NCI Drug Dictionary

599 results found for: M

m-azidopyrimethamine: An antifolate derived from diaminopyrimidine with cytotoxic properties. With a mechanism of action similar to that of methotrexate (MTX), m-azidopyrimethamine blocks tetrahydrofolate synthesis, resulting in depletion of nucleotide precursors and inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. This agent is more lipophilic but less potent than MTX.
M87o-transduced CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells: Peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) transduced with the retroviral vector M87o encoding for the HIV-1-entry inhibitor peptide membrane-anchored antiviral peptide C46 (maC46). Expression of C46 by M87o-transduced CD34+ peripheral blood stem cells may prevent the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, thereby inhibiting HIV-1 entry. C46 is a membrane-anchored peptide encoding amino acids 628 to 673 of the HIV-1 entry inhibitory transmembrane glycoprotein gp41.
Ma Zi Ren Wan: A proprietary, traditional Chinese herbal (TCH) formula composed of six different herbs: Semen Cannabis Sativae (Huo Ma Ren, cannabis seed), Semen Pruni Armeniacae (Xing Ren, apricot seed), Radix Paeoniae Alba (Bai Shao, white peony root), Fructus Immaturus Citri Aurantii (Zhi Shi, immature bitter orange), Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (Hou Po, magnolia bark and Radix et Rhizoma Rhei (Da Huang, rhubarb root and rhizome). Ma Zi Ren Wan (MZRW) may help with intestinal dryness and constipation by lubricating and moistening the intestines and the stool. MZRW may also stimulate intestinal movement. It is believed to drain heat, promote the movement of Qi and unblock the bowels.
Maackia amurensis seed lectin: A preparation of lectin extracted from the seeds of Maackia amurensis, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Maackia amurensis seed lectin (MASL) may target and bind to podoplanin (PDPN), thereby blocking the activation of PDPN by endogenous ligands. This may inhibit tumor cell growth, migration and metastasis that result from PDPN activation. PDPN, a transmembrane receptor glycoprotein that is overexpressed in some cancer types, promotes tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis upon activation by various endogenous ligands.
Maalox: (Other name for: aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide)
macimorelin: An orally available synthetic mimetic of the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue ghrelin with potential anti-cachexia activity. Upon oral administration, macimorelin mimics endogenous ghrelin by stimulating appetite and binds to the growth hormone secretagogue receptor GHSR in the central nervous system, thereby mimicking the GH-releasing effects of ghrelin from the pituitary gland. Stimulation of GH secretion increases insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels which may further stimulate protein synthesis. In addition, ghrelin reduces the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which may play a direct role in cancer-related loss of appetite.
macitentan: An orally available dual endothelin receptor (ETR) antagonist with potential antihypertensive and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, macitentan and its metabolites block the binding of endothelin isoform 1 (ET-1) to type-A and type-B ETR on both the tumor cells and the endothelial cells in the tumor vasculature. This prevents ET-1 mediated signaling transduction which may decrease tumor cell proliferation, progression, and angiogenesis in tumor tissue. ET-1, a potent vasoconstrictor that plays an important role in inflammation and tissue repair, is, together with its receptors, overexpressed varyingly in many tumor cell types.
macrocycle-bridged STING agonist E7766: An agonist of macrocycle-bridged stimulator of interferon genes (STING) protein, with potential immunoactivating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration, macrocycle-bridged STING agonist (MBSA) E7766 targets and binds to STING and activates the STING pathway, which promotes IKK-related kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) signaling and activates nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This leads to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interferons (IFNs). Specifically, expression of IFN-beta (IFNb) enhances the cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) by CD8alpha-positive and CD103-positive dendritic cells (DCs) to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in a CTL-mediated immune response against tumor cells and causes tumor cell lysis. Compared to conventional STING agonists, MBSA E7766 allows for conformational rigidity of the unique macrocycle bridge which enhances its stability and STING affinity, thereby increasing its efficacy.
Macrogen: (Other name for: molgramostim)
macrogol 3350-based oral osmotic laxative: An isotonic solution containing macrogol 3350 and electrolytes with laxative activity. Macrogol 3350-based oral osmotic laxative promotes the retention of water in the bowel, thereby increasing the water content of stool, which results in increased gastrointestinal motility and stool transit time and evacuation of colonic contents. Macrogol 3350 is also known as polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3350.
Maekmoondong-tang: A traditional East Asian herbal medicine composed of six herbs, including Ophiopogonis tuber, Pinelliae tuber, Glycyrrhizae radix, Zizyphi fructus, Ginseng radix, and oryzae semen, with potential anti-tussive activity. Maekmoondong-tang is traditionally prescribed for respiratory symptoms to direct the qi downwards and compensate for lung-yin deficiency or dry lung by tonifying yin and moistening the lung. Although the exact mechanisms through which Maekmoondong-tang exerts its effects have yet to be fully elucidated, this agent may, upon administration, improve the severity of chronic cough, reduce airway hyper-responsiveness possibly by reducing the cough reflex and bronchodilation, and airway inflammation possibly through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.
mafosfamide: A synthetic oxazaphosphorine derivative with antineoplastic properties. Mafosfamide alkylates DNA, forming DNA cross-links and inhibiting DNA synthesis. Although closely related to cyclophosphamide, mafosfamide, unlike cyclophosphamide, does not require hepatic activation to generate its active metabolite 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide; accordingly, mafosfamide is potentially useful in the intrathecal treatment of neoplastic meningitis.
MAG-Tn3/AS15 vaccine: A vaccine containing synthetic multiple antigenic glycopeptide (MAG) composed of tri Tn glycotope (MAG-Tn3), which comprises a dendrimeric, nonimmunogenic lysine core linked to a tetravalent peptidic CD4+ T-cell epitope backbone and each attached to three Tn antigens (tri-Tn cluster), combined with the immunoadjuvant AS15, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of the MAG-Tn3/AS15 vaccine, MAG-Tn3 induces the production of tumor-specific anti-Tn glycosidic antibodies, which results in antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against Tn-expressing tumor cells. The Tn carbohydrate antigen, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in a number of tumor cell types. The tri-Tn clusters mimic carbohydrate structures found on tumor cells. The T-cell epitope stimulates effective T-cell responses. AS15, a potent adjuvant liposomal formulation that contains CpG 7909, monophosphoryl lipid (MPL), and QS-21, increases the immune response against the Tn antigens.
MAGE-10.A2: A synthetic nonapeptide derived from a melanoma-associated antigen. Vaccination with MAGE-10.A2 may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells that express the melanoma-associated antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
MAGE-12 peptide vaccine: A synthetic vaccine comprised of a peptide consisting of peptide fragments of melanoma-associated antigen 12 (MAGE-12). MAGE-12 has been identified as an epitope recognized by tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL). Vaccination with MAGE-12 peptide stimulates the host immune system to mount a TIL response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-12, potentially resulting in decreased tumor growth.
MAGE-3.A1 peptide vaccine: A synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of human leukocyte antigen HLA-A1-restricted peptide derived from human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-3.A1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-3, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, FBP peptides ovarian cancer vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing multiple synthetic antigen peptides derived from MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, and folate binding protein (FBP) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic properties. MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, FBP peptides cancer vaccine includes the antigen peptides MAGE-A1:161-169, FBP:191-199, Her-2/neu:369-377, MAGE-A1:96-104, and Her-2/neu:754-762. Upon administration, this cancer vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing these antigen peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis. MAGE-A1, Her-2/neu, and FBP proteins may be over-expressed in various cancer cell types, such as epithelial ovarian cancer cells.
MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, NY-ESO-1 peptides vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of synthetic peptides derived from human melanoma antigen A1 (MAGE-A1), human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MAGE-A1/MAGE-A3/NY-ESO-1 peptides vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3 and NY-ESO-1, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MAGE-A1, MAGE-A3, and NY-ESO-1 tumor-associated antigens (TAAS) are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A1-specific T-cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells: A preparation of autologous CD4- and CD8-positive T lymphocytes genetically modified to express a T-cell receptor (TCR) that specifically targets the human melanoma-associated antigen A1 (MAGE-A1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the MAGE-A1-specific TCR-transduced autologous T cells bind to tumor cells expressing MAGE-A1, which may halt the growth of and kill MAGE-A1-expressing cancer cells. MAGE-A1 is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A3 reactive T cell receptor-transduced autologous T cells: Human autologous T-lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the MAGE-A3 reactive TCR-transduced autologous T cells bind to tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3, which may halt the growth of MAGE-A3-expressing cancer cells; the TCR is specific for MAGE-A3:168-176.
MAGE-A3-expressing adenovirus type5 vaccine: An oncolytic adenoviral vaccine composed of a replication-defective, E1- and E3-deleted adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) with a transgene encoding the human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MAGE-A3-expressing adenovirus type 5 vaccine selectively replicates in cancer cells and expresses MAGE-A3. This induces an immune response against tumor cells expressing the MAGE-A3 antigen, which leads to tumor cell death. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A3 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A3/12-specific TCR gene-transduced autologous PBLs: Human autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes the human melanoma antigens A3 and A12 (MAGE-A3/12), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, the MAGE-A3/12-specific TCR gene-transduced autologous PBLs bind to and lyse tumor cells expressing MAGE-A3/12, which may halt the growth of MAGE-A3/12-expressing cancer cells. MAGE-A3 and MAGE-A12, tumor associated antigens and members of the melanoma-associated antigen gene family, are overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A3/HPV 16 peptide vaccine: A multi-epitope "Trojan antigen" ("TA") construct vaccine consisting of human melanoma antigen A3 (MAGE-A3) and human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 peptide epitopes linked by the furin-sensitive linker peptide RVKR (arginine-serine-lysine-arginine) with immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. The TA construct enters the cytoplasm of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and is processed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where the endopeptidase furin releases the epitopes from the RVKR linker peptide and, together with various exopeptidases, generates MHC class I-binding peptides. Expressed on the cell surfaces of APC, these MHC class I-binding peptides stimulate a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that display the same peptide epitopes on their cell surfaces.
MAGE-A4-specific T-cell engager CDR404: A bispecific T-cell engaging antibody directed against the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human melanoma-associated antigen A4 (MAGE-A4) and the T-cell surface antigen CD3, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration of the MAGE-A4-specific T-cell engager (TCE) CDR404, the anti-MAGE-A4 moiety targets and binds to MAGE-A4 presented on HLA-A2 on tumor cells and the anti-CD3 moiety binds to CD3- expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This selectively cross-links tumor cells and T lymphocytes and results in a CTL-mediated death of MAGE-A4-expressing tumor cells. MAGE-A4 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
MAGE-A4-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1201: Autologous human T lymphocytes transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for the human melanoma antigen A4 (MAGE-A4), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon isolation, transduction, expansion ex vivo, and reintroduction into the patient, MAGE-A4-specific TCR gene-transduced T lymphocytes TBI-1201 binds to tumor cells expressing MAGE-A4. This may result in both an inhibition of growth and increased cell death for MAGE-A4-expressing tumor cells. The tumor-associated antigen MAGE-A4 is overexpressed by a variety of cancer cell types.
magnesium chloride-based lotion: A skin lotion containing magnesium chloride and other trace minerals, that may be used for supplemental purposes. Magnesium, an electrolyte, plays a key role as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions and for muscle and nervous system functioning. Hypomagnesemia may manifest as asthenia, cramps, muscle weakness, fatigue, and mood disorders.
magnesium citrate: The citrate salt of the element magnesium with cathartic activity. The cathartic action of magnesium cations appears to result, in part, from osmotically mediated water retention, which subsequently stimulates peristalsis. In addition, magnesium ions may also stimulate the activity of nitric oxide (NO) synthase and increase the biosynthesis of the phospholipid proinflammatory mediator platelet activating factor (PAF) in the gut. NO may stimulate intestinal secretion via prostglandin- and cyclic GMP-dependent mechanisms while PAF produces significant stimulation of colonic secretion and gastrointestinal motility.
magnesium glycinate: An orally available magnesium salt of glycine. Magnesium activates over 600 enzymes and is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, cellular repair, and maintaining the antioxidant status of the cell. Magnesium plays a key role in bone and muscle function and assists in the activation of vitamin D, which helps regulate calcium and phosphate homeostasis to influence the growth and maintenance of bones.
magnesium hydroxide: A solution of magnesium hydroxide with antacid and laxative properties. Milk of magnesium exerts its antacid activity in low doses such that all hydroxide ions that enter the stomach are used to neutralize stomach acid. This agent exerts its laxative effect in higher doses so that hydroxide ions are able to move from the stomach to the intestines where they attract and retain water, thereby increasing intestinal movement (peristalsis) and inducing the urge to defecate.
magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate: The magnesium salt form of the saponin, isoglycyrrhizinate, a derivative of glycyrrhizic acid extracted from the roots of the plant Glycyrrhiza glabra, with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated, magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate may prevent or reduce hepatotoxicity through the scavenging of free radicals. This agent also modulates the activity of hepatic enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase.
magnesium L-threonate: A nutritional supplement containing the L-threonate form of magnesium (Mg) that can be used to normalize Mg levels in the body. Upon administration, Mg is utilized by the body for many biochemical functions and reactions including: bone and muscle function, protein and fatty acid formation, activation of B vitamins, blood clotting, insulin secretion, and ATP formation. Mg also serves as a catalyst for many enzymes throughout the body. In addition, magnesium improves the functioning of the immune system by enhancing the expression of natural killer activating receptor NKG2D in cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. This increases their anti-viral and anti-tumor cytotoxic effects.
magnesium oxide: The oxide salt of magnesium with antacid, laxative and vascular smooth muscle relaxant activities. Magnesium combines with water to form magnesium hydroxide which reacts chemically to neutralize or buffer existing quantities of stomach acid; stomach-content and intra-esophageal pH rise, resulting in a decrease in pepsin activity. This agent's laxative effect is the result, in part, of osmotically mediated water retention, which subsequently stimulates peristalsis. In addition, magnesium ions may behave as calcium antagonists in vascular smooth muscle.
magnesium sulfate: A magnesium salt of sulfuric acid, that can be used to normalize magnesium levels in the body, and to prevent seizures in eclampsia and preeclampsia. Magnesium is a divalent cation essential for a number of biochemical processes involved in nerve signaling, bone mineralization and muscle contractions. About 350 enzymes involved in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, formation of cyclic-AMP and ATP, cellular signal transduction and protein and nucleic acid synthesis are dependent on magnesium. Magnesium blocks neuromuscular transmission and decreases the amount of acetylcholine liberated at the end plate by the motor nerve impulse, thereby preventing convulsions and seizures.
magnesium valproate: The magnesium salt of valproic acid (2-propylpentanoic acid) with antiepileptic and potential antineoplastic activities. Magnesium valproate dissociates in the gastrointestinal tract and is absorbed into the circulation as magnesium ions and valproic acid ions; valproic acid may inhibit histone deacetylases, inducing tumor cell differentiation, apoptosis, and growth arrest. In addition, valproic acid exerts an antiepileptic effect, likely by inhibiting enzymes that catabolize the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) catabolism and so increasing concentrations of GABA in the central nervous system (CNS). The presence of the magnesium in this agent may contribute to its anticonvulsant activity and sedative properties.
magnesium-based bone void filler: An injectable magnesium oxide-based bone void filler (BVF) with potential osteoconductive properties. Upon injection into bony voids or defects, the magnesium-based BVF mimics cancellous bone and provides a supportive scaffold to facilitate the bone healing process. Magnesium contributes to the structural development of bone and may potentially increase proliferation of bone marrow stromal cells and improve attachment and growth of osteoblasts.
magnesium-rich mineral water: Carbonated, iron-depleted mineral water from the French springs of Beauregard-Vendon (Rouzat) containing very high amounts of the mineral magnesium as well as sodium, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride and nitrate, that can be used for supplemental purposes and can potentially be used to treat hypomagnesemia. Magnesium, an electrolyte, plays a key role as a cofactor in multiple enzymatic reactions and for muscle and nervous system functioning. Hypomagnesemia may manifest as asthenia, cramps, muscle weakness, fatigue, and mood disorders.
