeliporfin)
standardized freeze-dried table grape powder: A standardized freeze-dried preparation of desiccated table grapes containing polyphenols (including flavanols, anthocyanins, flavonols, and stilbenes such as resveratrol) and other unidentified compounds with antioxidant activity. Standardized freeze-dried table grape powder increases serum antioxidant activity and reduces the macrophage-mediated oxidation and uptake of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). This agent has been shown to inhibit genes linked to the development of sporadic colorectal cancer and may exhibit chemopreventive activity for other human cancers.
Stanford V regimen: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of mechlorethamine, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vinblastine, vincristine, bleomycin, etoposide and prednisone, administered on a compressed schedule and used in the treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma; it may be followed by consolidative radiation therapy.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B: A bacterial enterotoxin with potential immunostimulatory activity. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a gram positive superantigen produced by Staphylococcus aureus, is a potent stimulator of T-cell activation. SEB binds directly to class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and the V beta region of the T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to an amplified T-cell response. In response to SEB, both CD4+ and CD8+ cells proliferate, secrete cytokines and demonstrate enhanced cytotoxic activity against a broad range of antigens. Co-administration of SEB with interleukin-2 (IL-2) by direct injection into tumor cells, may induce clonal T-cell expansion and potentiate apoptosis of tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth.
staphylococcus aureus protein A: A protein that resides in the microbial wall of staphylococcus aureus and interferes with opsonization by binding to the Fc portion of immunoglobulin. The protein has a deleterious effect on the epithelial cells that line the respiratory tract, and plays a role in the induction of pneumonia. Protein A also initiates polymorphonuclear cell migration into airway passages via TNFR1 activation.
stapokibart: A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor (IL-4RA; IL-4R alpha), with potential anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Upon administration, stapokibart selectively binds to IL-4RA. This disrupts IL-4/IL-13 signaling and prevents the activation of downstream pathways that mediate type 2 inflammation. IL-4 and IL-13 receptors are present on the surface of numerous cells involved in the pathophysiology of type-2 helper T-cell (Th2) allergic responses, including B lymphocytes, eosinophils, dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, macrophages, basophils, keratinocytes, bronchial epithelial cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and airway smooth muscle cells.
Starlix: (Other name for: nateglinide)
STAT inhibitor OPB-111077: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of one or more signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) protein(s), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, OPB-111077 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of STATs. This prevents binding of STATs to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT-responsive gene promoters, which may result in the inhibition of both STAT-mediated transcription and tumor cell proliferation. STATs are constitutively activated in a variety of cancers and play a key role in tumor cell proliferation.
STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide: A double-stranded 15-mer oligonucleotide, corresponding closely to the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) response element within the c-fos promoter, with potential antineoplastic activity. STAT3 decoy oligonucleotide binds specifically to activated STAT3 and blocks binding of STAT3 to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT3-responsive promoters, which results in the inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription and, potentially, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, contributing to the loss of cell growth control and neoplastic transformation.
STAT3 degrader KT-333: A heterobifunctional small molecule degrader of the protein signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) composed of a STAT3-binding moiety and a E3 ligase-binding moiety, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the STAT3 degrader KT-333 specifically targets and binds to STAT3, thereby targeting STAT3 for degradation. Upon binding, endogenous E3 ubiquitin ligase is then recruited to STAT3 by the E3 ligase recognition moiety of KT-333, resulting in the tagging of STAT3 by ubiquitin. This causes ubiquitination and degradation of STAT3 by the proteasome, and prevents STAT3 activation, STAT3-mediated signaling and the expression of STAT3 target genes. This inhibits the proliferation of STAT3-overexpressing tumor cells. STAT3 regulates the transcription of genes involved in several cellular functions. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of human cancers and plays a key role in neoplastic transformation, uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metastasis, immune evasion, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Warburg effect.
STAT3 dual phosphorylation site inhibitor YY201: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, STAT3 dual phosphorylation site inhibitor YY201 targets, binds to and inhibits Tyr705 and Ser727 double-site phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby inhibiting the function of STAT3. This prevents STAT3 binding to responsive gene promoters, STAT3-mediated signaling and the expression of STAT3 target genes. This inhibits the proliferation of STAT3-overexpressing tumor cells. STAT3 regulates the transcription of genes involved in several cellular functions. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of human cancers and plays a key role in neoplastic transformation, uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metastasis, immune evasion, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Warburg effect.
STAT3 inhibitor C-188-9: An orally bioavailable, binaphthol-sulfonamide-based inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the STAT3 inhibitor C-188-9 specifically targets and binds to the phosphotyrosyl peptide binding site within the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of STAT3. This inhibits the Janus kinase (JAK)-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of STAT3. This impedes nuclear translocation of STAT3, prevents STAT3 binding to responsive gene promoters and blocks STAT3-mediated regulation of gene expression. STAT3 regulates the transcription of genes involved in several cellular functions. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of human cancers and plays a key role in neoplastic transformation, uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metastasis, immune evasion, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Warburg effect.
STAT3 inhibitor DSP-0337: An orally administered prodrug of napabucasin, a small molecule cancer stemness inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, DSP-0337 is converted to its active form, napabucasin. Napabucasin targets and inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), thereby preventing STAT-3-mediated signaling. The STAT3 pathway is overly active in many cancer types and is implicated in cancer stem cell-mediated growth, recurrence and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.
STAT3 inhibitor OPB-31121: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. OPB-31121 inhibits the phosphorylation of STAT3, which prevents binding of STAT3 to DNA sequences on a variety of STAT3-responsive promoters and may result in the inhibition of STAT3-mediated transcription and, potentially, the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of cancers, contributing to the loss of cell growth control and neoplastic transformation.
STAT3 inhibitor OPB-51602: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. STAT3 inhibitor OPB-51602 inhibits the phosphorylation and thus the activation of STAT3 protein, impeding STAT3 protein from translocating from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and thereby blocking STAT3's regulation of gene expression through direct binding to the promoters of responsive genes. STAT3 regulates the cellular functions that lead to the cancer phenotype, and constitutive activation of STAT3 is observed in a wide range of human cancers, inducing uncontrolled proliferation and neoplastic transformation.
STAT3 inhibitor VVD-130850: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, STAT3 inhibitor VVD-130850 targets and binds to an allosteric pocket of STAT3. This prevents STAT3 binding to responsive gene promoters, STAT3-mediated signaling and the expression of STAT3 target genes, thereby inhibiting the proliferation of STAT3-overexpressing tumor cells. STAT3 regulates the transcription of genes involved in several cellular functions. STAT3 is constitutively activated in a variety of human cancers and plays a key role in neoplastic transformation, uncontrolled tumor cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, metastasis, immune evasion, tumor angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the Warburg effect.