Magnevist: (Other name for: gadopentetate dimeglumine)
magrolimab: A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting the human cell surface antigen CD47, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, magrolimab selectively binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with its ligand signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa), a protein expressed on phagocytic cells. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling, allows the activation of macrophages, through the induction of pro-phagocytic signaling mediated by calreticulin, which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, and results in specific tumor cell phagocytosis. In addition, blocking CD47 signaling activates an anti-tumor T-lymphocyte immune response and T-mediated cell killing. CD47, a tumor associated antigen expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), is overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and interaction with SIRP-alpha, leads to inhibition of macrophages and protects cancer cells from phagocytosis thereby allowing cancer cells to proliferate.
Mai Dong: The root of the perennial herbaceous plant Ophiopogon belonging to the Liliaceae family. Mai Dong is believed to tonify yin. This traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may replenish fluids, moisten the intestines and thereby help relieve constipation. It may also have antipyretic and antitussive effects; it may be used as an expectorant and may moisten the lungs, throat and nose.
Maitake mushroom extract: An extract of the edible mushroom Maitaki, Grifola frondosa, rich in glucan polysaccharides, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon oral ingestion, Maitaki mushroom extract may promote dendritic cell (DC) maturation, increase interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production, and may enhance natural killer (NK) cell activity, thereby amplifying both innate and T cell-mediated immune responses against cancer cells. In addition, this extract may stimulate the production of granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF) and promote hematopoiesis, and may improve the neutrophil count.
Makarol: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Maldex: (Other name for: maltodextrin)
Maldrin: (Other name for: maltodextrin)
malignant glioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with lysates from malignant glioma cells with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, malignant glioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine exposes the immune system to undefined malignant glioma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), which may result in anti-tumoral cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against glioma cells and glioma cell lysis.
MALT1 inhibitor ABBV-525: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, MALT1 inhibitor ABBV-525 targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of MALT1. This inhibits MALT1-dependent CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling, thereby inhibiting the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and upregulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) by Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This results in the inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell growth. MALT1 belongs to the caspase family of proteases and is the active component of the CBM signaling complex. It plays an essential role in mediating the immunosuppressive activities of Tregs, and is overactivated in certain tumor cells, including non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas.
MALT1 inhibitor JNJ-67856633: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MALT1 inhibitor JNJ-67856633 targets, binds to, and prevents the activity of MALT1. This inhibits MALT1-dependent signaling, reduces interleukin-10 (IL-10) and upregulates interferon (IFN). This results in the inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell growth of MALT1-expressing tumor cells. MALT1 belongs to the caspase family of proteases and is the active component of the CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling complex. It plays an essential role in B- and T-lymphocyte activation and is over-activated in certain tumor cells.
MALT1 inhibitor MPT-0118: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MALT1 inhibitor MPT-0118 targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of MALT1. This inhibits MALT1-dependent CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling, thereby inhibiting the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and upregulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) by Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This results in the inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell growth. MALT1 belongs to the caspase family of proteases and is the active component of the CBM signaling complex. It plays an essential role in mediating the suppressive function of Tregs, and is overactivated in certain tumor cells.
MALT1 inhibitor ONO-7018: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MALT1 inhibitor ONO-7018 targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of MALT1. This inhibits MALT1-dependent CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) signaling, thereby inhibiting the immunosuppressive function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and upregulating the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-g) by Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This results in the inhibition of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) signaling, induces apoptosis, and inhibits tumor cell proliferation. MALT1 belongs to the caspase family of proteases and is the active component of the CBM signaling complex. It plays an essential role in mediating the suppressive function of Tregs, and is overactivated in certain solid tumors and lymphomas.
MALT1 inhibitor SGR-1505: A fourth-generation, orally bioavailable, mutant-selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, EGFR mutant-selective inhibitor H002 targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of EGFR, including multiple EGFR resistance mutations, such as single mutations, including Del19 and L858R, double mutations, including Del19/C797S, L858R/C797S, Del19/T790M and L858R/T790M, and triple mutations, including Del19/T790M/C797S and L858R/T790M/C797S. This prevents EGFR mutant-mediated signaling, which induces cell death and inhibits tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase that is mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
maltodextrin: An oligosaccharide derived from starch that is used as a food additive and as a carbohydrate supplement. As a supplement, maltodextrin is used to provide and sustain energy levels during endurance-oriented workouts or sports, to help build muscle mass and support weight gain.
maltose: A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked through an alpha-1,4 glycosidic bond.
Malva sylvestris/Alcea digitata herbal compound: A traditional Persian medicine composed of Malva sylvestris (M. sylvestris) and Alcea digitata (A. digitata; Boiss), with potential use for the treatment of radiation- and chemotherapy-induced xerostomia, and potential immunomodulating, anti-oxidant and antimicrobial activities. Upon administration to the mouth, M. sylvestris/A. digitata herbal compound may lubricate the mouth and throat, and may improve the symptoms of dry mouth, thereby preventing tooth decay and improving chewing, eating, tasting, swallowing, and speaking. M. sylvestris/A. digitata herbal compound may also improve mucositis by modulating the immune system, thereby preventing infection, reducing inflammation and promoting wound healing.
mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing a plasmid encoding the mammaglobin-A gene with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mammaglobin-A DNA vaccine may induce both humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immune responses against tumor cells that express mammaglobin-A, which may result in decreased tumor growth. The 10 kiloDalton (kD) glycoprotein mammglobin-A is expressed in over 80% of human breast cancers.
mangafodipir trisodium: The trisodium salt of mangafodipir with potential antioxidant and chemoprotective activities. Consisting of manganese (II) ions chelated to fodipir (dipyridoxyl diphosphate or DPDP), mangafodipir scavenges oxygen free radicals such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, potentially preventing oxygen free radical damage to macromolecules such as DNA and minimizing oxygen free radical-related chemotoxicity in normal tissues. However, this agent may potentiate the chemotherapy-induced generation of oxygen free radicals in tumor cells, resulting in the potentiation of chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity; tumor cells, with higher levels of reactive oxygen species than normal cells, possess a lower threshold for oxygen free radical-mediated cytotoxicity. Mangafodipir is traditionally used as an imaging agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
manganese chloride: The dichloride salt of manganese, an essential trace element and a cofactor for many enzymes involved in a variety of biological activities in cells, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, manganese may act as an adjuvant and induce both humoral and cellular immune responses.
manganese-based MRI contrast agent RVP-001: A contrast agent formulation based on the paramagnetic ion Mn2+, stabilized by the chelator PyC3A, that can potentially be used as a contrast enhancer during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon administration, manganese-based contrast agent RVP-001 may enhance the visualization of blood vessels, organs and tumors upon MRI.
manganese/L-alanine/vitamin D3-containing contrast agent formulation: An orally bioavailable contrast agent formulation composed of manganese chloride tetrahydrate (MnCl2 4H2O), and the absorption promoters L-alanine and vitamin D3, that can potentially be used as a contrast enhancement agent during hepatobiliary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Upon oral administration of the manganese/L-alanine/vitamin D3-containing contrast agent formulation, L-alanine and vitamin D3 enhance the absorption of the poorly absorbable contrast agent manganese mainly from the small intestines. Upon absorption, the trace element manganese is taken up by normal, healthy hepatocytes. Due to the retention of manganese in the hepatocytes and its paramagnetic properties, this contrast agent enhances the visualization of normal liver tissue during an MRI. As liver tumor cells and liver metastases do not accumulate manganese, these abnormalities will become clearly detectable against the enhanced liver tissue on the MR image. This enhances the visualization and detection of focal liver lesions, including liver metastases.
Mangoral: (Other name for: manganese/L-alanine/vitamin D3-containing contrast agent formulation)
mannitol: A naturally occurring alcohol found in fruits and vegetables and used as an osmotic diuretic. Mannitol is freely filtered by the glomerulus and poorly reabsorbed from the renal tubule, thereby causing an increase in osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate. An increase in osmolarity limits tubular reabsorption of water and inhibits the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and other solutes, thereby promoting diuresis. In addition, mannitol elevates blood plasma osmolarity, resulting in enhanced flow of water from tissues into interstitial fluid and plasma.
Manuka honey: A monofloral honey with potential wound repair and antibacterial activities. Manuka honey is produced by bees fed on the flowers of the New Zealand Manuka bush (Leptospermum scoparium). Manuka honey contains a significant higher concentration of the 1,2-dicarbonyl compound methylglyoxal, which may account for its antibacterial activity; this agent may release small amounts of hydrogen peroxide which may also contribute to its antibacterial activity. Manuka honey has been reported to stimulate the formation of new blood capillaries and the growth of fibroblasts and epithelial cells when applied topically to wounds.
mapatumumab: A fully human agonistic monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand receptor-1 (TRAIL-R1) with apoptosis promoting and potential antitumor activities. TRAIL-R1 is a cell surface receptor expressed on many malignant cell types. Mapatumumab selectively binds to and activates the TRAIL cell receptor, thereby inducing apoptosis and reducing tumor growth.
maplirpacept: A soluble recombinant antibody-like fusion protein composed of the N-terminal CD47 binding domain of human signal-regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa; CD172a) linked to an Fc domain derived from human immunoglobulin G subtype 4 (IgG4), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory, phagocytosis-inducing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, maplirpacept selectively targets and binds to CD47 expressed on tumor cells and blocks the interaction of CD47 with endogenous SIRPa, a cell surface protein expressed on macrophages. This prevents CD47/SIRPa-mediated signaling and abrogates the CD47/SIRPa-mediated inhibition of macrophage activation. This induces pro-phagocytic signaling resulting from the binding of calreticulin (CRT), which is specifically expressed on the surface of tumor cells, to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) expressed on macrophages, and results in macrophage activation and the specific phagocytosis of tumor cells. CD47, also called integrin-associated protein (IAP), is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expressed on normal, healthy hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and overexpressed on the surface of a variety of cancer cells. Expression of CD47, and its interaction with SIRPa, leads to the inhibition of macrophage activation and protects tumor cells from phagocytosis, thereby allowing these cells to proliferate and survive.
maprotiline hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of maprotiline, a tetracyclic antidepressant closely related to the tricyclic antidepressants with adrenergic activity and sedative properties. Maprotiline hydrochloride exerts its effect by blocking the re-uptake of norepinephrine, thereby increasing the synaptic concentration of norepinephrine in the central nervous system and subsequently prolonging the action of norepinephrine on central receptors.
Maraba oncolytic virus expressing mutant HPV E6/E7: A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant, attenuated form of the oncolytic rhabdovirus Maraba (MG1) encoding inactive, mutant forms of the human papillomavirus (HPV) transforming proteins E6 and E7, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of MG1-E6E7, MG1 preferentially infects tumor cells and induces the expression of the E6 and E7 proteins. The MG1 virus exerts its oncolytic activity, thereby directly lysing tumor cells. Following the lysis of infected cells, the virus is released and can infect adjacent cells, which both induces further tumor cell oncolysis and may activate the immune system to kill the infected tumor cells. The expressed E6 and E7 proteins stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing HPV E6 and E7, thereby further inducing tumor cell lysis. Oncoproteins E6 and E7 play a key role in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical carcinoma.
maraviroc: A C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) antagonist with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Maraviroc inhibits HIV-1 entry via CCR5 coreceptor interaction.
Marcaine: (Other name for: bupivacaine hydrochloride)
marcellomycin: An antineoplastic oligosaccharide anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Actinosporangium bohemicum. Marcellomycin intercalates into DNA and induces DNA crosslinks, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent also induces differentiation in HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells by interfering with glycoprotein synthesis.
MARCKS protein inhibitor BIO-11006: An aerosolized 10-amino acid peptide that inhibits the myristoylated alanine rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) protein, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon inhalation, the MARCKS protein inhibitor BIO-11006 targets, binds to and inhibits the phosphorylation of MARCKS (P-MARCKS). This prevents MARCKS-mediated signaling, thereby preventing the release of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) from the cell membrane upon MARCKS binding. This prevents the PIP2-mediated activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and the FAK-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway and the activation of integrins, talin, vinculin and paxillin. This leads to an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation, migration, metastasis and survival. In addition, inhibition of MARCKS prevents mucin granule release and reduces the overproduction of mucus in the lungs. This may abrogate airway obstruction, impaired lung function, airway inflammation and bacterial infections associated with overproduction of mucus in the lungs. The MARCKS protein, a filamentous actin crosslinking protein and substrate for protein kinase C (PKC) is localized on the plasma membrane. Upon phosphorylation by PKC or binding to the calcium-calmodulin complex, the association of MARCKS with actin and with the plasma membrane is blocked, leading to its presence in the cytoplasm. The MARCKS protein plays a key role in the exocytosis of a number of vesicles and granules, cell movement, mitogenesis and membrane trafficking.
Margenza: (Other name for: margetuximab-cmkb)
margetuximab-cmkb: A Fc-domain optimized IgG monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. After binding to HER2 on the tumor cell surface, margetuximab may induce an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells overexpressing HER2. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed by many cancer cell types. Compared to other anti-HER2 monoclonal antibodies, the Fc domain of MGAH22 is optimized with increased binding to the activating Fcgamma receptor IIIA (CD16A), expressed on cells such as natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, thereby mediating an enhanced ADCC; the Fc domain also shows decreased binding to the inhibitory Fcgamma receptor IIB (CD32B).
marijuana: Any part of, or extract from, the female hemp plant Cannabis sativa. Marijuana contains cannabinoids, substances with hallucinogenic, psychoactive, and addictive properties. This agent has potential use for treating cancer pain and cachexia.
marimastat: An orally-active synthetic hydroxamate with potential antineoplastic activity. Marimastat covalently binds to the zinc(II) ion in the active site of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), thereby inhibiting the action of MMPs, inducing extracellular matrix degradation, and inhibiting angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion, and metastasis. This agent may also inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE), an enzyme involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) production that may play a role in some malignancies as well as in the development of arthritis and sepsis.
Marinol: (Other name for: dronabinol)
marizomib: A naturally-occurring salinosporamide, isolated from the marine actinomycete Salinospora tropica, with potential antineoplastic activity. Marizomib irreversibly binds to and inhibits the 20S catalytic core subunit of the proteasome by covalently modifying its active site threonine residues; inhibition of ubiquitin-proteasome mediated proteolysis results in an accumulation of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, which may result in the disruption of cellular processes, cell cycle arrest, the induction of apoptosis, and the inhibition of tumor growth and angiogenesis. This agent more may more potent and selective than the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib.
marlotamig: A bispecific antibody directed against both human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the co-stimulatory T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of marlotamig, this bispecific antibody binds to both CD28 on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and EGFR found on EGFR-expressing tumor cells. This activates and redirects CTLs to EGFR-expressing tumor cells, which may result in the CTL-mediated cell death of EGFR-expressing tumor cells. EGFR, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family, is overexpressed on various tumor cell types.
Marqibo: (Other name for: vincristine sulfate liposome)
MART-1 antigen: A tumor-associated melanocytic differentiation antigen. Vaccination with MART-1 antigen may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the melanocytic differentiation antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
MART-1 reactive CD8+ lymphocytes: Human CD8-positive T-lymphocytes that are engineered to recognize melanoma tumor-associated antigen MART-1 (Melanoma Antigen Recognized by T cells, also called Melan-A) in a human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted manner, with potential antineoplastic activity. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are isolated from a melanoma patient, exposed to the MART-1:27-35(27L) peptide and MART-1 specific T-lymphocytes are isolated and expanded. Upon infusion, these lymphocytes recognize and exert a cytotoxic T-cell-mediated immune response against MART-1-expressing melanoma cells. The synthetic MART-1:27-35 HLA-A2-restricted peptide has an amino acid substitution, leucine to alanine at position 27, to increase its immunogenicity.
MART-1/gp100/Tyrosinase/MAGE-A3 peptides-loaded irradiated allogeneic plasmacytoid dendritic cells: Irradiated allogeneic, HLA-A*0201 positive, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) loaded with 4 melanoma peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) MelA/MART-1, gp100/pmel17, tyrosinase, and MAGE-A3, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration, the irradiated allogeneic pDCs may trigger functional multi-specific T cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, and activate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against HLA-A*0201-positive melanoma cancer cells expressing the TAAs MelA/MART-1, gp100/pmel17, tyrosinase, and MAGE-A3. These TAAs are upregulated in a variety of tumor cells. The pDCs are derived from a distinct subset of dendritic cells (DCs) with a plasma cell-like morphology and express a characteristic set of surface markers and may increase the anti-tumor immune responses.
MART-1:26-35(27L) peptide vaccine: A peptide-based cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 26 through 35 of MART-1 (melanoma antigen recognized by T-cells-1) with a leucine substitution at amino acid position 27 to improve immunogenicity. Upon administration, MART-1:26-35(27L) peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against MART-1-expressing tumor cells, resulting in decreased tumor growth. The tumor-associated antigen (TAA) MART-1 may be overexpressed on melanoma cancer cells.
MART-1:27-35 peptide vaccine: A natural or synthetic peptide cancer vaccine consisting of amino acid residues 27 through 35 of the melanoma-associated antigen MART-1 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MART-1:27-35 peptide may induce cytotoxic host immune responses against melanoma cells that express this peptide.
masitinib mesylate: The orally bioavailable mesylate salt of masatinib, a multi-targeted protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Masitinib selectively binds to and inhibits both the wild-type and mutated forms of the stem cell factor receptor (c-Kit; SCFR); platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR); fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3); and, to a lesser extent, focal adhesion kinase (FAK). As a consequence, tumor cell proliferation may be inhibited in cancer cell types that overexpress these receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs).
masofaniten: An orally bioavailable, second-generation inhibitor of the N-terminal domain (NTD) of androgen receptor (AR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, masofaniten specifically binds to the NTD of AR, thereby inhibiting both AR activation and the AR-mediated signaling pathway. This may inhibit cell growth in AR-overexpressing tumor cells. AR is overexpressed in prostate cancers and is involved in the proliferation, survival and chemoresistance of tumor cells. Masofaniten may be more active and metabolically stable than first-generation AR NTD inhibitors.
masoprocol: A naturally occurring antioxidant dicatechol originally derived from the creosote bush Larrea divaricatta with antipromoter, anti-inflammatory, and antineoplastic activities. Masoprocol directly inhibits activation of two receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) and the c-erbB2/HER2/neu receptor, resulting in decreased proliferation of susceptible tumor cell populations. This agent may induce apoptosis in susceptible tumor cell populations as a result of disruption of the actin cytoskeleton in association with the activation of stress activated protein kinases (SAPKs). In addition, NDGA inhibits arachidonic acid 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX), resulting in diminished synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrines; it may prevent leukocyte infiltration into tissues and the release of reactive oxygen species and, at higher concentrations, may also inhibit cyclooxygenase.
mast cell stabilizer TF002: A small molecule with mast cell stabilizing activity. Mast cell stabilizer TF002 inhibits the formation of lipid rafts of mast cell membranes that contain the signaling machinery which triggers the release of mast cell allergic and inflammatory mediators. Inhibition of lipid raft assembly by this agent results in mast cell stabilization, preventing mast cell degranulation and the release of the inflammatory mediators involved in type I allergic reactions (histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines). The assembly of the signaling machinery in mast cell lipid rafts, specialized membrane microdomains rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids, is initiated by IgE binding to its receptor on the mast cell surface; subsequently, allergens crosslink with the IgE/receptor complex and other proteins and lipids are recruited into the signaling machinery.
MAT2A inhibitor AG-270: An orally available small molecule inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, AG-270 inhibits the activity of MAT2A, a metabolic enzyme responsible for the production of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a primary donor of methyl groups in cellular transmethylation reactions that regulate gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. MAT2A activity is selectively essential in cancer cells deficient in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a critical enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, that is deleted in some human cancers. Inhibition of MAT2A may potentially inhibit tumor cell growth in MTAP-deleted cancers that rely heavily on SAM synthesis.
MAT2A inhibitor IDE397: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MAT2A inhibitor IDE397 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of MAT2A, a metabolic enzyme responsible for the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a primary donor of methyl groups in cellular transmethylation reactions that regulate gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. Inhibition of MAT2A may inhibit proliferation in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deleted cancers that rely heavily on SAM synthesis. MAT2A activity is essential in cancer cells deficient in MTAP, a critical enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, that is deleted in a variety of human cancers.
MAT2A inhibitor ISM3412: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MAT2A inhibitor ISM3412 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of MAT2A, a metabolic enzyme responsible for the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a primary donor of methyl groups in cellular transmethylation reactions that regulate gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. Inhibition of MAT2A may inhibit proliferation in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deleted cancers that rely heavily on SAM synthesis. MAT2A activity is essential in cancer cells deficient in MTAP, a critical enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, that is deleted in a variety of human cancers.
MAT2A inhibitor S-095035: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of methionine adenosyltransferase II alpha (MAT2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MAT2A inhibitor S-095035 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of MAT2A, a metabolic enzyme responsible for the production of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), a primary donor of methyl groups in cellular transmethylation reactions that regulate gene expression, cell growth, and differentiation. Inhibition of MAT2A may inhibit proliferation in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)-deleted cancers that rely heavily on SAM synthesis. MAT2A activity is essential in cancer cells deficient in MTAP, a critical enzyme in the methionine salvage pathway, that is deleted in a variety of human cancers.
Matricaria recutita gel: A gel-based formulation containing an extract of the herb Matricaria chamomilla (M. recutita or German chamomile), which is native to eastern and southern Europe, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is high in flavonoids, with potential anti-inflammatory, skin protective, moisturizing, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and calming activities. M. recutita extract contains flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin and quercetin, as well as coumarins, herniarin, umbelliferone, anthemic acid, anthemidine, tannin and matricarin. Upon topical application of the Matricaria recutita gel, the active ingredients in the chamomile may exert anti-inflammatory, calming and anti-oxidant effects on the skin and may protect the skin against radiotherapy-induced dermatitis.
Matricaria recutita topical infusion: A gel-based formulation containing an extract of the herb Matricaria chamomilla (M. recutita or German chamomile), which is native to eastern and southern Europe, belongs to the Asteraceae family and is high in flavonoids, with potential anti-inflammatory, skin protective, moisturizing, anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant and calming activities. M. recutita extract contains flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin and quercetin, as well as coumarins, herniarin, umbelliferone, anthemic acid, anthemidine, tannin and matricarin. Upon topical application of the Matricaria recutita infusion, the active ingredients in the chamomile may exert anti-inflammatory, calming and anti-oxidant effects on the skin and may protect the skin against radiotherapy-induced dermatitis.
Matulane: (Other name for: procarbazine hydrochloride)
matuzumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody with antineoplastic activity. Matuzumab binds the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with high affinity, competitively blocking natural ligand binding and blocking receptor-mediated downstream signalling, resulting in impaired tumor cell proliferation.
maveropepimut-S: A lipid depot-based therapeutic cancer vaccine composed of survivin epitopes, a universal T Helper peptide and a polynucleotide adjuvant encapsulated in liposomes and then formulated in the hydrophobic carrier Montanide ISA51 VG, with potential immunopotentiating and antineoplastic activities. Upon injection of the maveropepimut-S, a depot is created at the injection site from which the antigens and adjuvant are released. This vaccine may elicit a long lasting cellular response against survivin-expressing cancers, resulting in a decrease in tumor cell proliferation and an induction of tumor cell death. Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family expressed during embryonic development, is upregulated in a variety of human cancers while absent in most normal adult cells; its expression in tumors is associated with a more aggressive phenotype, decreased survival, and increased resistance to chemotherapy.
mavorixafor: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), with potential antineoplastic and immune checkpoint inhibitory activities. Upon administration, mavorixafor selectively binds to CXCR4 and prevents the binding of CXCR4 to its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1 or CXCL12). This inhibits receptor activation and results in decreased proliferation and migration of CXCR4-overexpressing tumor cells. In addition, inhibition of CXCR4 prevents the recruitment of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the tumor microenvironment, thereby abrogating CXCR4-mediated immunosuppression and enabling the activation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated immune response against cancer cells. The G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4, which is upregulated in several tumor cell types, induces the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment, suppresses immune surveillance, and promotes tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation. It is also a co-receptor for HIV entry into T cells.
Mavyret: (Other name for: glecaprevir/pibrentasvir)
Maxalt: (Other name for: rizatriptan benzoate)
Maxipime: (Other name for: cefepime hydrochloride)
maytansine: An ansamycin antibiotic originally isolated from the Ethiopian shrub Maytenus serrata. Maytansine binds to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site, thereby inhibiting microtubule assembly, inducing microtubule disassembly, and disrupting mitosis. Maytansine exhibits cytotoxicity against many tumor cell lines and may inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
Mayzent: (Other name for: siponimod fumarate)
MC-Glucan: (Other name for: sizofiran)
MCL-1 inhibitor ABBV-467: An inhibitor of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (myeloid cell leukemia-1; Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MCL-1 inhibitor ABBV-467 targets and binds to Mcl-1, thereby preventing the binding of Mcl-1 to and inactivation of certain pro-apoptotic proteins. This promotes apoptosis of cells overexpressing Mcl-1. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
MCL-1 inhibitor AMG 397: An inhibitor of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (myeloid cell leukemia-1; Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MCL-1 inhibitor AMG 397 targets and binds to Mcl-1, thereby preventing the binding of Mcl-1 to and inactivation of certain pro-apoptotic proteins. This promotes apoptosis of cells overexpressing Mcl-1. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
Mcl-1 inhibitor AZD5991: An inhibitor of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (myeloid cell leukemia-1; Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, AZD5991 binds to Mcl-1, thereby preventing the binding of Mcl-1 to and inactivation of certain pro-apoptotic proteins, and promoting apoptosis of cells overexpressing Mcl-1. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
Mcl-1 inhibitor MIK665: An inhibitor of induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential pro-apoptotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MIK665 binds to and inhibits the activity of Mcl-1, which promotes apoptosis of cells overexpressing Mcl-1. Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
MCL1 inhibitor GS-9716: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein; myeloid cell leukemia-1; Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MCL1 inhibitor GS-9716 targets and binds to MCL1. This prevents the binding of MCL1 to and inactivation of certain pro-apoptotic proteins. This promotes apoptosis of cells overexpressing MCL1. MCL1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
MCPyV TAg-specific polyclonal autologous CD8-positive T cell vaccine: A preparation of polyclonal autologous CD8 positive T-lymphocytes specific for the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) T antigen (TAg) with potential antineoplastic activity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) patient were obtained and antigen-specific CD8+ T cells targeting a specific MCPyV TAg epitope were derived and expanded ex vivo. Upon infusion of the MCPyV TAg-specific polyclonal autologous CD8-positive T cell vaccine, the T cells recognize the MCPyV antigen and exert a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response against the MCPyV TAg-expressing MCC cells. MCPyV is expressed in about 80% of MCC and is not expressed in normal, human tissue; the MCPyVTag oncoprotein plays a key role in MCC survival and tumor cell proliferation.
MCPyV-LT-encoding plasmid DNA vaccine ITI-3000: A cancer vaccine consisting of plasmid DNA encoding LTS220A, a truncated form of the large T antigen (LT) of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV; MCV) viral oncoprotein with a detoxifying serine to alanine mutation at position 220, and fused to the lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration, the MCPyV-LT-encoding plasmid DNA vaccine ITI-3000 expresses MCPyV-LT, which may elicit cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and CD4+ T-cell responses against tumor cells that are expressing MCPyV, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MCPyV viral oncoprotein is highly expressed in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) caused by MCPyV infection. Fusion of MCPyV-LT with LAMP1 allows for lysosomal targeting resulting in enhanced antigen presentation, thereby promoting CD4-positive T-cell responses and leading to a more balanced immune response.
MCT/LCT lipid emulsion: A nutritional lipid emulsion consisting of both coconut oil-derived medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) and soybean oil-derived long chain triglycerides (LCTs). The LCTs in the MCT/LCT lipid emulsion supply the body with essential omega-6 fatty acids, which are needed as components of phospholipids in cell membranes and as precursors of eicosanoids. The MCTs mainly provide calories for energy. In addition to LCTs and MCTs, this lipid emulsion contains egg yolk lecithin, glycerol, and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).
MCT/LCT/fish oil omega-3 fatty triglyceride lipid emulsion: A nutritional lipid emulsion consisting of coconut oil-derived medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), soybean oil-derived long chain triglycerides (LCT), and the fish oil-derived polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. This lipid emulsion supplies essential fatty acids and calories for energy. Omega-3 fatty acids may decrease the production of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin 1 (IL-1), Il-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The MCTs mainly provide calories for energy. In addition to LCTs, MCTs, and omega-3 fatty acids, this lipid emulsion contains egg yolk lecithin, glycerol, and the antioxidant alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E).
MDM2 antagonist ASTX295: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the human homolog of murine double minute 2 (MDM2; HDM2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MDM2 antagonist ASTX295 targets and binds to MDM2 protein and prevents its binding to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. This prevents p53 proteasomal degradation and restores the transcriptional activity of p53. This leads to p53-mediated induction of apoptosis in cancers with a wild-type p53 gene. MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, regulates the level and activity of p53.
MDM2 antagonist RO5045337: An MDM2 (human homolog of double minutes-2; HDM2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. RO5045337 binds to MDM2, thereby preventing the binding of the MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored, which may result in the restoration of p53 signaling and thus the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway; often overexpressed in cancer cells, it has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
MDM2 antagonist RO6839921: An MDM2 (human homolog of murine double minute-2; HDM2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, RO6839921 binds to MDM2 and prevents the binding of the MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteasome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This may result in the restoration of p53 signaling, followed by p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein, is a negative regulator of the p53 pathway and is often overexpressed in cancer cells; p53 inhibition has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
MDM2 degrader KT-253: A small molecule protein and selective degrader of the oncoprotein murine double minute 2 (MDM2), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MDM2 degrader KT-253 binds to MDM2 and the E3 (ubiquitin) ligase and targets MDM2 for ubiquitination. This induces proteasome-mediated degradation of MDM2 and prevents its binding to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored and leads to the stabilization of p53 levels. This leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
MDM2 inhibitor KRT-232: An orally available inhibitor of MDM2 (murine double minute 2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MDM2 inhibitor KRT-232 binds to the MDM2 protein and prevents its binding to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
MDM2 inhibitor SA53-OS: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of murine double minute 2 (MDM2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MDM2 inhibitor A53-OS targets and binds to the MDM2 protein and prevents its binding to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it plays a key role in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
MDM2/MDMX inhibitor ALRN-6924: An orally available inhibitor of both murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and murine double minute X (MDMX), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, ALRN-6924 binds to both MDM2 and MDMX and interferes with their interaction with the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing MDM2-p53 and MDMX-p53 interactions, p53 activity is restored, which leads to p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2 and MDMX, negative regulators of p53 function, are often overexpressed in cancer cells.
MDR modulator CBT-1: A naturally-occurring, orally bioavailable bisbenzylisoquinoline plant alkaloid with potential chemosensitization activity. MDR modulator CBT-1 binds to and inhibits the MDR efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp), which may inhibit the efflux of various chemotherapeutic agents from tumor cells and reverse P-gp-mediated tumor cell MDR. P-gp is a transmembrane ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter and is overexpressed by some multidrug resistant tumors.
measles/mumps/rubella vaccine: A trivalent vaccine containing live attenuated viruses that can cause measles, mumps and rubella. It is an injection administered subcutaneously in two separate doses.