STAT3 inhibitor WP1066: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of signaling transducer and activator 3 (STAT3), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activities. Upon administration, STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 blocks the intranuclear translocation of p-STAT, thereby suppressing STAT3 signaling and decreasing the levels of downstream products including c-Myc. Additionally, WP1066 may upregulate costimulatory molecules including CD80 and CD86 on human microglia, and reverse glioma cancer stem cell (gCSC)-mediated innate and adaptive immune suppression allowing for the restoration of antitumor effector immune responses. The STAT3 pathway is overly active in many cancer types and is implicated in CSC-mediated growth, recurrence and resistance to conventional chemotherapies.
Statex SR: (Other name for: morphine sulfate)
stavudine: A synthetic nucleoside, analog of didehydro-3-deoxythymidine with potent antiretroviral activity. In vivo, stavudine is phosphorylated by cellular kinases to the active metabolite stavudine triphosphate; this metabolite inhibits the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase both by competing with the natural substrate deoxythymidine triphosphate and by incorporation into viral DNA causing a termination of DNA chain elongation (due to the lack the essential 3'-OH group).
Stelara: (Other name for: ustekinumab)
Stelazine: (Other name for: trifluoperazine hydrochloride)
Stendra: (Other name for: avanafil)
Sterile Talc Powder: (Other name for: talc)
Steritalc: (Other name for: talc)
steroid sulfatase inhibitor BN 83495: An orally bioavailable tricyclic coumarin-based sulfamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Steroid sulfatase inhibitor BN 83495 selectively binds to and inhibits steroid sulfatase (STS), which may inhibit the production of locally active estrogens and so inhibit estrogen-dependent cell growth in tumor cells, such as those of the breast, ovary, and endometrium. STS is a cytoplasmic enzyme responsible for the conversion of circulating inactive estrone sulfate and estradiol sulfate to biologically active unconjugated estrone and estradiol, respectively.
Stilbestrol: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Stilbetin: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Stilboestroform: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Stilboestrol: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Stilphostrol: (Other name for: fosfestrol)
Stimate: (Other name for: desmopressin acetate)
Stimuvax: (Other name for: emepepimut-S)
STING agonist BI 1387446: An agonist of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, STING agonist BI 1387446 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells (ADCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist BI 1703880: A small molecule second-generation agonist of the intracellular innate immune adaptor stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, STING agonist BI 1703880 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist BMS-986301: An agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, STING agonist BMS-986301 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway, which promotes IKK-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) signaling and activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs). Specifically, expression of IFN-beta (IFNb) enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs) to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist CRD3874: An allosteric agonist of all isoforms of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, STING agonist CRD3874 targets and allosterically binds to STING, thereby activating the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist GSK3745417: An agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, STING agonist GSK3745417 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist IMSA101: A small molecule analogue of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) that acts as an agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173) with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, STING agonist IMSA101 binds to STING and activates STING-mediated pathways. This activates the immune response through the activation of certain immune cells which induces the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, promotes tumor-associated antigen (TAA) processing and presentation by dendritic cells (DCs) and leads to an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist KL340399: An agonist of the intracellular innate immune adaptor stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, STING agonist KL340399 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells (ADCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist MK-1454: A synthetic cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) and agonist of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral (IT) administration, STING agonist MK-1454 binds to STING and activates the STING pathway, which promotes IKK-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) signaling and activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment; this leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs). Specifically, expression of IFN-beta (IFNb) enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens by CD8alpha-positive and CD103-positive dendritic cells (DCs) to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis.
STING agonist MK-2118: An agonist of the intracellular innate immune adaptor stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, STING agonist MK-2118 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist PF-07820435: An orally bioavailable agonist of the intracellular innate immune adaptor stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, STING agonist PF-07820435 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist SB 11285: An agonist of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, STING agonist SB 11285 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway, which promotes IKK-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) signaling and activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs). Specifically, expression of IFN-beta (IFNb) enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by CD8alpha-positive and CD103-positive dendritic cells (DCs) to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis.
STING agonist SNX281: An agonist of the intracellular innate immune adaptor stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, STING agonist SNX281 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by antigen-presenting cells (ADCs), including dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING agonist-containing PTGFRN-expressing exosomes CDK002: Exosomes containing an agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173) and expressing high levels of the exosome surface glycoprotein prostaglandin F2 receptor negative regulator (PTGFRN; CD315), with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, STING agonist-containing PTGFRN-expressing exosomes CDK002 preferentially targets and binds to STING on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), specifically monocytes and M2 macrophages, in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and activates the STING pathway. This leads to the activation of the innate immune response locally and results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs), enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by dendritic cells (DCs), and induces a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the TME, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system. The exosome-based formulation may provide targeted anti-tumor immunity while minimizing off-target toxicity, including the toxic systemic cytokine elevation. PTGFRN, expressed on the surface of the exosome, facilitates specific uptake in tumor-resident APCs and enhances the APC-mediated systemic anti-tumor immune response.
STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide agonist ADU-S100: A synthetic, cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) and agonist of stimulator of interferon genes protein (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, the STING agonist MIW815 binds to STING and stimulates STING-mediated pathways. This activates the immune response through the activation of certain immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), which induces the expression of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response against cancer cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
STING-dependent activators-loaded autologous leukemic cells: A preparation of autologous ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated leukemic cells loaded with STING-dependent activators (STAVs), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of STAVs-loaded autologous leukemic cells, the STAVs activates STING-mediated signaling pathways. This activates the immune response through the activation of certain immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs), which induces the expression of cytokines and chemokines, and leads to an antigen-specific T-cell mediated immune response against the patient’s own leukemic cells. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system. By using the patient's own irradiated cancer cells as antigens, the patient's immune system is exposed to the entire repertoire of this individual's tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).
STING-expressing E. coli SYNB1891: A non-pathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria that has been engineered to express stimulator of interferon genes (STING; transmembrane protein 173; TMEM173) protein, with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, STING-expressing E. coli SYNB1891 are engulfed by antigen presenting cells (APCs) within the tumor. STING-mediated pathways within the APCs are then activated resulting in a type I interferon (IFN) response which promotes initiation and propagation of tumor-specific T-cell responses. In addition, the bacterial component of SYNB1891 may further stimulate the innate immune system via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which may enhance the magnitude of the overall immune response. STING, a transmembrane protein that activates immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), plays a key role in the activation of the innate immune system.