Measurin: (Other name for: aspirin)
mebendazole: A synthetic benzimidazole derivate and anthelmintic agent. Mebendazole interferes with the reproduction and survival of helminths by inhibiting the formation of their cytoplasmic microtubules, thereby selectively and irreversibly blocking glucose uptake. This results in a depletion of glycogen stores and leads to reduced formation of ATP required for survival and reproduction of the helminth. This eventually causes the helminths death.
mecapegfilgrastim: A long-acting, pegylated, recombinant analog of the endogenous human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with hematopoietic activity. Upon administration, mecapegfilgrastim binds to and activates specific cell surface receptors and stimulates neutrophil progenitor proliferation and differentiation, as well as selected neutrophil functions. This may decrease the duration and incidence of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (CIN). Pegylation significantly increases the therapeutic half-life.
mecbotamab vedotin: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a conditionally active biologic (CAB) antibody against AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL; UFO) conjugated to an as of yet undisclosed cytotoxic agent, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of mecbotamab vedotin, the anti-AXL antibody becomes activated through an as of yet not fully elucidated process only under the unique microphysical conditions that are present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a result of the glycolytic metabolism of cancer cells, and not in the microenvironment of normal, healthy tissues. Upon selective binding to AXL-expressing tumor cells and internalization, the cytotoxic agent kills the tumor cells through an as of yet undisclosed mechanism of action (MoA). AXL, a member of the TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases normally expressed on many normal, healthy cells and overexpressed by many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis; its expression is associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis. The CAB antibody allows for efficient and reversible binding to AXL-expressing tumor cells under conditions that are present only in the TME, thereby maximizing efficacy while minimizing toxicity by avoiding activation and thus binding of the antibody to normal, healthy AXL-expressing cells under normal conditions.
mechlorethamine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of mechlorethamine, a nitrogen mustard and an analogue of sulfur mustard, with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Mechlorethamine is metabolized to an unstable, highly reactive ethyleniminium intemediate that alkylates DNA, particularly the 7 nitrogen of guanine residues, resulting in DNA base pair mismatching, DNA interstrand crosslinking, the inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. This agent also exhibits lympholytic properties.
mechlorethamine hydrochloride gel: A gel formulation composed of the hydrochloride salt form of mechlorethamine, which is a nitrogen mustard alkylating agent and an analog of sulfur mustard, with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Upon topical application, mechlorethamine is metabolized to an unstable, highly reactive ethyleniminium intermediate that binds to and alkylates DNA, with a high affinity to the N7 nitrogen of guanine residues. This results in DNA base pair mismatching, DNA interstrand crosslinking, the inhibition of DNA repair and synthesis, cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis.
Meclan: (Other name for: meclocycline sulfosalicylate)
meclizine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of meclizine, a synthetic piperazine with anti-emetic, sedative and histamine H1 antagonistic properties. Meclizine hydrochloride blocks the H1 histamine receptor and prevents the symptoms that are caused by histamine activity on capillaries, bronchial and gastrointestinal smooth muscles, including vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, and spasmodic contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Meclizine hydrochloride may exert its antiemetic effects by its anticholinergic actions or due to a direct effect on the medullary chemoreceptive trigger zone.
meclocycline sulfosalicylate: The sulfosalicylate salt form of meclocycline, a tetracycline antibiotic with broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiprotozoal activity. Meclocycline sulfosalicylate is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, thereby preventing the addition of amino acids to the growing peptide chain. This tetracycline is active against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
meclofenamate sodium: The sodium salt form of meclofenamate, an anthranilic acid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Meclofenamate sodium inhibits the activity of the enzymes cyclo-oxygenase I and II, resulting in decreased formation of precursors of prostaglandins and thromboxanes. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis, by prostaglandin synthase, is responsible for the therapeutic effects of meclofenamate sodium. Meclofenamate sodium also causes a decrease in the formation of thromboxane A2 synthesis, by thromboxane synthase, thereby inhibiting platelet aggregation.
Meclomen: (Other name for: meclofenamate sodium)
mecobalamin: A synthetic and active form of vitamin B12 that can cross the blood brain barrier without biotransformation, that may be used to treat or prevent vitamin B12 deficiency and its complications. Upon administration, mecobalamin is able to replace endogenous vitamin B12, increase vitamin B12 levels and improve vitamin B12 deficiency. Vitamin B12 is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis. Its metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid.
Medihoney™: (Other name for: Manuka honey)
medroxyprogesterone acetate: A synthetic, acetate derivative of the sex hormone progesterone. Medroxyprogesterone 17-acetate
mefloquine: A quinolinemethanol derivative with antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and potential chemosensitization and radiosensitization activities. Although the exact mechanism remains to be elucidated, mefloquine, a weak base, preferentially accumulates in lysosomes and disrupts lysosomal function and integrity, thereby leading to host cell death. Similar to chloroquine, the chemosensitizing and radiosensitizing activities of this agent may be related to its inhibition of autophagocytosis, a cellular mechanism involving lysosomal degradation that minimizes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)related to tumor reoxygenation and tumor exposure to chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. Compared to chloroquine, mefloquine has better blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration.
Mefoxin: (Other name for: cefoxitin sodium)
megestrol acetate: The acetate salt form of megestrol, a synthetic derivative of the naturally occurring female sex hormone progesterone with potential anti-estrogenic and antineoplastic activity. Mimicking the action of progesterone, megestrol acetate binds to and activates nuclear progesterone receptors in the reproductive system, and causes the ligand-receptor complex to be translocated to the nucleus where it binds to and promotes expression of target genes. This leads to an alteration in protein synthesis, which modulates cell growth of reproductive tissues. Due to the negative feedback mechanism seen with progesterone, megestrol also blocks luteinizing hormone (LH) release from the pituitary gland, thereby leading to an inhibition of ovulation and an alteration in the cervical mucus and endometrium. Furthermore, without stimulation of LH, estrogen release from the ovaries is stopped, hence impedes the growth of estrogen-sensitive tumor cells.
MEK 1/2 inhibitor AS703988/MSC2015103B: An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) 1 and 2 with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK 1/2 inhibitor AS703988/MSC2015103B selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1 and MEK2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
MEK 1/2 inhibitor FCN-159: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MEK 1/2 Inhibitor FCN-159 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1 and MEK2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth. This pathway is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types through BRAF, KRAS and NRAS mutations.
MEK inhibitor AZD8330: An orally active, selective MEK inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor AZD8330 specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK or MAP/ERK kinase1), resulting in inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.
MEK inhibitor BI 3011441: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, allosteric inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPKK; MEK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK inhibitor BI 3011441 specifically targets, binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of MEK, thereby inhibiting the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells in which the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is overactivated. The threonine/tyrosine protein kinase MEK plays a key role in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and regulates key cellular activities including cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis.
MEK inhibitor CS3006: An orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPKK; MEK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK inhibitor CS3006 specifically targets, binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of MEK, thereby inhibiting the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins including extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells in which the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is overactivated. The threonine/tyrosine protein kinase MEK plays a key role in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types. The RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway regulates key cellular activities including cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis.
MEK inhibitor GDC-0623: An orally active, selective MEK inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor GDC-0623 specifically inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK or MAP/ERK kinase), resulting in inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.
MEK inhibitor IMM-1-104: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPK/ERK kinase; MEK) 1 and MEK2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK inhibitor IMM-1-104 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2. This prevents the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/K2) are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
MEK inhibitor IMM-6-415: An orally bioavailable small molecule and deep cyclic inhibitor (DCI) of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPKK; MEK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, IMM-6-415 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK, thereby inhibiting the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells in which RAS and/or RAF are mutated. The threonine/tyrosine protein kinase MEK plays a key role in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and regulates key cellular activities including cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. Mutations in Ras and Raf may induce constitutive signal transduction and uncontrolled MAPK signaling. As a DCI, this agent, having a short half-life, allows for pulsatile targeted inhibition that deprives tumor cells of sustained oncogenic pathway signaling. It may also improve tolerability.
MEK inhibitor NFX-179: A topical gel formulation composed of an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPKK; MEK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon topical administration, MEK inhibitor NFX-179 penetrates into the dermis of the skin where it specifically targets, binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of MEK, thereby inhibiting the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells in which the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway is overactivated. The threonine/tyrosine protein kinase MEK plays a key role in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, which is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types and regulates key cellular activities including cell growth, proliferation, survival, differentiation and apoptosis. Rapid degradation of NFX-179 upon reaching the systemic circulation minimizes side effects caused by systemic exposure.
MEK inhibitor REC-4881: An orally bioavailable, non-ATP-competitive, allosteric, small-molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPK/ERK kinase; MEK) 1 and MEK2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK inhibitor REC-4881 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1/2. This prevents the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 (MAP2K1/K2) are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and are often upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
MEK inhibitor RO4987655: An orally active small molecule, targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAP2K1 or MEK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor RO4987655 binds to and inhibits MEK, which may result in the inhibition of MEK-dependent cell signaling and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase, is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that regulates cell growth; constitutive activation of this pathway has been implicated in many cancers.
MEK inhibitor SHR 7390: An orally available small molecule inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K; MAPK/ERK kinase; MEK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MEK inhibitor SHR 7390 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK. This prevents the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins, which results in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase family that plays a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
MEK inhibitor WX-554: An orally available small molecule mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. MEK inhibitor WX-554 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins including some transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK, a dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
MEK-1/MEKK-1 inhibitor E6201: A synthetic, fungal metabolite analogue inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK-1) with potential antipsoriatic and antineoplastic activities. MEK-1/MEKK-1 inhibitor E6201 specifically binds to and inhibits the activities of MEK-1 and MEKK-1, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. MEK-1 and MEKK-1 are key components in the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK signaling pathway, which regulates cell proliferation and is frequently activated in human cancers.
MEK/Aurora kinase dual inhibitor BI 847325: An orally available dual inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and Aurora kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK/Aurora kinase inhibitor BI 847325 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK, which both prevents the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins and inhibits growth factor-mediated cell signaling. BI 847325 also binds to and inhibits the activity of the Aurora kinases A, B and C which may disrupt the assembly of the mitotic spindle apparatus, prevent chromosome segregation, and inhibit both cellular division and proliferation in Aurora kinase-overexpressing tumor cells. Altogether, this leads to the inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor growth as well as the induction of tumor regression. MEK, a dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinase that plays a key role in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway, is frequently upregulated in a variety of tumor cell types. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control and are overexpressed by a wide variety of cancer cell types.
MEK/RAF molecular glue IK-595: An orally bioavailable mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK)/RAF molecular glue and dual kinase inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK/RAF molecular glue IK-595 targets and glues B-RAF and C-RAF protein kinases with MEK, forming stable and inactive MEK-RAF complexes. This prevents RAF-dependent phosphorylation and activation of MEK, inhibits the activity of MEK, thereby preventing the activation of MEK-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. In addition, this inhibits the anti-apoptotic activity of C-RAF, which may also inhibit tumor cell proliferation. Oncogenic mutations in RAF plays a key role in the overactivation of the RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and drives tumor cell proliferation and survival. MEK1/2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth. This pathway is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types. CRAF-mediated reactivation of MEK and MAPK signaling leads to resistance to MEK inhibitors. IK-595 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
MEK1/2 inhibitor ABM-168: An orally bioavailable, brain-penetrant, allosteric inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK1/2 inhibitor ABM-168 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1 and MEK2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth. This pathway is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types through BRAF, KRAS and NRAS mutations. ABM-168 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
MEK1/2 inhibitor PAS-004: An orally bioavailable macrocyclic inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAP2K, MAPK/ERK kinase, or MEK) 1 and 2, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MEK1/2 inhibitor PAS-004 selectively and allosterically binds to and inhibits the activity of MEK1 and MEK2, preventing the activation of MEK1/2-dependent effector proteins and transcription factors, which may result in the inhibition of growth factor-mediated cell signaling and tumor cell proliferation. MEK1/2 are dual-specificity threonine/tyrosine kinases that play key roles in the activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway that regulates cell growth. This pathway is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types through BRAF, KRAS and NRAS mutations.
Mekinist: (Other name for: trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide)
Mektovi: (Other name for: binimetinib)
Melan-A VLP vaccine: A vaccine consisting of the melanocyte differentiation antigen Melan A (also called MART-1) encapsulated in noninfectious virus-like particles (VLPs) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Melan-A VLP vaccine may stimulate the immune system to exert a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the Melan A antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Melan A is upregulated in most melanomas. VLPs stimulate the immune system and promotes the CTL response.
melan-A/MAGE-3.DP4 peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a peptide derived from the melanocyte differentiation antigen Melan-A (or MART-1) and the human leukocyte antigen HLA-DP4-restricted human melanoma antigen 3 (MAGE-3.DP4), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, Melan-A/MAGE-3.DP4 peptide vaccine may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing Melan-A and MAGE-3, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The tumor associated antigens Melan-A and MAGE-3 are overexpressed in a variety of cancer cell types.
melanoma helper peptide vaccine: A multivalent vaccine consisting of peptides derived from melanoma-associated antigens and an adjuvant peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing melanoma-associated antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
melanoma TRP2 CTL epitope vaccine SCIB1: A proprietary DNA-based cancer vaccine that encodes a melanoma antigen tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitope and a modified monoclonal antibody, a chimera of human IgG1/murine IgG2a with T cell mimotopes expressed within the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the antibodies, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular injection and electroporation, melanoma TRP2 CTL epitope vaccine SCIB1 expresses the modified antibody. Subsequently, the Fc component of the engineered antibody targets and binds to the CD64 receptor on the dendritic cells (DCs); upon processing by DCs, the cellular immune system may be activated to induce helper T-cell and CTL immune responses against tumor cells expressing the TRP2 antigen.
Melia azadirachta flower extract: The flower extract from the tree Melia azadirachta.
MELITAC 12.1 peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of an emulsion of a mixture of 12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides and a class II MHC-restricted tetanus toxoid helper peptide, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, the MELITAC 12.1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing the melanoma peptide antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The melanoma peptides contained in the vaccine are upregulated in melanoma cancer cells.
MELK inhibitor OTS167: An orally available inhibitor of maternal embryonic leucine zipper kinase (MELK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, OTS167 binds to MELK, which prevents both MELK phosphorylation and activation; thus inhibiting the phosphorylation of downstream MELK substrates. This may lead to an inhibition of both cell proliferation and survival in MELK-expressing tumor cells. MELK, a serine/threonine kinase, is involved in cancer cell survival, invasiveness and cancer-stem cell formation and maintenance; it is highly upregulated in various types of cancer cells and absent in normal, healthy cells.
Mellaril: (Other name for: thioridazine hydrochloride)
meloxicam: An oxicam derivative and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Unlike traditional nonselective NSAIDs, meloxicam preferentially inhibits the activity of cyclo-oxygenase II (COX-II), resulting in a decreased conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin precursors. The resulting decrease in prostaglandin synthesis is responsible for the therapeutic effects of meloxicam.
melphalan: A phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard with antineoplastic activity. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7 position of guanine and induces DNA inter-strand cross-linkages, resulting in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and cytotoxicity against both dividing and non-dividing tumor cells.
melphalan flufenamide: A peptide-drug conjugate composed of a peptide conjugated, via an aminopeptidase-targeting linkage, to the alkylating agent melphalan, with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon administration, the highly lipophilic melphalan flufenamide penetrates cell membranes and enters cells. In aminopeptidase-positive tumor cells, melphalan flufenamide is hydrolyzed by peptidases to release the hydrophilic alkylating agent melphalan. This results in the specific release and accumulation of melphalan in aminopeptidase-positive tumor cells. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7 position of guanine residues and induces DNA intra- and inter-strand cross-linkages. This results in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Peptidases are overexpressed by certain cancer cells. The administration of melphalan flufenamide allows for enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to melphalan.
melphalan flufenamide hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of the peptide-drug conjugate melphalan flufenamide in which the flufenamide peptide is conjugated, via an aminopeptidase-targeting linkage, to the alkylating agent melphalan, with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon administration, the highly lipophilic melphalan flufenamide penetrates cell membranes and enters cells. In aminopeptidase-positive tumor cells, melphalan flufenamide is hydrolyzed by peptidases to release the hydrophilic alkylating agent melphalan. This results in the specific release and accumulation of melphalan in aminopeptidase-positive tumor cells. Melphalan alkylates DNA at the N7 position of guanine residues and induces DNA intra- and inter-strand cross-linkages. This results in the inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis and the induction of apoptosis, thereby inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Peptidases are overexpressed by certain cancer cells. The administration of melphalan flufenamide allows for enhanced efficacy and reduced toxicity compared to melphalan.
melphalan hydrochloride: A bifunctional alkylating agent and phenylalanine derivative of nitrogen mustard. Melphalan hydrochloride is converted into highly reactive ethylenimmonium intermediates that induce covalent guanine N7-N7 intra- and inter-crosslinks and alkylation of adenine N3 of DNA. This agent also alkylates RNA and protein structures. As a result RNA transcription and protein synthesis are inhibited, ultimately leading to cell growth arrest and/or death.
melphalan hydrochloride/sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin complex: A propylene glycol-free intravenous formulation containing the hydrochloride salt of the nitrogen mustard phenylalanine derivative melphalan complexed with polyanionic sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (SBE-CD) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, melphalan is converted into highly reactive ethylenimmonium intermediates that induce covalent guanine N7-N7 intra- and inter-crosslinks and alkylation of adenine N3 of DNA; RNA and proteins may also be alkylated. Subsequently, RNA transcription and protein synthesis are inhibited, resulting in cell growth arrest. The addition of sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin to the formulation improves the solubility, stability and ease of use of melphalan; cyclodextrins are cyclic dextrins derived from starch.
memantine: A low-affinity, voltage-dependent, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Memantine binds to and inhibits cation channels of glutamanergic NMDA receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS), preventing the prolonged influx of calcium ions and the associated neuronal excitotoxicity, and thereby potentially enhancing cognitive function. Memantine is also a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptor and nicotinic receptor antagonist.
memantine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of memantine, a low-affinity, voltage-dependent, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. Memantine binds to and inhibits cation channels of glutamanergic NMDA receptors located in the central nervous system (CNS), preventing the prolonged influx of calcium ions and the associated neuronal excitotoxicity, and thereby potentially enhancing cognitive function. Memantine is also a 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptor and nicotinic receptor antagonist.
Membrane-bound IL-15-expressing Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes OBX-115: A preparation of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) that have been genetically engineered to express membrane-bound IL-15 (mbIL15), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon introduction of the mbIL15-expressing TILs OBX-115, the TILs target and kill tumor cells. IL-15 is a pro-survival cytokine that is required for the maintenance of long-lived CD8+ memory T-cells. Sustained IL-15 signaling enhances TIL persistence and potency compared to un-engineered TILs. OBX-115 may replace the need for concomitant administration of systemic IL-2 which is needed to improve the efficacy of conventional TILs.
membrane-bound interleukin-21-expanded haploidentical natural killer cells: A preparation of human cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) primed, tumor-activated allogeneic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haploidentical natural killer (NK) cells, with potential cytolytic and immunoregulatory activities. Allogeneic leukemia cells are genetically modified to express membrane-bound interleukin-21 (mbIL-21) on their cell surfaces. When human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an HLA-haploidentical donor are subsequently exposed to these cells, the donor PBMC differentiate into mature, highly cytotoxic NK cells, which are subsequently expanded in ex vivo culture. Upon infusion of the mbIL-21-expanded haploidentical NK cells, the NK cells target, lyse and destroy tumor cells. mbIL-21 promotes sustained ex vivo proliferation of human NK cells and enhances its cytotoxic activity.
menadione topical lotion: A topical lotion containing the small organic molecule protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor menadione (vitamin K3) with potential EGFR- and ErbB2/HER2-activating activities. Upon topical administration, menadione binds to and inhibits the activity of PTPs that dephosphorylate and inactivate EGFR and ErbB2 in human keratinocytes; local reversal of EGFR and ErbB2 inhibition associated with the systemic administration of EGFR inhibitors may help alleviate EGFR inhibitor-mediated skin toxicity. EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) and ErbB2/HER2 (erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2/ human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) are cell surface receptors that are upregulated in a number of cancer cells types and play important roles in the growth and maintenance of normal epithelial tissues.
menatetrenone: A menaquinone compound and form of vitamin K2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Menatetrenone may act by modulating the signalling of certain tyrosine kinases, thereby affecting several transcription factors including c-myc and c-fos. This agent inhibits tumor cell growth by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.
menin inhibitor BMF-219: An orally bioavailable, irriversible inhibitor of menin, an essential co-factor of oncogenic menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL; myeloid/lymphoid leukemia; KMT2A) fusion proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, menin inhibitor BMF-219 specifically targets and binds to menin, thereby preventing the interaction between the two proteins menin and MLL and the formation of the menin-MLL complex. This reduces the expression of downstream target genes, such as MYC and Bcl2, and results in an inhibition of the proliferation of MLL-rearranged tumor cells. Menin, an essential transcriptional regulator, plays a key role in oncogenic signaling in cancers driven by oncogenic MLL-fusions.
menin inhibitor DS-1594b: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of menin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, menin inhibitor DS-1594b targets and binds to the nuclear protein menin, thereby preventing the interaction between the two proteins menin and menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL; myeloid/lymphoid leukemia; KMT2A) and the formation of the menin-MLL complex. This reduces the expression of downstream target genes and results in an inhibition of the proliferation of MLL-rearranged leukemic cells. The menin-MLL complex plays a key role in the survival, growth, transformation and proliferation of certain kinds of leukemia cells.
menin inhibitor DSP-5336: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of menin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, menin inhibitor DSP-5336 targets and binds to the nuclear protein menin, thereby preventing the interaction between the two proteins menin and menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL; myeloid/lymphoid leukemia; KMT2A) and the formation of the menin-MLL complex. This reduces the expression of downstream target genes and results in an inhibition of the proliferation of MLL-rearranged leukemic cells. The menin-MLL complex plays a key role in the survival, growth, transformation and proliferation of certain kinds of leukemia cells.
menin-MLL interaction inhibitor JNJ-75276617: An orally bioavailable protein-protein interaction (PPI) inhibitor of the menin-mixed lineage leukemia (MLL; mixed-lineage leukemia 1; MLL1; myeloid/lymphoid leukemia; histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A; KMT2A) proteins, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, menin-MLL interaction inhibitor JNJ-75276617 inhibits the interaction between the two proteins menin and MLL and the formation of the menin-MLL complex. This reduces the expression of downstream target genes and results in an inhibition of the proliferation of leukemic cells with either KMT2A alterations such as gene rearrangements (KMT2A-r), duplications, and amplification, or nucleophosmin 1 gene (NPM1) alterations. The menin-MLL complex plays a key role in the survival, growth, transformation and proliferation of certain kinds of leukemia cells.
menogaril: A semisynthetic derivative of the anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotic nogalamycin. Menogaril intercalates into DNA and interacts with topoisomerase II, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and repair and RNA and protein synthesis. This agent is less cardiotoxic than doxorubicin.
Menogarol: (Other name for: menogaril)
meperidine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic piperidine ester with opioid analgesic activity. Meperidine mimics the actions of endogenous neuropeptides via opioid receptors such as the mu-opioid receptor, thereby producing characteristic morphine-like effects including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia and physical dependence.
mepivacaine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of mepivacaine, an amide-type local anesthetic agent. At the injection site, mepivacaine binds to specific voltage-gated sodium ion channels in neuronal cell membranes, which inhibits both sodium influx and membrane depolarization. This leads to a blockage of nerve impulse initiation and conduction and results in a reversible loss of sensation. Compared to other local anesthetics, this agent has a more rapid onset and moderate duration of action.
mepolizumab: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin-5 (IL-5) with anti-asthmatic and potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon administration, mepolizumab selectively binds to IL-5, preventing it from associating with interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha (IL5RA) on the surface of eosinophils and their progenitors. IL-5 plays a role in the regulation of eosinophil development from hematopoietic progenitors as well as eosinophil maturation, differentiation, mobilization, activation, and survival. IL-5 also play a role in the pathogenesis of some phenotypes of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES).
Mepron: (Other name for: atovaquone)
mercaptopurine: A thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Produced through the metabolism of mercaptopurine by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), mercaptopurine metabolites 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thioGMP) and 6-thioinosine (T-IMP) inhibit nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine synthesis, thereby blocking the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. In addition, mercaptopurine is converted to 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) by 6-thiopurine methyltransferase; MMPRs are also potent inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis.
mercaptopurine oral suspension: An oral suspension containing the thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite 6-mercaptopurine, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mercaptopurine is metabolized by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRTase) to its active metabolite 6-thioinosine monophosphate (TIMP); TIMP inhibits nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine ribonucleotide synthesis, which both blocks the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibits DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. By blocking DNA synthesis and replication, cancer cells are unable to proliferate. Compared to the tablet formulation, the liquid is easier to swallow and offers more flexibility and accuracy in dosing, which is beneficial for use in pediatric patients.
mercaptopurine tablet: The anhydrous form of mercaptopurine, a thiopurine-derivative antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunosuppressive activities. Produced through the metabolism of mercaptopurine by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT), mercaptopurine metabolites 6-thioguanosine-5'-phosphate (6-thioGMP) and 6-thioinosine monophosphate (T-IMP) inhibit nucleotide interconversions and de novo purine synthesis, thereby blocking the formation of purine nucleotides and inhibiting DNA synthesis. This agent is also incorporated into DNA in the form of deoxythioguanosine, which results in the disruption of DNA replication. In addition, mercaptopurine is converted to 6-methylmercaptopurine ribonucleoside (MMPR) by 6-thiopurine methyltransferase; MMPRs are also potent inhibitors of de novo purine synthesis.
merestinib: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. Merestinib selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.
meropenem: A broad-spectrum carbapenem with antibacterial properties, synthetic Meropenem inhibits cell wall synthesis in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It penetrates cell walls and binds to penicillin-binding protein targets. Meropenem acts against aerobes and anaerobes including Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterococcus, Clostridium sp..
Merrem I.V.: (Other name for: meropenem)
mesalamine: An agent derived from sulfasalazine, an antiinflammatory agent. Mesalamine may reduce inflammation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin production. Following rectal or oral administration, only a small amount of mesalamine is absorbed; the remainder, acting topically, reduces bowel inflammation, diarrhea, rectal bleeding and stomach pain.
mesenchymal stem cells: An undifferentiated stromal cell with the ability to develop into the cells that form distinct mesenchymal tissues; such as bone, muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue.
mesenchymal stromal cells-derived exosomes with KRAS G12D siRNA: Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have been engineered to carry short interfering RNA (siRNA) specific to the KRAS G12D mutation subtype. Upon administration, the KRAS G12D siRNA-loaded exosomes deliver siRNA to tumor cells expressing the mutant form of KRAS, potentially silencing its activity. The KRAS G12D mutation is thought to drive tumorigenesis and progression in some cancers.
mesmulogene ancovacivec: A bivalent cancer vaccine comprised of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain encoding human mucin 1 (MUC1) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Originally developed for the eradication of smallpox, MVA is a highly attenuated and replication-defective strain incapable of virion assembly and exerts potent immunostimulatory activity against antigens. Vaccination with mesmulogene ancovacivec may stimulate the host immune system to mount a humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing MUC1, a tumor associated antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Expression of IL-2 augments the specific CTL response against MUC1 expressing cells.
mesna: A sulfhydryl compound that is used to reduce the incidence of hemorrhagic cystitis associated with certain chemotherapeutic agents. Mesna is converted to a free thiol compound in the kidney, where it binds to and inactivates acrolein and other urotoxic metabolites of ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, thereby reducing their toxic effects on the urinary tract during urinary excretion.
Mesnex: (Other name for: mesna)
mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered peripheral blood lymphocytes: A preparation of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) transduced with a retroviral vector encoding a T cell chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for mesothelin with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. After transduction, expansion in culture, and reintroduction into the patient, the mesothelin-specific chimeric antigen receptor-engineered PBLs bind to tumor cells expressing mesothelin. This may stimulate the secretion of cytokines and result in cell lysis of mesothelin-expressing cancer cells. Mesothelin, a cell surface glycoprotein involved in cell adhesion, is overexpressed in many epithelial-derived cancers.
mesothelin/CD3e tri-specific T-cell activating construct HPN536: A recombinant antibody derivative composed of a tri-specific T-cell activating construct (TriTAC) directed against the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) mesothelin (MSLN) and the epsilon domain of CD3 antigen (CD3e) found on T lymphocytes which are both linked to either side of an anti-albumin single domain antibody, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the MSLN/CD3e TriTAC HPN536, the anti-MSLN single antibody domain targets and binds MSLN on tumor cells and the anti-CD3e single-chain variable fragment (scFv) targets and binds to CD3e on cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), thereby bringing MSLN-expressing tumor cells and CTLs together, which results in the CTL-mediated cell death of MSLN-expressing tumor cells. The albumin-binding domain targets and binds to serum albumin, thereby extending the serum half-life of HPN536. MSLN is overexpressed on the surface of certain tumor cell types. Overexpression of MSLN is often associated with poor prognosis.
mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with mesothelioma tumor lysate with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mesothelioma tumor lysate-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against mesothelioma tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
MET kinase inhibitor OMO-1: An inhibitor of the proto-oncogene and receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met; HGFR; MET) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, OMO-1 selectively binds to c-Met, thereby inhibiting c-Met phosphorylation and disrupting c-Met signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing c-Met protein or expressing constitutively activated c-Met protein. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.
MET receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SGX523: An orally bioavailable small molecule, belonging to the class of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, with potential antineoplastic activity. MET receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor SGX523 specifically binds to c-Met protein, or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), preventing binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and disrupting the MET signaling pathway; this agent may induce cell death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis.
Met tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-777607: An inhibitor of MET tyrosine kinase with potential antineoplastic activity. MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor BMS-777607 binds to c-Met protein, or hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), preventing binding of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and disrupting the MET signaling pathway; this agent may induce cell death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and in tumor angiogenesis.
MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor EMD 1204831: An inhibitor of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET (hepatocyte growth factor receptor) with potential antineoplastic activity. MET inhibitor EMD 1204831 selectively binds to MET tyrosine kinase, thereby disrupting MET-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may induce cell death in tumor cells overexpressing this kinase. MET is overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, and plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.
MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor PF-04217903: An orally bioavailabe, small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. c-Met inhibitor PF-04217903 selectively binds to and inhibits c-Met, disrupting the c-Met signaling pathway, which may result in the inhibition of tumor cell growth, migration and invasion of tumor cells, and the induction of death in tumor cells expressing c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in many tumor cell types, plays key roles in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis.
MET tyrosine kinase inhibitor SAR125844: An inhibitor of the proto-oncogene c-Met (also known as hepatocyte growth factor receptor [HGFR]) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, c-Met inhibitor SAR125844 binds to c-Met, thereby disrupting c-Met-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may result in cell growth inhibition in tumors that overexpress c-Met. c-Met, a receptor tyrosine kinase overexpressed or mutated in a variety of cancers, plays an important role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion, metastasis and tumor angiogenesis.
MET x MET bispecific antibody REGN5093: A bispecific monoclonal antibody that targets two different epitopes of the human tumor-associated antigen (TAA) MET (c-MET; hepatocyte growth factor receptor; HGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MET x MET bispecific antibody REGN5093 targets and binds to two different, non-overlapping epitopes on MET expressed on the tumor cell surface, thereby forming unique REGN5093-MET complexes. The binding of REGN5093 to the MET epitopes and the unique complex formation causes MET internalization and degradation. This prevents MET-mediated signaling and inhibits growth of MET-driven tumor cells. MET, a receptor tyrosine kinase, is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types where it is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition; it plays a key role in cancer cell growth, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.
meta-fluorine F 18 fluorobenzylguanidine: A radioconjugate composed of the positron-emitting radioisotope fluorine F 18 labeled benzylguanidine, a synthetic analogue of the adrenergic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE), with potential use in the diagnostic imaging of human norepinephrine transporter (hNET)-expressing cells by either positron emitting tomography (PET) or computed tomography (CT). Upon administration, meta-fluorine F 18 fluorobenzylguanidine (MFBG) is taken up by and accumulates in both the granules of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells and the pre-synaptic granules of adrenergic neurons in a manner almost identical to that of NE. In turn, hNET-expressing tumor cells can be imaged by PET or CT. hNET, a transmembrane protein and regulator of catecholamine uptake normally restricted to the central and peripheral sympathetic nervous system, is overexpressed in certain tumor cell types.
metabolic anti-cancer agent ASCA101: An agent targeting cancer metabolic processes, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, metabolic anti-cancer agent ASCA101 may disrupt one or more specific metabolic processes in cancer cells, which may lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) depletion. This causes apoptosis and prevents proliferation of susceptible cancers cells only while sparing normal, healthy cells.
metahexamide: A long-acting, first-generation, cyclohexyl sulfonylurea with antihyperglycemic activity. Metahexamide has greater potency than chlorpropamide and tolbutamide. This agent may cause jaundice.