Stivarga: (Other name for: regorafenib hydrate)
Stivarga: (Other name for: regorafenib)
Stoxil: (Other name for: idoxuridine)
StrataXRT: (Other name for: silicone-based film-forming topical gel)
Strattera: (Other name for: atomoxetine hydrochloride)
strawberry-blackberry-black raspberry-blueberry berry mixture: A dietary supplement consisting of a mixture of strawberries, blackberries, black raspberries and blueberries with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which berries may exert their anti-tumor effect has yet to be elucidated, in vivo studies suggest that the ingestion of a mixture of berries seems to result in a reduction in tumor growth and tumor development. As berries are rich in phytonutrients, such as anthocyanins, flavonols, ellagitannins, galltannins, proanthocyanidins, and phenolic acids, the antineoplastic effects of strawberry-blackberry-black raspberry-blueberry berry mixture on cancer cells may be attributable to phytonutrient antioxidant and apoptotic activities. In addition, phytoestrogens in berries may be protective against estrogen-sensitive tumors.
streptavidin: An extracellular protein that has four high affinity binding sites for biotin. Streptavidin is widely utilized in fluorescence microscopy applications due to the ease with which a conjugate fluorescent moiety can be coupled to the protein.
streptonigrin: An aminoquinone antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces flocculus. Streptonigrin complexes with DNA and topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA cleavage and inhibition of DNA replication and RNA synthesis. This agent also acts as a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and causes free radical-mediated cellular damage.
streptozocin: A methylnitrosourea antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces achromogenes. Streptozocin alkylates DNA, forming inter-strand DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Due to its glucose moiety, this agent is readily taken up by pancreatic beta cells, inducing diabetes mellitus at high concentrations. Unlike other nitrosoureas, streptozocin causes little myelosuppression.
Stromagen: (Other name for: autologous expanded mesenchymal stem cells OTI-010)
Stromectol: (Other name for: ivermectin)
strontium chloride Sr-89: The chloride salt of a radioactive isotope of strontium. Strontium chloride Sr 89 is taken up and incorporated preferentially in metastatic lesions in bone where it emits cytotoxic beta radiation, resulting in an inhibition and/or reduction of tumor growth and so tumor-related bone pain.
sturlimogene erparepvec: A genetically modified oncolytic viral strain of the herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) virus, expressing the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and an antibody-like molecule directed against the human inhibitory T-cell-expressed receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4;CTLA4), with potential oncolytic, immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sturlimogene erparepvec specifically infects and replicates in tumor cells causing viral-mediated tumor cell lysis. The released virus particles, in turn, infect and replicate in neighboring tumor cells. Tumor antigens released from the lysed tumor cells also activate the immune system to induce a tumor-specific systemic immune and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response, thereby killing nearby non-infected tumor cells. Sturlimogene erparepvec expresses a fusogenic protein, GALV-GP R-, for optimal tumor cell infection and killing. In addition, this agent promotes the secretion of GM-CSF and anti-CTLA-4 antibody-like molecule by the tumor cells. GM-CSF attracts dendritic cells (DCs) and may further stimulate a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells. Anti-CTLA-4 antibody-like molecule targets and binds to CTLA-4 expressed on T cells, and inhibits the CTLA-4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells. CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.
SU014813: An orally-active, tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor with potential antitumor activity. SU014813 binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) alpha and beta, c-Kit and Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt-3). This leads to an inhibition of cellular proliferation and angiogenesis and an induction of apoptosis.
subasumstat: A small molecule inhibitor of sumoylation, with potential immune-activating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, subasumstat targets and covalently binds to the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO; small ubiquitin-related modifier) protein, forming an adduct with SUMO protein (subasumstat-SUMO adduct). This prevents the transfer of SUMO from the SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE) to SUMO-conjugating enzyme UBC9. This prevents SUMO conjugation to lysine residues on target proteins and abrogates many sumoylated protein-mediated cellular processes that play key roles in tumor cells, including proliferation, DNA repair, metastasis and survival. In addition, by preventing sumoylation, subasumstat is able to increase the production of type 1 interferon (IFN), thereby increasing type 1 IFN-mediated signaling, activating innate effector cells and enhancing the antitumor innate immune responses. This may further increase tumor cell killing. Sumoylation, a post-translational modification that attaches the SUMO protein to target proteins, plays a key role in regulating their activity, function, subcellular localization and stability. Sumoylation also plays a key role in inhibiting innate immune responses, specifically by inhibiting the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathway and preventing type 1 IFN expression. Abnormal sumoylation of target proteins is associated with many cancers.
Sublimaze: (Other name for: fentanyl citrate)
submicron particle paclitaxel sterile suspension: A suspension composed of uncoated, stable, submicron particles of the water-insoluble taxane paclitaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intra-tumoral administration of the submicron particle paclitaxel sterile suspension, paclitaxel binds to tubulin and inhibits the disassembly of microtubules, which leads to the inhibition of cell division, thereby halting the proliferation of rapidly-dividing tumor cells. The submicron particle paclitaxel is produced through a specific proprietary method of submicron particle production without the need for coating agents or carriers and allows for prolonged retention and sustained release at the tumor site.
substance P-saporin: An agent composed of substance P (SP) conjugated to the ribosome-inactivating protein and neurotoxin saporin (SAP), isolated from the seeds of the plant Saponaria officinalis (SP-SAP), with potential analgesic activity. Upon administration, SP-SAP targets the SP receptor, neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R), located on neurons. When SP-SAP binds NK-1R and the receptor/conjugate complex internalizes, the saporin moiety inactivates ribosomes and prevents protein synthesis, which causes cell death, destroys NK-1R-expressing nerves and decreases pain perception.
succimer: An orally active mercaptodicarboxylic acid, with heavy metal chelating activity. As a strong chelator, succimer is able to bind to heavy metals, such as lead, in the bloodstream, thereby forming a water-soluble complex that can be eliminated via urinary excretion. This prevents heavy metal poisoning. In addition, succimer is able to chelate the alpha particle emitter and radionuclide polonium Po 210 ((Po-210), thereby increasing its excretion and reducing the toxic effects of Po-210.
succinylcholine chloride: The chloride salt form of succinylcholine, a quaternary ammonium compound and depolarizing agent with short-term muscle relaxant properties. Succinylcholine chloride binds to nicotinic receptors at the neuromuscular junction and opening the ligand-gated channels in the same way as acetylcholine, resulting in depolarization and inhibition of neuromuscular transmission. Depolarization may be prolonged due to succinylcholine's resistance to acetylcholinesterases thereby leading to disorganized muscle contraction followed by skeletal muscle relaxation and flaccid paralysis.
Sufenta: (Other name for: sufentanil citrate)
sufentanil citrate: The citrate salt form of sufentanil, a synthetic congener of fentanyl and related to the phenylpieridines, with analgesic property. Sufentanil citrate binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptor, thereby producing analgesia, respiratory depression, miosis, reduced gastrointestinal motility, and euphoria. In addition, this agent has a more rapid onset of action and shorter duration of action compared to fentanyl.
sufentanil transdermal system: A transdermal matrix patch formulation containing the synthetic opioid sufentanil with analgesic activity. Sufentanil binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of the endogenous opioids. Binding of sufentanil to opioid receptors stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP, inhibits adenylate cyclase, and decreases intracellular cAMP. This inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, sufentanil closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, which results in hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes and a reduction in neuronal excitability, and, subsequently, analgesia and sedation.