Metandren: (Other name for: methyltestosterone)
MetAP2 inhibitor APL-1202: An orally available inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase II type (MetAP2) with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, APL-1202 binds to and reversibly inhibits MetAP2, thereby preventing MetAP2-mediated signal transduction pathways. This may suppress endothelial cell growth and inhibit tumor angiogenesis, resulting in tumor cell death. MetAP2, a member of the dimetallohydrolase family, is upregulated in certain tumor cell types and plays a key role in angiogenesis, proliferation and survival.
metarrestin: An orally available small molecule inhibitor of perinucleolar compartment (PNC), with potential antineoplastic activities. Although the exact mechanisms(s) through which this agent exerts its effects have yet to be fully elucidated, upon oral administration, metarrestin disrupts the structure of PNC and inhibits RNA polymerase (Pol) I transcription. This leads to the reduction in the prevalence of PNC in cancer cells and decrease in tumor growth and spread. PNC is a subnuclear structure and a phenotypic marker of metastatic cancer cells. A high PNC prevalence has been associated with disease progression and poor patient outcomes.
Metastat: (Other name for: incyclinide)
Metastron: (Other name for: strontium chloride Sr-89)
metatinib tromethamine: An orally bioavailable tyrosine kinase inhibitor of the BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, metatinib tromethamine may inhibit the BCL-ABL protein, which may lead to decreased proliferation and enhanced apoptosis in tumor cells. BCR-ABL oncoprotein is generated by a reciprocal translocation between chromosome 9 and 22 specifically t(9;22)(q34;q11). The resulting fusion gene produces proteins with constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity, which stimulate both abnormal cell division and increased cellular proliferation. This fusion is associated with both chronic myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
metformide hydrochloride/pioglitazone hydrochloride extended-release tablet: An extended-release (ER) tablet composed of the hydrochloride salt form of the biguanide metformin and the hydrochloride salt form of the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone, with antihyperglycemic activity. Upon oral administration and although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, metformin inhibits complex I (NADPH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and increases the cellular AMP to ATP ratio leading to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). This modulates AMPK-mediated transcription of target genes, which prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation, and increases glucose uptake and utilization in target tissues. Pioglitazone binds to and activates the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), thereby increasing the transcription of insulin-responsive genes. This enhances insulin sensitivity of insulin-dependent tissues, decreases insulin resistance, enhances peripheral glucose utilization, and decreases hepatic glucose output. Altogether, this lowers blood glucose levels.
metformin hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the biguanide metformin with antihyperglycemic and potential antineoplastic activities. Metformin inhibits complex I (NADPH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, thereby increasing the cellular AMP to ATP ratio and leading to activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and regulating AMPK-mediated transcription of target genes. This eventually prevents hepatic gluconeogenesis, enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation and ultimately leads to a decrease in glucose levels. Metformin may exert antineoplastic effects through AMPK-mediated or AMPK-independent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is up-regulated in many cancer tissues. Furthermore, this agent also inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression which is mediated through the suppression of transcription activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation.
methadone hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of methadone, a synthetic opioid with analgesic activity. Similar to morphine and other morphine-like agents, methadone mimics the actions of endogenous peptides at CNS opioid receptors, primarily the mu-receptor, resulting in characteristic morphine-like effects including analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, bradycardia and physical dependence. Because of the prolonged half-life of methadone compared to other morphine-like agents such as heroin, the onset of opiate withdrawal symptoms is slower, the duration of opiate withdrawal is prolonged, and opiate withdrawal symptoms are less severe.
Methadose: (Other name for: methadone hydrochloride)
methanol extraction residue of BCG: A cell wall fraction of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) obtained by menthol extraction with immunomodulating properties and potential use in cancer immunotherapy.
methazolamide: A sulfonamide derivate and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Methazolamide inhibits tumor-associated carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), which may result in increased cell death in hypoxic tumors. As a hypoxia-inducible transmembrane glycoprotein, CAIX catalyzes the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid, protons, and bicarbonate ions, helping to maintain acidification of the tumor microenvironment and enhance resistance to cytotoxic therapy in some hypoxic tumors.
methimazole: A thioamide inhibitor of the enzyme thyroid peroxidase (TPO), with antithyroid activity. Upon administration, methimazole inhibits the metabolism of iodide and the iodination of tyrosine residues in the thyroid hormone precursor thyroglobulin by TPO; this prevents the synthesis of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4).
methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor M8891: A proprietary orally available inhibitor of methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2), which cleaves the amino-terminal methionine residue from nascent proteins, with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MetAP2 inhibitor M8891 inhibits MetAP2 aminopeptidase activity and impairs protein synthesis, which may lead to a decrease in endothelial cell proliferation. Decreased proliferation of endothelial cells results in reductions of both angiogenesis and the growth and spread of solid tumors that are dependent on new blood vessel formation. MetAP2, a metallopeptidase, is involved in promoting protein synthesis and endothelial cell proliferation.
methionine C 11: A synthetic amino acid radiolabeled with carbon-11. Acting as a methyl donor, methionine C 11 is incorporated into macromolecules, where it serves as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agent for detecting tumors with high rates of protein synthesis.
Methitest: (Other name for: methyltestosterone)
Methosarb: (Other name for: Calusterone)
methotrexate: An antimetabolite and antifolate agent with antineoplastic and immunosuppressant activities. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant activity although the mechanism(s) of actions is unclear.
methotrexate sodium: The sodium salt of methotrexate, an antimetabolite with antineoplastic and immunomodulating properties. Methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Methotrexate also exhibits potent immunosuppressant properties.
methotrexate-e therapeutic implant: An injectable collagen matrix gel containing the antimetabolite methotrexate and the sympathicomimetic agent epinephrine with potential antineoplastic activity. After intratumoral injection, methotrexate binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in inhibition of purine nucleotide and thymidylate synthesis and, subsequently, inhibition of DNA and RNA syntheses. Epinephrine, a potent vasoconstrictor, is added to the gel to enhance penetration of methotrexate into the tumor tissue and reduce dispersion to the surrounding tissues thereby enhancing the local concentration of methotrexate and increasing its anti-tumor activity. Intratumoral injection of methotrexate combined with epinephrine may potentially increase chemotherapeutic efficacy compared to systemic administration and reduce systemic toxicity and side effects.
methotrexate-encapsulating autologous tumor-derived microparticles: A suspension of autologous tumor-derived microparticles (ATMP), that are harvested from a patient with malignant pleural effusion, encapsulating the antimetabolic drug methotrexate (MTX), with potential anticancer activity. Although the exact mechanism(s) of action through which this agent exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration of MTX-ATMP, the MTX moiety is released and internalized by tumor cells. It then binds to and inhibits the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. This results in the inhibition of purine nucleotide synthesis and leads to decreased synthesis of both DNA and RNA, which induces cell death. Presumably, the encapsulation of MTX by the ATMP improves its bioavailability and decreases its toxicity.
methoxsalen: A naturally occurring substance isolated from the seeds of the plant Ammi majus with photoactivating properties. As a member of the family of compounds known as psoralens or furocoumarins, methoxsalen's exact mechanism of action is unknown; upon photoactivation, methoxsalen has been observed to bind covalently to and crosslink DNA.
methoxyamine: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor with potential adjuvant activity. Methoxyamine covalently binds to apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) DNA damage sites and inhibits base excision repair (BER), which may result in an increase in DNA strand breaks and apoptosis. This agent may potentiate the anti-tumor activity of alkylating agents.
methoxyflurane: A fluorinated isopropyl ether with anesthetic and muscle relaxant activities. Although the mechanism of action has not been fully elucidated, upon inhalation, methoxyflurane acts through multiple mechanisms of action. This agent interferes with the release and re-uptake of neurotransmitters at post-synaptic terminals, and/or alters ionic conductance following receptor activation by a neurotransmitter, thereby disrupting neuronal transmission. In addition, this agent activates the inhibitory receptor gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Altogether, this results in a general anesthetic effect and induces analgesia.
methyl bacteriopurpurinimide: A brain-penetrant bacteriochlorin analog and photosensitizer, with potential imaging and antineoplastic activities upon fluorescence imaging and fluorescence-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT) respectively. Upon administration, methyl bacteriopurpurinimide crosses the blood brain barrier (BBB) and is taken up by tumor cells. Upon clinical near-infrared (NIR) imaging, the tumor cells can be detected which allows for visualization of the tumor. Upon NIR PDT, the tumor cells are killed.
methyl-5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride cream: A topical cream formulation containing the hydrochloride salt of methyl-5-aminolevulinate, a lipophilic methyl ester of 5-aminolevulinic acid, with photosensitizer prodrug activity. Upon topical administration, methyl-5-aminolevulinate in the cream is selectively absorbed by tumor cells where it is converted to the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Upon photoirradiation, PpIX is activated and transfers energy to oxygen, generating singlet oxygen and superoxide and hydroxyl radicals, which may result in free-radical-mediated DNA damage and cell death.
methylcantharidimide: An orally bioavailable derivative of the terpenoid cantharidin, which is a natural toxin extracted from blister beetles, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which methylcantharidimide exerts its effect has yet to be fully elucidated, this agent, upon oral administration, may exert a direct tumor cell killing effect in susceptible tumor cells.
methylene blue: A synthetic basic dye. Methylene blue stains to negatively charged cell components like nucleic acids; when administered in the lymphatic bed of a tumor during oncologic surgery, methylene blue may stain lymph nodes draining from the tumor, thereby aiding in the visual localization of tumor sentinel lymph nodes. When administered intravenously in low doses, this agent may convert methemoglobin to hemoglobin.
methylene dimethane sulfonate: A member of the homologous series of dimethane sulphonic acid esters with alkylating properties. Methylene dimethane sulfonate alkylates DNA, resulting in interstrand DNA crosslinking, inhibition of DNA replication, disruption of the cell cycle, and cell death.
methylmercaptopurine riboside: A purine derivative with antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic properties. 6-methylmercaptopurine riboside (6-MMPR) inhibits amidophosphoribosyltransferase, the first committed step in de novo purine synthesis, and inhibits fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2)-induced cell proliferation.
methylnaltrexone: A methyl derivative of noroxymorphone with selective, opioid-receptor antagonistic activity. Methylnaltrexone displaces opioids from peripheral opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the skin, resulting in decreases in opioid-related constipation, urinary retention, and pruritis, respectively. Methylnaltrexone does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not affect the centrally-mediated analgesic effect of opioids.
methylnaltrexone bromide: The bromide salt form of methylnaltrexone, a methyl derivative of noroxymorphone with selective, peripherally-acting mu-opioid receptor antagonistic activity. Methylnaltrexone displaces opioids from peripheral opioid receptors in the gastrointestinal tract, the bladder, and the skin, thereby reversing the opioid-related peripheral side-effects, such as constipation, urinary retention, and pruritis, respectively. Unlike naltrexone and due to the presence of a positively charged nitrogen atom in methylnaltrexone, this agent does not cross the blood-brain barrier and does not affect the centrally-mediated analgesic effect of opioids.
methylphenidate hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the synthetic central nervous system stimulant methylphenidate. Methylphenidate appears to activate the brain stem arousal system and cortex to produce its stimulant effect and, in some clinical settings, may improve cognitive function.
methylprednisolone acetate: The acetate salt of a synthetic glucocorticoid receptor agonist with immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory effects. Methylprednisolone acetate is converted into active prednisolone in the body, which activates glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene expression. This includes inducing synthesis of anti-inflammatory protein IkappaB-alpha and inhibiting synthesis of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). As a result, proinflammatory cytokine production such as IL-1, IL-2 and IL-6 is down-regulated and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activation is inhibited. Therefore, an overall reduction in chronic inflammation and autoimmune reactions may be achieved.
methylselenocysteine: A naturally occurring organoselenium compound found in many plants, including garlic, onions, and broccoli, with potential antioxidant and chemopreventive activities. Se-Methyl-seleno-L-cysteine (MSC) is an amino acid analogue of cysteine in which a methylselenium moiety replaces the sulphur atom of cysteine. This agent acts as an antioxidant when incorporated into glutathione peroxidase and has been shown to exhibit potent chemopreventive activity in animal models.
methyltestosterone: A methylated synthetic androgen receptor agonist with anabolic effects. Methyltestosterone, mimicking testosterone, binds to cytosolic androgen receptors, and the subsequent nuclear transfer of the ligand-receptor complex induces transcription initiation of androgen responsive genes. The gene products are responsible for normal growth and development of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics. The agent also causes retention of nitrogen, sodium, potassium, phosphorus, as well as calcium.
Meti-derm: (Other name for: prednisolone)
metoclopramide hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of the substituted benzamide metoclopramide, a para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) derivative that is structurally related to procainamide, with gastroprokinetic and antiemetic activities. Metoclopramide binds to dopamine 2 (D2) receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), antagonizing dopamine-mediated relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and promoting gastroprokinesis; the pyloric sphincter and the duodenal bulb are relaxed, peristalsis of the duodenum and jejunum increase, and gastric emptying and intestinal transit accelerate. This agent may also increase the resting tone of the lower esophagus sphincter (LES), preventing acid reflux. In the central nervous system (CNS), metoclopramide antagonizes D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptive trigger zone (CTZ) of the medulla, thereby preventing nausea and vomiting.
metoprine: A diaminopyrimidine folate antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Metoprine inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, resulting in decreased cellular folate metabolism and cell growth; it also inhibits histamine-N-methyltransferase, resulting in decreased histamine catabolism. Lipid-soluble metoprine is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier.
metoprolol: A cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Metoprolol antagonizes beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby reducing the rate and force of myocardial contraction leading to a reduction in cardiac output. This agent may also reduce the secretion of renin with subsequent reduction in levels of angiotensin II thereby preventing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion.
metoprolol succinate: The succinate salt form of metoprolol, a cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Metoprolol succinate antagonizes beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby reducing the rate and force of myocardial contraction, and consequently a diminished cardiac output. This agent may also reduce the secretion of renin with subsequent reduction in levels of angiotensin II thus decreasing sympathetic activation, including vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion.
metoprolol tartrate: The tartrate salt form of metoprolol, a cardioselective competitive beta-1 adrenergic receptor antagonist with antihypertensive properties and devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. Metoprolol tartrate antagonizes beta 1-adrenergic receptors in the myocardium, thereby reducing the rate and force of myocardial contraction, and consequently a diminished cardiac output. This agent may also reduce the secretion of renin with subsequent reduction in levels of angiotensin II thus decreasing sympathetic activation, including vasoconstriction, aldosterone secretion.
metreleptin: A recombinant human leptin analog composed of human leptin with the addition of a methionine residue at its amino terminus, that may be used for the treatment of leptin deficiency. Upon administration, metreleptin binds to and activates the human leptin receptor (ObR). This activates leptin/ObR-mediated signaling pathways. Leptin, a hormone predominantly secreted by adipose tissue, plays an important role in maintaining energy homeostasis.
Metro I.V.: (Other name for: metronidazole hydrochloride)
metronidazole hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a synthetic nitroimidazole derivative with antiprotozoal and antibacterial activities. Although its mechanism of action is not fully elucidated, un-ionized metronidazole is readily taken up by obligate anaerobic organisms and is subsequently reduced by low-redox potential electron-transport proteins to an active, intermediate product. Reduced metronidazole causes DNA strand breaks, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis and bacterial cell growth.
METTL-3 inhibitor STC-15: An orally bioavailable methyltransferase-like protein 3 (METTL-3) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, METTL-3 inhibitor STC-15 targets, binds to and blocks the activity of METTL-3, thereby depleting N-6-methyladenosine (m6A) depositions by METTL3 from certain mRNA transcripts. This leads to the formation of double-stranded RNA, the activation of RNA sensors and the upregulation of expression of genes associated with innate immunity, such as interferon (IFN). This causes upregulation of cytokines and the expression of interferon stimulated genes (ISG). This abrogates the METTL-3-mediated inhibition of certain immune cell functions and causes activation of anti-tumor immune responses, primarily the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In addition, by depleting m6A depositions by METTL3 on certain mRNA transcripts, STC-15 negatively affects the stability and translation of certain mRNAs leading to a decrease of the expression of certain tumor-associated and anti-apoptotic genes. STC-15 also inhibits the function of leukemia stem cells. METTL-3, an RNA methyltransferase, plays a key role in the initiation and progression of many types of cancer. It is responsible for the deposition of m6A modification on mRNA and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) targets to regulate their stability, splicing, transport and translation.
Metvixia cream: (Other name for: methyl-5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride cream)
metyrosine: A methylated tyrosine, a catecholamine synthesis antagonist with antihypertensive property. Metyrosine competitively inhibits tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, an enzyme that activates molecular oxygen to catalyze the hydroxylation of tyrosine to dihydroxyphenylalanine (Dopa), an intermediate to catecholamine (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) production. This agent reduces the elevated levels of catecholamines associated with pheochromocytoma, thereby preventing hypertension.
Mevacor: (Other name for: lovastatin)
mexiletine: A local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic (Class IB) agent structurally related to lidocaine. Mexiletine exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by inhibiting the inward sodium current in cardiac cells, thereby reducing the rate of rise of the cardiac action potential (phase 0) and decreases automaticity in the Purkinje fibers. This slows nerve impulses in the heart and stabilizes the heartbeat. Mexiletine's anesthetic activity is due to its ability to block sodium influx in peripheral nerves, thereby reducing the rate and intensity of pain impulses reaching the central nervous system.
mexiletine hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of mexiletine, a local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic (Class IB) agent structurally related to lidocaine. Mexiletine exerts its antiarrhythmic effect by inhibiting the inward sodium current in cardiac cells, thereby reducing the rate of rise of the cardiac action potential (phase 0) and decreases automaticity in the Purkinje fibers. This slows nerve impulses in the heart and stabilizes the heartbeat. Mexiletine's anesthetic activity is due to its ability to block sodium influx in peripheral nerves, thereby reducing the rate and intensity of pain impulses reaching the central nervous system.
mezigdomide: A modulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing cereblon (CRL4-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mezigdomide specifically binds to cereblon (CRBN), thereby affecting the ubiquitin E3 ligase activity, and targeting certain substrate proteins for ubiquitination. This induces proteasome-mediated degradation of certain transcription factors, some of which are transcriptional repressors in T cells. This leads to modulation of the immune system, including activation of T lymphocytes, and downregulation of the activity of other proteins, some of which play key roles in the proliferation of certain cancer cell types. CRBN, the substrate recognition component of the CRL4-CRBN E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, plays a key role in the ubiquitination of certain proteins.
MG 98: A second-generation, mixed-backbone, phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotide (ODN) with potential antitumor activity. MG 98 is a highly specific inhibitor of translation of the mRNA for human DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), hybridizing to the 3' un-translated region of DNMT1 mRNA. The silencing of DNMT1 translation by MG 98 may result in the prevention or reversal of abnormal methylation of tumor suppressor genes and ultimately in tumor growth inhibition or tumor regression.
Micafungin: A semi-synthetic echinocandin derived from a natural product of the fungus Coleophama empedri with potent antifungal activity. Micafungin, like other cyclic lipopeptides, noncompetitively inhibits the fungal specific enzyme 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase, an enzyme essential for fungal cell wall synthesis. Inhibition of this enzyme weakens of the cell wall, thereby leading to osmotic lysis and eventually, fungal cell death.
Micardis: (Other name for: telmisartan)
micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated cisplatin NC-6004: A nanoparticle-based prodrug formulation consisting of polymeric micelles incorporating the inorganic platinum agent cisplatin with potential antineoplastic activity. In micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated cisplatin NC-6004, cisplatin forms a polymer-metal complex with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol poly(glutamic acid) block copolymers by attaching to the micelle inner core consisting of the hydrophobic polymer polyamino acid. Upon cell entry and release from the polymer-metal complex, cisplatin forms highly reactive, charged platinum complexes that bind to nucleophilic groups such as GC-rich sites in DNA, inducing intrastrand and interstrand DNA cross-linking, DNA-protein cross-linking and, subsequently, tumor cell apoptosis and growth inhibition. Due to the hydrophilic nature of polyethylene glycol, this formulation increases the water-solubility of cisplatin and decreases the nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity associated with the administration of cisplatin alone.
micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated epirubicin: A nanoparticle-based prodrug formulation consisting of polymeric micelles encapsulating the anthracycline epirubicin, with potential antineoplastic activity. Epirubicin is covalently bound to polyethylene glycol (PEG) polyaspartate block copolymers through an acid-labile hydrazone bond and, upon suspension in an aqueous solution, a micellar structure with an outer hydrophilic PEG shell surrounding the hydrophobic epirubicin is formed. Upon administration of the micellar nanoparticle-encapsulated epirubicin, the nanoparticles are stable in the bloodstream and specifically accumulate in the tumor tissue. Due to the acidic conditions in the tumor and the pH-responsive nature of the micelles, epirubicin is released in the tumor milieu; it then intercalates into DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, which inhibits DNA replication and interferes with synthesis of both RNA and protein. Compared to the administration of epirubicin alone, this formulation increases the water-solubility of epirubicin and increases its therapeutic effect while decreasing its cardiotoxicity.
Michelia alba leaf oil: A steam distilled essential oil composed of the oil from the leaves of the Michelia alba (MA) plant belonging to the Magnolia family, with potential anti-anxiety activity. Upon administration of drops of the MA leaf oil on the inside of an oxygen face mask, the aroma from the leaf oil, containing high amounts of the terpene alcohol component linalool, may improve anxiety and may help sedate, relax and soothe the patient.
micro needle array-doxorubicin: A formulation composed of dissolvable small, adhesive-like patches composed of a biocompatible material which is coated with the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin, with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon cutaneous administration of the microneedle-array-doxorubicin, the microneedles degrade once inserted into the skin and doxorubicin is released from the dissolvable microneedle array delivery device directly into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Doxorubicin is taken up by tumor cells and intercalates into DNA and interferes with topoisomerase II activity. This inhibits DNA replication and RNA synthesis, leading to tumor cell growth inhibition and apoptosis. This agent also interacts with cell membrane lipids causing lipid peroxidation. In addition, doxorubicin induces innate, adaptive, and tumor-specific effector and memory immune responses, thereby further killing the tumor cells. Delivery of doxorubicin using the microneedle array delivery system allows direct and specific administration of doxorubicin to the TME which may improve drug concentration into tumor cells and may reduce systemic toxicity, compared to the administration of systemic doxorubicin alone.
micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LEBV: An orally bioavailable micro-immunotherapeutic agent composed of various immune substances in diluted doses, with potential immunomodulating, anti-infective and anti-viral activities. The micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LEBV contains various recombinant immunological active ingredients in low concentrations, including but not limited to cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, and specific nucleic acids (SNAs) that are small synthesized oligonucleotides that prevent gene expression, such as the genes involved in viral replication. Upon oral administration of micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LEBV, the active ingredients may help balance, restore and/or modulate the immune system. This may restore an adequate, re-adjusted anti-antiviral immune response. The formulation within each capsule is different and the levels of concentration of each substance can vary to allow stimulation, modulation and/or inhibition of the immune response in order to mimic what would naturally occur within the body. Therefore, the capsules are administered in a specific order.
micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LXFS: An orally bioavailable micro-immunotherapeutic agent composed of various immune substances in diluted doses, with potential immunomodulating, anti-infective and anti-viral activities. The micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LXFS contains various recombinant immunological active ingredients in low concentrations, including, but not limited to, cytokines, such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-2, interferon alpha (IFN-a), IFN gamma (IFN-g), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), and specific nucleic acids (SNAs) that are small synthesized oligonucleotides that prevent gene expression, such as the genes involved in viral replication. Upon oral administration of micro-immunotherapeutic agent 2LXFS, the active ingredients may help balance, restore and/or modulate the immune system. This may restore an adequate, re-adjusted anti-antiviral immune response. The formulation within each capsule is different and the levels of concentration of each substance can vary to allow stimulation, modulation and/or inhibition of the immune response in order to mimic what would naturally occur within the body. Therefore, the capsules are administered in a specific order.
microbial ecosystem therapeutics-4: An orally available formulation consisting of a well-defined mixture of over thirty intestinal bacteria isolated from a healthy donor stool sample with potential immunomodulatory effects. Upon administration, the bacteria in microbial ecosystem therapeutics-4 (MET4) may help maintain adequate colonization of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and modulate the composition of the normal microflora. Upon colonization of the GI tract, the probiotic bacteria form a protective barrier that helps maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier. This will interfere with the attachment of pathogenic bacteria and other harmful substances, prevent inflammation and improve GI function. Additionally, increased gut microbiota diversity and the presence of certain bacterial genera present in MET4 may improve outcomes following immunotherapy, potentially via certain mucosal and systemic immune responses induced by the microbiome across the gut barrier.
microbiome GEN-001: A microbiome therapeutic composed of a single-strain bacterium, isolated from the gut of healthy donors, with potential anti-tumor and immunomodulating activities. Upon oral administration, the metabolites of GEN-001 may activate dendritic cells and macrophages in the gut and increase the expression of the cytokines interleukin-7 (IL-7) and interleukin-15 (IL-15), which stimulates the proliferation of natural killer (NK) cells and memory CD8+ T cells. The memory T cells enhance the secretion of the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-g), which further potentiates the immune response against tumor cells. This may increase tumor cell killing and decrease tumor cell proliferation. GEN-001 may improve therapeutic responses to other therapies, such as anti-PD-1 therapy.
microbiome SER-155: An orally bioavailable, cultivated microbiome therapeutic composed of a consortium of fermented bacterial species that were specifically selected to decrease infection and translocation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon oral administration, microbiome SER-155 may restore the unhealthy, altered gut microbiome, enhance the microbial diversity and function in the GI tact and may re-establish a healthy microbiome in the GI tract. This may enhance the patients' immunological activity and lower the risk of GI antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, bacteremia and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in patients undergoing solid organ and allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
microbiome SER-401: A donor-derived microbiome therapeutic composed of a combination of as of yet not disclosed microbes that were specifically selected to incorporate the bacterial signature found in melanoma patients who have a robust response to immunotherapy, with potential immunomodulating activity. Upon administration, SER-401 may restore the unhealthy, altered gut microbiome, enhance the microbial diversity and function in the gastrointestinal (GI) tact and may re-establish a healthy microbiome in the GI tract. This may enhance a patient's immunological activity and improve a patient's response to immunotherapy.
microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2040: An off-the-shelf (OTS), microbiome therapeutic cancer peptide vaccine composed of two onco-mimics, which are immunogenic microbiomal-derived peptides that are highly homologous to specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and are obtained and selected from the human gut microbiome, combined with the helper peptide and CD4-positive T-cell epitope universal cancer peptide 2 (UCP2), and emulsified with the immunoadjuvant Montanide, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2040, the peptides are taken up by and presented on dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells. As the presented antigens display molecular mimicry with selected TAAs on colorectal cancer cells, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response may be mounted against the cancer cells expressing the TAAs, thereby eradicating the cancer cells. UCP2 is able to activate the immune system to mount a T-helper 1 (TH1) CD4-positive T-lymphocyte immune response thereby further killing tumor cells.
microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2401: A donor-derived, off-the-shelf, microbiome therapeutic cancer peptide vaccine composed of three bacterial onco-mimics, immunogenic microbiome-derived peptides that are highly homologous to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), that are obtained and selected from the human gut microbiome and are specific for brain tumors, including glioblastoma, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The three microbiome-derived bacterial antigens in EO2401 mimic three TAAs that are highly expressed by brain tumors. Upon administration of microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2401, the peptides are taken up by and presented on dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells. As the presented antigens display molecular mimicry with selected TAAs on brain cancer cells, a memory T-cell- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response may be mounted against the TAAs expressed on the brain cancer cells, thereby eradicating the brain cancer cells.
microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2463: A microbiome therapeutic cancer peptide vaccine composed of onco-mimics, immunogenic microbiome-derived peptides that are highly homologous to specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), that are obtained and selected from the human gut microbiome, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The microbiome-derived bacterial antigens in EO2463 mimic TAAs that are highly expressed by malignant B cells. Upon administration of microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO2463, the peptides are taken up by and presented on dendritic cells (DCs) to T cells. As the presented antigens display molecular mimicry with selected TAAs on malignant B cells, a memory T-cell- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response may be mounted against the TAAs expressed on the malignant B cells, thereby eradicating the cancer cells.
microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO4010: A microbiome therapeutic cancer peptide vaccine composed of onco-mimics, immunogenic microbiome-derived peptides that are highly homologous to specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), that are obtained and selected from the human gut microbiome, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. The five microbiome-derived bacterial antigens in EO4010 mimic five TAAs that are highly expressed by colorectal cancer cells. Upon administration of microbiome-derived peptide vaccine EO4010, the peptides are taken up by and presented on dendritic cells (DCs) to T-cells. As the presented antigens display molecular mimicry with selected TAAs on colorectal cancer cells, a memory T-cell- and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response may be mounted against the cancer cells expressing the TAAs, thereby eradicating the cancer cells.
microbiota-based formulation RBX7455: An orally administered, microbiota-based therapeutic composed of a processed and lyophilized form of the microbiota suspension RBX2660, consisting of live, human-derived bacteria prepared from donated human stool, with potential immunomodulatory activity. Upon administration, microbiota-based formulation RBX7455 may restore the unhealthy, altered gut microbiome, enhance the microbial diversity and function in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and may re-establish a healthy microbiome in the GI tract. This may enhance the patients' immunological activity.
Microgynon: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/levonorgestrel)
Micronase: (Other name for: glyburide)
micronutrient-fortified probiotic yogurt: An micronutrient-fortified fermented dairy product with potential positive immunomodulatory activity. Micronutrient-fortified probiotic yogurt contains various micronutrients in addition to beneficial microorganisms, such as strains of Lactobacillus. Probiotic Lactobacillus strains have been shown to protect against gastrointestinal and urogenital infections, to moderate diarrheal episodes, and to increase CD4 T-lymphocyte counts. In immunocompromised subjects, micronutrient supplementation may also increase CD4 T-lymphocyte counts.
microRNA-10b antagomir-iron oxide/dextran-based nanoparticle TTX-MC138: A nanoparticle-based formulation containing an antagomir and oligonucleotide targeting microRNA-10b (miR-10b) encapsulated within a nanoparticle consisting of an iron oxide core that is coated with dextran, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of microRNA-10b antagomir-iron oxide/dextran-based nanoparticle TTX-MC138, the anti-miR-10b moiety targets and binds to miR-10b inside tumor cells. This inhibits miR-10b and kills miR-10b-overexpressing tumor cells. This may inhibit tumor progression and metastasis. miR-10b, a non-coding RNA that is highly expressed in a variety of metastatic tumor cells, plays a key role in tumor cell migration, invasion and metastasis. The dextran coated iron oxide nanoparticles allow for an increased half-life, decreased clearance and increased tumor cell uptake.
microtubule inhibitor SCB01A: An aroylindole derivative and tubulin polymerization inhibitor, with potential tubulin-inhibiting, vascular-disrupting and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, tubulin polymerization inhibitor SCB01A binds at the colchicine binding site of tubulin and prevents its polymerization in tumor blood vessel endothelial cells and in tumor cells. This blocks the formation of the mitotic spindle and leads to both cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and tumor cell apoptosis. Also, this agent's effect on the tumor blood vessel endothelial cells leads to a disruption of the tumor vasculature and tumor blood flow, which deprives tumor cells of nutrients and induces tumor cell apoptosis.
microtubule-destabilizer PM534: A marine-derived tubulin destablizer, with antineoplastic and antiangiogenic activities. Upon administration, microtubule destabilizer PM534 targets and binds to beta-tubulin at the colchicine site and thereby destabilizes the microtubular network in the tumor cell, which inhibits the polymerization of microtubules and leads to cell cycle arrest, blockage of cell division and an induction of cell death in cancer cells. In addition, PM534 is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis, which prevents the formation of blood vessels necessary for tumor growth.
microtubule-targeted agent BAL101553: An orally available, highly water-soluble lysine prodrug of the synthetic small molecule BAL27862 with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration of BAL101553 and conversion into the active form BAL27862, this agent binds to tubulin at a site distinct from the vinca-alkaloid-binding site, and prevents tubulin polymerization and destabilizes microtubules, ultimately leading to cell cycle arrest, blockage of cell division and an induction of cell death in cancer cells.
midazolam hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a short-acting benzodiazepine derivative with an imidazole structure and anxiolytic, amnestic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and sedative properties. Midazolam binds to the benzodiazepine receptor at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS), resulting in increases in the opening of chloride channels, membrane hyperpolarization, and the inhibitory effect of GABA. This agent may also interfere with the reuptake of GABA, thereby causing accumulation of GABA in the synaptic cleft.
midazolam-containing buccal liquid: An oromucosal solution containing the maleate salt form of midazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine derivative, with anxiolytic, hypnotic, anticonvulsant and sedative activities. Upon administration of the solution into the buccal cavity, midazolam exerts its effect by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor-chloride ionophore complex in the central nervous system (CNS). This leads to an increase in the permeability of chloride channels, membrane hyperpolarization and enhances the inhibitory effect of GABA in the CNS. Midazolam may also interfere with the reuptake of GABA, thereby causing accumulation of GABA in the synaptic cleft. The oromucosal formulation facilitates administration to patients that are unable to swallow. The ethanol in this formulation improves the buccal absorption of midazolam.
midostaurin: A synthetic indolocarbazole multikinase inhibitor with potential antiangiogenic and antineoplastic activities. Midostaurin inhibits protein kinase C alpha (PKCalpha), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), c-kit, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) tyrosine kinases, which may result in disruption of the cell cycle, inhibition of proliferation, apoptosis, and inhibition of angiogenesis in susceptible tumors.