Sufortan: (Other name for: penicillamine)
sugammadex sodium: The sodium salt form of sugammadex, a biologically inert, selective relaxant binding agent (SRBA) composed of a modified, anionic gamma cyclodextrin derivative containing a hydrophilic exterior and a hydrophobic core, with neuromuscular blocking drug (NMBD) reversal activity. Upon administration, the negatively charged carboxyl-thio-ether groups of sugammadex selectively and reversibly bind to the positively charged quaternary nitrogen of a steroidal NMBD, such as rocuronium and vecuronium, which was administered at an earlier time for anesthetic purposes. The encapsulation of the NMBD by sugammadex blocks its ability to bind to nicotinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction and thereby reverses the NMBD-induced neuromuscular blockade.
sugemalimab: A fully human monoclonal antibody directed against the immunosuppressive ligand, programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1; cluster of differentiation 274; CD274), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, sugemalimab specifically targets and binds to PD-L1, blocking its binding to and activation of its receptor, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). This reverses T-cell inactivation caused by PD-1/PD-L1 signaling and enhances the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated anti-tumor immune response against PD-L1-expressing tumor cells. PD-L1 is overexpressed by many human cancer cell types. PD-L1 binding to PD-1 on T cells suppresses the immune system and results in immune evasion. PD-1, a transmembrane protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed on activated T cells, is a negative regulator of the immune system that limits the expansion and survival of CD8-positive T cells. Anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody CS1001 mirrors natural immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4), potentially reducing immunogenicity and other toxicities.
Sulfamethoprim: (Other name for: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
sulfasalazine: A synthetic salicylic acid derivative with affinity for connective tissues containing elastin and formulated as a prodrug, antiinflammatory sulfasalazine acts locally in the intestine through its active metabolites, sulfamide 5-aminosalicylic acid and salicylic acid, by a mechanism that is not clear. It appears inhibit cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin production and is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
sulfatinib: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) 1, 2, and 3, and the fibroblast growth factor receptor type 1 (FGFR1), with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon oral administration, sulfatinib binds to and inhibits VEGFRs and FGFR1 thereby inhibiting VEGFR- and FGFR1-mediated signal transduction pathways. This leads to a reduction of angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation in VEGFR/FGFR1-overexpressing tumor cells. Expression of VEGFRs and FGFR1 may be upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
Sulfatrim: (Other name for: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
Sulforadex: (Other name for: sulforaphane/alpha-cyclodextrin complex SFX-01)
sulforaphane: A naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates. As the aglycone metabolite of glucosinolate glucoraphanin (sulforaphane glucosinolate), sulforaphane acts as an antioxidant and potent stimulator of endogenous detoxifying enzymes. This agent displays anticarcinogenic properties due to its ability to induce phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione S-transferase and quinone reductase, thereby providing protection against certain carcinogens and toxic, reactive oxygen species. Broccoli sprouts contain large amounts of sulforaphane, which is also found in other cruciferous vegetables including cabbage and kale.
sulforaphane/alpha-cyclodextrin complex SFX-01: An orally available, stable powder formulation composed of sulforaphane, a naturally-occurring phytochemical belonging to the class of isothiocyanates, encapsulated within alpha-cyclodextrin, with chemopreventive activity. Upon administration of sulforaphane/alpha-cyclodextrin complex SFX-01, sulforaphane activates the transcription factor NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2; NFE2L2), a member of the basic leucine zipper family, which binds to and activates antioxidant-response elements (AREs). Subsequently, activated AREs mediate the transcription of various cytoprotective genes and antioxidant enzymes, particularly phase II detoxification enzymes, such as glutathione-S-transferase and quinone oxidoreductase, resulting in the detoxification of highly reactive carcinogens. Cyclodextrin is able to prevent sulforaphane's rapid breakdown, which improves its stability and half-life.
sulfur hexafluoride: A contrast agent composed of an inorganic fluorinated inert gas comprised of six fluoride atoms bound to one sulfur atom, with potential diagnostic activity upon imaging. Upon inhalation of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), the gas is distributed throughout the lungs. Upon subsequent ultrasound imaging, the lung vasculature can be imaged and pulmonary perfusion can be assessed.
sulfur hexafluoride lipid microspheres: A contrast agent composed of lipid microspheres containing an inorganic fluorinated inert gas comprised of six fluoride atoms bound to one sulfur atom (SF6), with potential contrast enhancing activity for diagnostic imaging during ultrasound procedures. Upon administration of the sulfur hexafluoride lipid microspheres, the microspheres are distributed throughout the bloodstream and into organs. The acoustic impedance of the lipid microspheres is much lower than that of the surrounding tissue and/or fluids. Therefore during ultrasound imaging, this agent reflects the ultrasound waves at the microsphere-tissue interface, which enhances the contrast between the areas where the microspheres are present and the surrounding tissues or fluids.
sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug with potential antineoplastic activity. Converted in vivo to an active metabolite, sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), blocks cyclic guanosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (cGMP-PDE), an enzyme that inhibits the normal apoptosis signal pathway; this inhibition permits the apoptotic signal pathway to proceed unopposed, resulting in apoptotic cell death.
Sulmeprim: (Other name for: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
sulofenur: A diarylsulfonylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Sulofenur's antineoplastic mechanism of action is unknown.
sumac/black cumin powder: An Iranian traditional herbal medicine composed of powder derived from sumac and Bunium persicum (black cumin, black zira), with potential anti-emetic activity. Upon oral administration, sumac/black cumin powder may inhibit chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). The powder may also have some anti-oxidant activities.
sumatriptan succinate: The succinate salt form of sumatriptan, a member of the triptan class of compounds with anti-migraine property. Sumatriptan succinate selectively binds to and activates serotonin 5-HT1 receptors. This results in constriction of meningeal, dural, cerebral or pial blood vessels via stimulation of the 5-HT1B receptors, thereby reducing the vascular pulsation and may provide relief in migraine headaches. Furthermore, agonistic action of this agent through presynaptic stimulation of 5-HT1D and/or 5-HT1F receptors prevents release of vasoactive and pro-inflammatory neuropeptide (calcitonin gene-related peptide), thereby may also relieve migraine headaches. In addition, central inhibition of pain transmission via the inhibition of trigeminal neurons in the brain stems and upper spinal cord mediated by 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D or 5-HT 1F receptors also aides in the alleviation of migraine pain.
Sumycin: (Other name for: tetracycline hydrochloride)
sunitinib malate: The orally bioavailable malate salt of an indolinone-based tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Sunitinib blocks the tyrosine kinase activities of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), platelet-derived growth factor receptor b (PDGFRb), and c-kit, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cell proliferation. This agent also inhibits the phosphorylation of Fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3), another receptor tyrosine kinase expressed by some leukemic cells.
sunscreen: A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter both ultraviolet A and B radiation to provide protection against both types of radiation. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer.
sunvozertinib: An orally available, irreversible, dual kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) that shows similar activity against certain activating mutations, including exon 20 insertions (exon20ins), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration,sunvozertinib binds to and inhibits EGFR and HER2, which may result in the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis, and tumor regression in EGFR/HER2-expressing tumors. EGFR and HER2 are receptor tyrosine kinases that play major roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. In contrast to other agents active against exon20ins mutations, sunvozertinib appears to be more selective against mutated EGFR than wild-type (wt) EGFR. This may lessen wtEGFR-related dose-limiting toxicity and may allow for the administration of the desired therapeutic dose of sunvozertinib.
Supect: (Other name for: radotinib hydrochloride)
super enhancer inhibitor GZ17-6.02: A synthetic formulation of the Arum palaestinum plant that has been fortified with the already naturally occurring constituents of isovanillin, linolenic acid, and beta-sitosterol, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, GZ17-6.02 may induce apoptosis through caspase-3 activation and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, inhibit tumor cell progression by attenuating macrophage infiltration, and inhibit the phosphorylation of several mediators of tumor cell proliferation including Src kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 (ERK1) and 2 (ERK2), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B), signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT-2), and serine/threonine-protein kinase Chk2 (Chk-2). GZ17-6.02 may also inhibit certain super enhancers (SEs) that play an important role in the regulation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway and cancer stem cell activity. Super enhancers (SEs) are unique areas of the genome that are densely bound by numerous transcription factors and play a pivotal role in the cell, including tissue specification, identity and maintenance. SEs are known to regulate the expression of associated genes and often drive high-level transcription.
superoxide dismutasemimetic GC4711: A mimetic of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) that may potentially be used to increase the anti-cancer efficacy of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Upon administration, SOD mimetic GC4711 may mimic native SODs and catalyze the formation of molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide from the burst of superoxide anion present in the irradiated tissues upon radiation. As hydrogen peroxide is less toxic than superoxide to normal tissues, but more toxic to cancer cells, this may increase the anti-cancer efficacy of SBRT and decrease its damage to normal tissues.
supersaturated calcium phosphate rinse: An aqueous oral rinse composed of an electrolyte solution supersaturated with phosphate and calcium ions with antimucositis and analgesic activities. This solution may help relieve mucositis and mucositis-induced pain by restoring the natural electrolyte and pH balance of human saliva and lubricating mucosal tissues of the mouth, tongue and oropharynx.
supinoxin: (Other name for: P-p68 inhibitor RX-5902)
Suplexa: (Other name for: autologous PBMC-derived engineered leukocyte immunostimulatory cells-activated effector cells)
Supprelin: (Other name for: histrelin acetate)
supra-pharmacologic dexamethasone sodium phosphate AVM0703: A supra-pharmacologic, high-volume formulation containing the sodium phosphate form of the corticosteroid dexamethasone, with potential antineoplastic and lymphoablative, and with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities. Upon administration of supra-pharmacologic dexamethasone sodium phosphate AVM0703, dexamethasone targets and binds to the cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptor (GR); then the receptor-ligand complex is translocated to the nucleus where it initiates the transcription of genes encoding for anti-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and lipocortins. More importantly, AVM0703 is able to supercharge and mobilize various lymphocytes and monocytes, such as natural killer T cells (NK/T), gamma delta T cells and dendritic cells (DCs). These immune cells, in turn, invade and destroy certain tumor cells. In addition, these immune cells that are induced by AVM0703 may also be able to kill viruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). By depleting monocytes, AVM0703 may also reduce cytokine-release syndrome (CRS). AVM0703 also lympho-ablates both T and B lymphocytes for 'immune reset' via receptor mediated induction of caspase dependent apoptosis. This specific dexamethasone formulation contains about twenty-five times the dose of other dexamethasone formulations. AVM0703 does not have an effect on red blood cells (RBCs), platelets, and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Suprane: (Other name for: desflurane)
Suprax: (Other name for: cefixime)
Suprep®: (Other name for: sodium sulfate/potassium sulfate/magnesium sulfate-based laxative)
suramin sodium: A sodium salt form of suramin, a polysulphonated naphthylurea with potential antineoplastic activity. Suramin blocks the binding of various growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), epidermal growth factor (EGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), to their receptors, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell proliferation and migration. This agent also inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)- and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-induced angiogenesis; retroviral reverse transcriptase; uncoupling of G-proteins from receptors; topoisomerases; cellular folate transport; and steroidogenesis.
suratadenoturev: A replication-competent oncolytic, telomerase-specific adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5), with potential antineoplastic activity. Suratadenoturev contains the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene promoter sequence that drives the expression of the E1A and E1B genes, and is linked to an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES). Upon administration, OBP-301 selectively infects and replicates in cancer cells that are expressing telomerase, which causes cell lysis. This adenovirus does not infect or replicate in normal, healthy cells. OBP-301 may also potentially be used as a chemosensitizer. hTERT, which encodes for the catalytic protein subunit of telomerase, is overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types but not in normal, healthy cells. The insertion of an IRES further improves selectivity towards telomerase-expressing cancer cells.
survivin antigen: A tumor-associated antigen. Vaccination with survivin antigen may result in a cytotoxic T-cell response against survivin antigen-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. Overexpressed in many tumors, endogenous survivin inhibits tumor cell apoptosis.
survivin mRNA antagonist EZN-3042: A locked nucleic acid (LNA) antisense oligonucleotide targeting survivin mRNA, with potential antineoplastic activity. EZN-3042 hybridizes to survivin mRNA, thereby blocking translation of survivin protein and inhibiting survivin-induced anti-apoptotic activity and promoting tumor cell apoptosis in survivin-overexpressing tumor cells. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family expressed during embryonic development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy. LNAs contain a methylene bridge linking 2'-oxygen and 4'-carbon of ribose sugar rings, thereby increasing their stability and decreasing degradation.
survivin Sur1M2 peptide vaccine: A modified recombinant nonapeptide (LMLGEFLKL) derived from the anti-apoptosis protein survivin with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, survivin Sur1M2 peptide vaccine may elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against survivin-expressing cancers, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. The survivin protein inhibits caspase activation and apoptosis; it is undetectable in normal adult tissues but is expressed by several human cancers including lung, colon, breast, pancreas, and prostate cancer as well as hematopoietic malignancies and skin cancers.
survivin-expressing CVD908ssb-TXSVN vaccine: An orally bioavailable Salmonella-based survivin vaccine composed of a weakened form of a live strain of Salmonella bacteria (CVD908ssb strain) that has been genetically modified to produce the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) survivin, with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the CVD908ssb-TXSVN vaccine, the expressed survivin stimulates the immune response to elicit a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against survivin-expressing cancer cells, resulting in a decrease in tumor cell proliferation and an induction of tumor cell death. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family expressed during embryonic development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy.
survivin-targeted vaccine OVM-200: A cancer vaccine consisting of recombinant overlapping peptides (ROPs) derived from the anti-apoptosis protein survivin, with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, survivin-targeted vaccine OVM-200 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against survivin-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor cell proliferation and tumor cell death. The survivin protein inhibits caspase activation and apoptosis; it is undetectable in normal adult tissues but is expressed by several human cancers including lung, colon, breast, pancreas, and prostate cancer as well as hematopoietic malignancies and skin cancers.
survivin/p53/HER2 antigen-loaded autologous dendritic cell vaccine: An autologous dendritic cell (DC) vaccine loaded with tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) derived from survivin, p53 and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2 or ERBB2), with immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, this DC vaccine may elicit a potent cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these TAAs, resulting in tumor cell death. Survivin, p53 and HER2 are essential in neoplastic growth, and are considered to be universal tumor antigens.
surzebiclimab: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the inhibitory T-cell receptor T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3; TIM3; hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2; HAVCR2), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, surzebiclimab binds to TIM-3 expressed on certain T cells, including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), thereby preventing the engagement of TIM-3 by its ligands, phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and galectin-9. This abrogates T-cell inhibition, activates antigen-specific T lymphocytes and enhances cytotoxic T-cell-mediated tumor cell lysis, which results in a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. TIM-3, a transmembrane protein and immune checkpoint receptor, is associated with tumor-mediated immune suppression.
sustained-exposure dexamethasone formulation OTO-104: A sustained-release (SR) poloxamer hydrogel formulation containing the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DXM), with potential otoprotective and anti-apoptotic activities. Prior to the administration of an ototoxic drug and upon intratympanic (IT) injection of the DXM sustained-exposure formulation OTO-104, DXM is slowly released from the hydrogel over time; DMX then binds to glucocorticoid nuclear receptors, and activates cell survival pathways. This prevents ototoxic drug-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating anti-oxidant enzymes, blocking the activation of inflammatory cytokines and inducing stress signaling pathways, which ultimately prevents apoptosis of auditory hair cells in the inner ear compartment. This prevents or reduces drug-induced ototoxicity caused by certain therapeutic agents, such as platinum-based anticancer agents. This may reduce or prevent hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. The SR formulation provides increased concentrations of DXM in the inner ear and maintains the elevated levels for a longer time without the need of the multiple IT injections needed when using non-SR DXM formulations. This agent also reduces the symptoms of certain ear-related disorders.
sustained-release lipid inhaled cisplatin: A sustained-release formulation for inhalation in which the inorganic platinum (Pt) agent cisplatin is encapsulated in lipids, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon inhalation of the sustained-release lipid inhalation targeting (SLIT) cisplatin into the lungs, this agent forms highly reactive, positively charged, Pt complexes, which covalently bind to nucleophilic groups in DNA, preferably at the N7 position of guanine bases. Pt complex binding introduces intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-links, and DNA-Pt-protein cross-links. These cross-links result in apoptosis and cell growth inhibition of lung cancer cells. Encasement in liposomes prolongs cisplatin's efficacy when compared to intravenously administered cisplatin; inhalation of cisplatin improves its concentration at tumor sites in the lungs while minimizing its systemic toxicity.
sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation UGN-101: A sustained-release (SR) hydrogel polymer-based formulation containing the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C (MMC), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon local administration of the SR MMC hydrogel formulation to the upper urinary tract via a ureteral catheter, the gel solidifies and deposits MMC locally to prevent the excretion of this chemotherapeutic agent via urinary flow. In turn, MMC alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Due to its reverse thermal-gelation properties, this gel is able to stay in a liquid state at cold temperatures and solidifies at body temperature. This allows for increased accumulation of MMC locally in the upper urinary tract which leads to increased efficacy compared to standard intravesical delivery of MMC for upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).
sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation UGN-102: A sustained-release (SR) reverse thermal (RT) hydrogel formulation containing the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C (MMC), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical instillation of the SR MMC hydrogel formulation UGN-102, the liquid converts into gel form and conforms to the bladder wall, allowing MMC to be deposited locally in the bladder to prevent the excretion of this chemotherapeutic agent via urinary flow. In turn, MMC alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis resulting in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Due to its reverse thermal-gelation properties, this gel is able to stay in a liquid state at cold temperatures, at 4 degrees Celsius, and transition to a water-soluble gel at body temperature. This allows for increased accumulation of MMC locally in the upper urinary tract which leads to increased efficacy compared to standard intravesical delivery of MMC for bladder cancer. Compared to UGN-101, in UGN-102 the strength of MMC is lower.
sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation UGN-103: A sustained-release (SR) reverse thermal (RT) hydrogel formulation containing a lyophilized form of the antineoplastic antibiotic mitomycin C (MMC), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravesical instillation of the SR MMC hydrogel formulation UGN-103, the liquid converts into gel form and conforms to the bladder wall, allowing MMC to be deposited locally in the bladder to prevent the excretion of this chemotherapeutic agent via urinary flow. In turn, MMC alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis resulting in inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Due to its reverse thermal-gelation properties, this gel is able to stay in a liquid state at cold temperatures, and undergoes transition to a water-soluble gel at body temperature. This allows for increased accumulation of MMC locally in the upper urinary tract which leads to increased efficacy compared to standard intravesical delivery of MMC for bladder cancer.
Sustamine: (Other name for: alanylglutamine)
Sustiva: (Other name for: efavirenz)
Sustol: (Other name for: granisetron)
Sustol: (Other name for: extended-release granisetron polymer formulation)
Sutent: (Other name for: sunitinib malate)
suvemcitug: A monoclonal antibody directed against the human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), with potential antiangiogenic activity. Upon administration, suvemcitug specifically binds to and inhibits VEGF, thereby preventing its binding to VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). This prevents VEGF/VEGFR-mediated signaling and inhibits the proliferation of vascular endothelial cells and tumor cells. VEGF, overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, is associated with increased invasiveness and decreased survival.
suvorexant: An orally bioavailable antagonist of the orexin receptors orexin receptor type 1 (OX1R) and orexin receptor type 2 (OX2R), that can be used for the treatment of insomnia. Upon oral administration, suvorexant targets and binds to the orexin receptors OX1R and OX2R. This blocks the binding of the neuropeptides orexin-A and orexin-B to OX1R and OX2R, and prevents wakefulness that results from orexin signaling.
SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing a 15-mer peptide (DLAQMFFCFKELEGW), with C to M alteration at amino acid position 57, derived from the anti-apoptosis protein survivin, and conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration of SVN53-67/M57-KLH peptide vaccine, this peptide is able to bind both HMC class I and II molecules and may activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) as well as a T-helper cell response against survivin-expressing cancer cells. This may result in decreased tumor cell proliferation and ultimately tumor cell death. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, expressed during embryonic development while absent in most normal adult cells, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy. KLH may enhance immune recognition and may promote an enhanced response. As SVN53-67 is weakly immunogenic in humans, the M57 alteration may lead to greater affinity towards HLA-A*0201 and thus an enhanced antitumor immune response.
Sylvant: (Other name for: siltuximab)
Symadine: (Other name for: amantadine hydrochloride)
Symbicort Turbuhaler: (Other name for: budesonide/formoterol fumarate dihydrate inhalation aerosol)
Symmetrel: (Other name for: amantadine hydrochloride)
Sympt-X: (Other name for: glutamine)
Sympt-X G.I.: (Other name for: glutamine)
Synagis: (Other name for: palivizumab)
synbiotic supplement: A nutritional supplement comprised of prebiotic and probiotic ingredients, with potential immunomodulating and gastrointestinal (GI) flora-restoring activity. Upon ingestion of the synbiotic supplement, the prebiotics and probiotics work synergistically in the GI tract, thereby modulating the GI flora ecosystem and may improve the functions of the intestinal barrier. In addition, synbiotics may have a beneficial effect on the immune system.
Syndros: (Other name for: dronabinol)
Synestrin: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Synribo: (Other name for: omacetaxine mepesuccinate)
Syntedril: (Other name for: diphenhydramine)
synthetic brain tumor peptides-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with synthetic brain tumor peptides with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, synthetic brain tumor peptides-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)l and antibody responses against glioma tumor cells, resulting in glioma tumor cell lysis.
synthetic breast cancer peptides-tetanus toxoid-Montanide ISA-51 vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of multiple synthetic breast cancer peptides and the adjuvant tetanus toxoid helper peptide emulsified in the adjuvant Montanide ISA-51 with immunopotentiation activity. Vaccination with this cancer vaccine may elicit a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against breast cancer cells. Synthetic breast cancer peptides may stimulate the immune response against cells that produce breast cancer markers such as erbB2 (HER2/neu) while tetanus toxoid helper peptide binds to class II MHC molecules as a nonspecific vaccine helper epitope, resulting in a long-term immunopotentiation by increasing the helper T-cell response. Montanide ISA-51, also known as incomplete Freund's adjuvant or IFA, is a stabilized water-in-oil emulsion adjuvant containing mineral oil with mannide oleate added as a surfactant that non-specifically stimulates cell-mediated immune responses to antigens.
synthetic breast cancer peptides-tetanus toxoid-poly ICLC vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of nine class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted breast cancer associated peptides, the tetanus toxoid helper peptide and the Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist poly ICLC, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The nine peptides derived from six cancer associated proteins are epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and four cancer/testis antigens (CTAs: MAGE-A1, -A3, -A10, and NY-ESO-1). Vaccination with this vaccine may elicit a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells overexpressing these tumor associated antigens TAAs). As a nonspecific T-helper epitope, tetanus toxoid helper peptide binds to class II MHC and results in long-term immunopotentiation by increasing the helper T-cell response. Poly ICLC, the double-stranded RNA molecules of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with poly L-lysine in carboxymethylcellulose, binds to TLR3 and induces the release of cytokines which may help boost the immune response against the TAAs.
synthetic glioblastoma mutated tumor-specific peptides vaccine therapy APVAC2: A personalized peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of one or two de novo synthesized patient-specific tumor-mutated peptides associated with glioblastoma (GB), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with synthetic GB mutated tumor-specific peptides vaccine therapy APVAC2 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the selected mutated tumor-associated peptides, which results in decreased GB growth. These peptides are specifically selected and synthesized based on the expression of the patient’s own mutated tumor-associated antigens, which were detected during individual tumor genome sequencing.
synthetic glioblastoma tumor-associated peptides vaccine therapy APVAC1: A personalized peptide-based cancer vaccine comprised of five to ten peptides associated with glioblastoma (GB), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with synthetic GB tumor-associated peptides vaccine therapy APVAC1 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the tumor associated peptides, and results in decreased GB growth. The peptides are derived from a glioma actively-personalized vaccine consortium (GAPVAC) warehouse and are specifically selected based on the patient's expression of tumor-associated antigens.
synthetic hTERT DNA vaccine INO-1400: A DNA vaccine consisting of a plasmid encoding the full-length sequence of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), which is the catalytic subunit of human telomerase and synthesizes telomeric DNA at the chromosome ends, containing two immunogenic mutations, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal vaccination of the hTERT-encoding DNA vaccine INO-1400 in combination with electroporation, hTERT protein is expressed and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. Telomerase prolongs the functional lifespan of cells via the restoration and maintenance of telomere length. Abnormally activated in tumorigenesis, telomerase is expressed in the majority of human cancer cells, but its expression is low or non-existent in normal cells.
synthetic human papillomavirus 16 E6 peptide: A synthetic peptide sequence of human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 oncoprotein E6. The E6 oncoprotein is implicated in the tumorigenesis of cervical carcinoma. Vaccination with HPV 16 E6 peptide may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against cells expressing the E6 oncoprotein, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
synthetic human secretin: A synthetic human therapeutic agent which is chemically identical or similar to endogenous secretin, a peptide hormone found in the mucosal S-cells of the proximal small intestine. Secretin stimulates the pancreatic acinar cells and ductal epithelial cells to emit bicarbonate rich digestive fluids, thereby increases duodenal bicarbonate level. Bicarbonate neutralizes acidity of the intestines, consequently increasing the pH and facilitating the action of intestinal digestive enzymes. In addition, secretin stimulates the stomach and the liver to produce pepsin and bile, respectively. Both pepsin and bile aide the digestive action of the duodenum, which resulting in the prevention of gastric inflammation.
synthetic hypericin: A topical ointment formulation containing a synthetic form of hypericin, an anthraquinone derivative that is naturally found in the yellow flower of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort), with potential antineoplastic and photosensitizing activities. Upon topical administration of the ointment to the tumor site, hypericin becomes activated through the application of visible fluorescent light. During photoactivation, hypericin generates singlet oxygen, which induces DNA damage, necrosis and apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell growth. The use of visible light for activation avoids the risk of developing secondary malignancies, which are frequently associated with other photodynamic therapies that are dependent on ultraviolet A exposure.
synthetic long E6 peptide-Toll-like receptor ligand conjugate vaccine ISA201: A therapeutic peptide vaccine consisting of two highly immunogenic synthetic long peptides (SLPs), which are 25-35 amino acids in size, derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV)-type 16 oncoprotein E6, and conjugated to a proprietary toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligand (TLR2-L) immunoadjuvant, with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, the TLR2-L moiety of the synthetic long E6 peptides TLR ligand conjugate vaccine targets and binds to TLRs expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), particularly dendritic cells (DCs). This increases the direct targeting of, binding to, uptake by, and processing of the SLPs into small pieces by the DCs. The processed viral epitopes are presented by DCs, which activate and stimulate the host immune system to mount specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T (Th) cell responses against HPV E6-expressing tumor cells. This results in the destruction of tumor cells and leads to decreased growth of HPV E6-expressing tumor cells. The E6 oncoprotein is implicated in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. The TLR2-L improves antigen processing and presentation by, and activation of APCs, thereby improving the immunostimulatory effect of the vaccine. The two peptides cover the most immunodominant regions of the HPV16 E6 oncogenic protein and contain both Th and CTL epitopes.
synthetic long E6/E7 peptides vaccine HPV-01: A therapeutic peptide vaccine consisting of thirteen synthetic long peptides (SLPs), which are 25-35 amino acids in size, derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 oncoproteins E6 and E7, with potential immunostimulating and antitumor activities. Upon administration, synthetic long E6/E7 peptides vaccine HPV-01 is taken up and degraded into small pieces by dendritic cells. The processed viral epitopes are presented by dendritic cells, which may stimulate the host immune system to mount both cytotoxic T-cell lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T cell responses against HPV E6/E7-expressing tumor cells. This results in the destruction of tumor cells and leads to decreased tumor growth. The E6 and E7 oncoproteins are implicated in the tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. The SLPs allow for optimal presentation by antigen-presenting cells.
synthetic long HPV16 E6/E7 peptides vaccine ISA101b: A therapeutic peptide vaccine consisting of nine overlapping synthetic long peptides (SLPs), 25 to 32 amino acids in size, derived from the human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (HPV16) oncoprotein E6 and three SLPs, each 35 amino acids in size, derived from HPV16 E7, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, the synthetic long HPV16 E6/E7 peptides vaccine ISA101b is taken up and the long peptides are proteolytically degraded to form shorter peptide epitopes by dendritic cells (DCs). The processed viral epitopes are presented by DCs, which stimulate the host immune system to mount helper T-cell and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against HPV16 E6/E7-expressing tumor cells. This results in the destruction of tumor cells and leads to decreased tumor growth. The HPV16 E6 and E7 oncoproteins are implicated in the tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. The SLPs allow optimal presentation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Compared to ISA101, the E6 SLPs in ISA101b are identical, overlap by ten to eighteen residues and cover the complete sequence of HPV16 E6. However, ISA101 has four overlapping SLPs E7 peptides while ISA101b has three E7 SLPs, which leaves seven amino acids of the E7 SLPs uncovered in ISA101b but this modification is not likely to alter the immunogenicity of ISA101b.
synthetic melanoma-associated antigens vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing synthetic epitope peptides derived from melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including melanoma-melanocyte antigen gp100(280-288), melanoma-associated antigen tyrosinase(1-9), and melanoma-associated antigen melan-A(27-35). Upon administration, synthetic melanoma-associated antigens vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte immune response against melanoma cells that express TAAs which share epitopes with the vaccine epitope peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
synthetic MVA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine COH04S1: A vaccine comprised of a synthetic modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (sMVA) viral vector encoding the two severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) surface antigens spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, with potential immunizing activity against SARS-CoV-2. Upon administration of the sMVA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine COH04S1, the SARS-CoV-2 S and N proteins are expressed in cells and presented to the immune system. This may activate both humoral and cellular immune responses which may result in protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent: A synthetic, non-recombinant, pegylated, peptidic erythropoiesis stimulating agent. Synthetic peptide-based erythropoiesis stimulating agent binds to and activates the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor on erythroid progenitor cells, thereby inducing their proliferation and differentiation into mature erythrocytes.
synthetic peptides E-PRA and E-PSM vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of E-PRA and E-PSM, two synthetic peptide analogs of PRAME (PReferential Antigen MElanoma) and PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon direct administration into lymph nodes, synthetic peptides E-PRA and E-PSM vaccine may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against PRAME- and PSMA-expressing tumor cells. PRAME and PSMA are tumor-associated antigens upregulated and expressed on the cell surfaces of certain tumor cell types.
synthetic plumbagin PCUR-101: A synthetic form of the plant-derived medicinal agent, plumbagin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Plumbagin may act by inhibiting the expression of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCe), signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 phosphorylation (Stat3), protein kinase B (AKT), and certain epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, including vimentin and slug. This results in possible inhibition of proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. PKCe, Stat3, AKT, and the EMT markers vimentin and slug have been linked to the induction and progression of prostate cancer.
synthetic TERT DNA vaccine INO-1401: A DNA vaccine consisting of a plasmid encoding a synthetic, full-length sequence of the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), which was derived from the consensus sequence from humans and primates and contains two immunogenic mutations (SynCon TERT), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration of INO-1401 in combination with electroporation, TERT protein is expressed and activates the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against telomerase-expressing tumor cells, which may result in tumor cell death. TERT is the catalytic subunit of telomerase and synthesizes telomeric DNA at the chromosome ends. Telomerase prolongs the functional lifespan of cells via the restoration and maintenance of telomere length. Abnormally activated in tumorigenesis, TERT is expressed by many types of human cancer cells, but its expression is low or non-existent in normal cells.
synthetic vaccine particles-rapamycin: A proprietary, biodegradable, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle-based formulation composed of synthetic vaccine particles (SVP) encapsulating the macrolide antibiotic rapamycin (SVP-R), with immunosuppressant and drug-protective activities. Upon administration of SVP-R, the SVP moiety is selectively and preferentially taken up through endocytosis by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), located in the spleen and lymph nodes, specifically dendritic cells (DCs). Rapamycin, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, prevents DC maturation, induces tolerogenic DCs, induces regulatory T cells (Tregs), blocks activation of effector T cells, induces B-cell tolerance, reduces B-cell activation, and prevents antibody formation, thereby inducing immune tolerance. When co-administered with a biological immunogenic drug known to induce the production of anti-drug antibodies (ADA), SVP-R is able to prevent ADA formation, which prevents the unwanted neutralizing effects of ADAs, increases efficacy of the biological drug, and permits sustained therapeutic activity and repeated administration of the biological drug. In the presence of a specific target antigen, SVP-R is able to prevent an antigen-specific immune response and induces antigen-specific immune tolerance. Compared to the administration of free rapamycin, SVP-R induces long-lasting immunological tolerance.
Synthoestrin: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Synthroid: (Other name for: levothyroxine sodium)
Syntocinon: (Other name for: recombinant oxytocin)