MIF inhibitor IPG1094: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the pro-inflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, MIF inhibitor IPG1094 targets, binds to and inhibits the tautomerase activity of MIF. This attenuates the differentiation and infiltration of the immunosuppressive monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which results in an enhanced immune response against tumor cells and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. MIF, overexpressed in some cancers, plays a key role in inflammation, regulation of the immune response and cancer cell proliferation. IPG1094 is able to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
mifamurtide: A liposomal formulation containing a muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analogue with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities.. Muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine (MTP-PE), a derivative of the mycobacterial cell wall component MDP, activates both monocytes and macrophages. Activated macrophages secrete cytokines and induce the recruitment and activation of other immune cells, which may result in indirect tumoricidal effects. Liposomal encapsulation of MTP-PE prolongs its half-life and enhances tissue targeting.
Mifeprex: (Other name for: mifepristone)
mifepristone: A derivative of the synthetic progestin norethindrone with antiprogesterone activity. Mifepristone competitively binds to the progesterone receptor, resulting in inhibition of the effects of endogenous or exogenous progesterone. This agent also exhibits antiglucocorticoid and weak antiandrogenic activities.
miglitol: A desoxynojirimycin derivative and inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase with antihyperglycemic activity. Miglitol binds to and inhibits alpha-glucosidase, an enteric enzyme found in the brush border of the small intestines that hydrolyzes oligosaccharides and disaccharides into glucose and other monosaccharides. This prevents the breakdown of larger carbohydrates into glucose and decreases the rise in postprandial blood glucose levels. Compared to acarbose, miglitol is systemically absorbed.
MiHA-loaded PD-L1/L2-silenced dendritic cell vaccine: A dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccine composed of program death ligands 1 and 2 (PDL1/L2)-silenced DCs and loaded with the recipient’s minor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA), with potential use for graft-versus-tumor (GVT) induction following allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT). Donor DCs are electroporated ex vivo with MiHA mRNA and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) designed to silence the expression of PD L1/L2. After allo-SCT and upon intravenous administration of the MiHA-loaded PD-L1/L2-silenced DC vaccine, the DCs induce the expansion and activation of MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cells. These tumor antigen-reactive T-cells exert their GVT effect by killing MiHA-positive tumor cells. PD-L1/L2, co-inhibitory ligands expressed on DCs, play key roles in preventing MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cell expansion; silencing enhances MiHA-specific CD8-positive T-cell expansion and activity and improves the GVT effect. The MiHA are human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-bound peptides and are exclusively expressed by the recipient’s hematopoietic tumor cells.
milademetan tosylate: An orally available MDM2 (murine double minute 2) antagonist with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, milademetan tosylate binds to, and prevents the binding of MDM2 protein to the transcriptional activation domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53. By preventing this MDM2-p53 interaction, the proteosome-mediated enzymatic degradation of p53 is inhibited and the transcriptional activity of p53 is restored. This results in the restoration of p53 signaling and leads to the p53-mediated induction of tumor cell apoptosis. MDM2, a zinc finger protein and a negative regulator of the p53 pathway, is overexpressed in cancer cells; it has been implicated in cancer cell proliferation and survival.
milataxel: An orally bioavailable taxane with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, milataxel and its major active metabolite M-10 bind to and stabilize tubulin, resulting in the inhibition of microtubule depolymerization and cell division, cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. Unlike other taxane compounds, milataxel appears to be a poor substrate for the multidrug resistance (MDR) membrane-associated P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux pump and may be useful for treating multidrug-resistant tumors.
milatuzumab: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against human CD74 with potential antineoplastic activity. Milatuzumab specifically binds to CD74 on CD74-positive cells. Although the exact mechanism through which this agent induces apoptosis is unknown, it may involve antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC). Alternatively, as CD74 is the cellular receptor for the cytokine migration-inhibitory factor (MIF), the cytotoxicity of this agent may be related to inhibition of CD74 activation by MIF. CD74, an integral membrane protein that functions as an MHC class II chaperone, may also be an accessory-signaling molecule; activation of CD74 may initiate cell survival mechanisms involving induction of a signaling cascade resulting in NFkB activation, entry of stimulated cells into the S phase of the cell cycle, elevation of DNA synthesis, cell division, and augmented expression of Bcl-xL.
milatuzumab-doxorubicin antibody-drug conjugate: An immunoconjugate consisting of milatuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against CD74, conjugated to the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin with potential antineoplastic activity. The milatuzumab moiety of this antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) selectively binds to CD74 on tumor cell surfaces; upon internalization, the doxorubicin moiety is released, where it intercalates between base pairs in the DNA helix and inhibits topoisomerase II, thereby preventing DNA replication and increasing double-strand breakage. As a result, this agent may inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells that overexpress CD74. CD74, an integral membrane protein and tumor associated antigen (TAA), is overexpressed in certain cancer cells and promotes survival in rapidly proliferating tumor cells.
milciclib maleate: The maleate salt form of milciclib, an orally bioavailable inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TRKA), with potential antineoplastic activity. CDK2/TRKA inhibitor PHA-848125 AC potently inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and exhibits activity against other CDKs including CDK1 and CDK4, in addition to TRKA. Inhibition of these kinases may result in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of tumor cells that express these kinases. CDKs are serine/threonine kinases involved in regulation of the cell cycle and may be overexpressed in some cancer cell types. The neurotrophin receptor TRKA is mutated in a variety of cancer cell types.
Milestrol: (Other name for: diethylstilbestrol)
Milk of Magnesia: (Other name for: magnesium hydroxide)
milk protein-based energy drink: An oral milk protein-based nutritional supplement. Milk protein-based energy drink is a flavored liquid that consists of milk protein, rapeseed and sunflower oils, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and trace-elements, providing 1.5kcal and 10 mg of protein per ml.
milk thistle: A substance derived from any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs including the plant Silybum marianum. Milk thistle's active chemical component is silymarin, which is a combination of flavonoids such as silibinin, dehydrosilibinin, silychristin and silydianin. These compounds are antioxidants and may alter the membrane structure of the liver cell, thereby blocking the absorption of toxins; they may also stimulate the production of new liver cells. In addition, milk thistle may increase cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, exhibiting dose-dependent cardiac myocyte cytoprotection against doxorubicin. The silibinin component of milk thistle has been shown to inhibit growth factor receptor-mediated mitogenic and cell survival signaling, thereby inhibiting tumor growth.
milled seed mix: A nutritional supplement composed of a milled seed mixture, including milled flax, sesame and pumpkin seeds, in sour milk, with potential anti-inflammatory and lipid-regulating activities. The seeds contain high levels of fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Upon administration of the milled seed mix, the intake of PUFAs improves PUFA levels and may favorably change the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, decrease triglyceride (TG) levels, and improve body weight. In addition, the active ingredients in the milled seed mix may change the expression of inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), thereby decreasing inflammation. The milled seed mix may also prevent oxidative stress and affect glycemic control. Tumors cause inflammatory states and unfavorably affect lipid and fatty acid metabolism.
milodistim: A recombinant fusion protein derived from the coding sequences of two growth factors, interleukin-3 (IL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Milodistim exhibits greater receptor binding affinity and colony stimulating activity than its parent cytokines. This agent stimulates proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells and allows the stimulation and expansion of multi-lineage hematopoiesis from immature bone marrow progenitor cells.
milrebrutinib: An orally bioavailable, non-covalent inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK; Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, milrebrutinib non-covalently binds to and inhibits the activity of both wild-type and the C481S mutated form of BTK, a drug resistance mutation in the BTK active site in which cysteine is substituted for serine at residue 481. This prevents the activation of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling pathway and BTK-mediated activation of downstream survival pathways. This leads to an inhibition of the growth of malignant B-cells that overexpress BTK or the C481S mutated form. BTK, a member of the Src-related BTK/Tec family of cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in B-cell malignancies; it plays an important role in the development, activation, signaling, proliferation and survival of B lymphocytes.
miltefosine: An orally- and topically-active alkyl-phosphocholine compound with potential antineoplastic activity. Miltefosine targets cellular membranes, modulating cell membrane permeability, membrane lipid composition, phospholipid metabolism, and mitogenic signal transduction, resulting in cell differentiation and inhibition of cell growth. This agent also inhibits the anti-apoptotic mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and modulates the balance between the MAPK and pro-apoptotic stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) pathways, thereby inducing apoptosis. As an immunomodulator, miltefosine stimulates T-cells, macrophages and the expression of interleukin 3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and interferon gamma (INF-gamma).
mimotope-P10s-PADRE peptide vaccine: A peptide-based vaccine containing a carbohydrate mimetic peptide (CMP) P10s fused to the pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) peptide, with immunomoadjuvant activity and potential antineoplastic activity. Upon injection of the mimotope-P10s-PADRE peptide vaccine, the P10s peptide, which mimics gangliosides and other tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA), both stimulates a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response towards cells expressing TACAs and induces the production of antibodies that are reactive with a broad set of TACAs. Additionally, the anti-TACA antibodies may interfere with cellular pathways involved in tumor cell survival and may induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) toward cells expressing TACAs. PADRE is a helper T-cell epitope that is able to increase the magnitude and duration of the CTL response.
Minnelide: (Other name for: triptolide analog)
Minocin: (Other name for: minocycline hydrochloride)
minocycline hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of minocycline, a broad spectrum long-acting derivative of the antibiotic tetracycline, with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. Minocycline binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and interferes with the binding of tRNA to the ribosomal complex, thereby inhibiting protein translation in bacteria. In addition, minocycline inhibits the inflammatory enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5LOX) and may impede T cell-microglia interactions; both activities may contribute to minocycline's neuroprotective effects. 5LOX catalyzes the synthesis of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
minocycline-EDTA: A combination preparation containing the broad-spectrum, semi-synthetic tetracycline antibiotic minocycline and the chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) with antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities. Minocycline exhibits bacteriostatic activity by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit and preventing binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex during protein translation; this results in an inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis and, consequently, an inhibition of bacterial cell growth. EDTA may cause the dispersal and killing of biofilms by chelating metal ions important to the stabilization of biofilm structure. The two agents in this combination may act synergistically to eradicate bacteria embedded in biofilms.
minoxidil: An orally administered vasodilator with hair growth stimulatory and antihypertensive effects. Minoxidil is converted into its active metabolite minoxidil sulphate by sulphotransferase enzymes. Minoxidil sulphate exerts its antihypertensive effect by opening of plasma membrane adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels), thereby directly and rapidly relaxing arteriolar smooth muscle and subsequent reduction of elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance. This agent's hair growth stimulatory effect may be mediated through its vasodilatory activity, thereby increasing cutaneous blood flow, or due to its direct stimulatory effect on hair follicle cells and forcing them from their resting phase into their active growth phase.
Minozac: (Other name for: neuroinflammatory inhibitor MW151)
Minprostin E2: (Other name for: dinoprostone)
Mintezol: (Other name for: thiabendazole)
mipasetamab uzoptirine: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC), consisting of mipasetamab, a humanized immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL; UFO) that is site-specifically conjugated to uzoptitine (PL1601), which contains a valine-alanine cleavable linker and SG3199, a cytotoxic pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of mipasetamab uzoptirine, mipasetamab binds to AXL, which is expressed on the surfaces of a variety of cancer cell types. Upon endocytosis and enzymatic cleavage, SG3199 is released and forms highly cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links, thereby blocking cell division and killing AXL-expressing cancer cells. AXL, a member of the TAM (TYRO3, AXL and MER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed by many tumor cell types, and plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis; its expression is associated with drug resistance and poor prognosis.
mipsagargin: A soluble, thapsigargin prodrug containing the cytotoxic analog of thapsigargin, 8-O-(12Aminododecanoyl)-8-O debutanoylthapsigargin (12-ADT) linked, via a carboxyl group, to the targeting peptide containing aspartic acid with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration, the non-toxic prodrug targets prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a type II membrane carboxypeptidase, which is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells and in the neovasculature of most solid tumors but not in normal blood vessels. Mipsagargin is subsequently converted, through hydrolysis, into the active cytotoxic analog of thapsigargin 12-ADT-Asp. 12-ADT binds to and blocks the Sarcoplasmic/Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA) pump, thereby increasing the concentration of cytosolic calcium which leads to an induction of apoptosis. By preventing nutrient supply to tumor cells, mipsagargin may be able to inhibit tumor growth. Compared to thapsigargin alone, mipsagargin is able to achieve higher concentrations of the active agents at the tumor site while avoiding systemic toxicity.
miR-221 LNA inhibitor LNA-i-miR-221: A phosphorothioate (PS) modified backbone 13-mer locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) and inhibitor of the oncogenic microRNA (miRNA) miR-221, with potential chemo-sensitizing and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, miR-221 LNA inhibitor LNA-i-miR-221 hybridizes with endogenous miR-221 and inhibits miR-221-mediated functions involving tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, and the modulation of drug influx-efflux transporters as it regulates the expression of a variety of target genes. miR-221, oncogenic miRNA that is upregulated in various malignancies, plays important roles in tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis, and in the development of drug resistance such as melphalan resistance.
mirabegron: An orally bioavailable agonist of the human beta-3 adrenergic receptor (ADRB3), with muscle relaxing, neuroprotective and potential antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, mirabegron binds to and activates ADRB3, which leads to smooth muscle relaxation. Mirabegron also restores sympathetic stimulation in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) niches, inhibits JAK2-mutated hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) expansion and blocks the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). Lack of sympathetic stimulation of the MSC and HSC niche is associated with the development of MPNs.
Miraluma: (Other name for: technetium Tc-99m sestamibi)
miransertib: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the serine/threonine protein kinase AKT (protein kinase B) with potential antineoplastic activity. Miransertib binds to and inhibits the activity of AKT in a non-ATP competitive manner, which may result in the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This may lead to the reduction in tumor cell proliferation and the induction of tumor cell apoptosis. The AKT signaling pathway is often deregulated in cancer and is associated with tumor cell proliferation, survival and migration.
Mirapex: (Other name for: pramipexole dihydrochloride)
Mirasol-treated allogeneic platelets: A preparation of allogeneic platelets that have been treated with Mirasol, a proprietary pathogen reduction technology (PRT) system, and can potentially be used to improve symptoms associated with thrombocytopenia. Upon apheresis, platelets are treated with the patented PRT system, which includes treatment of the platelets with riboflavin (vitamin B2) and broad-spectrum ultraviolet (UV) light. The treatment causes irreversible changes to the RNA and DNA of a broad range of pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, parasites and white blood cells (WBCs), which prevents them from replicating and causing disease. After ex vivo treatment and upon transfusion, the Mirasol-treated allogeneic platelets may reduce thrombocytopenia and prevent bleeding. By preventing the replication of contaminating pathogens, Mirasol treatment improves transfusion safety. Inactivation of WBCs may reduce transfusion reactions and immunological complications in patients.
Mircera: (Other name for: pegzerepoetin alfa)
mirdametinib: An orally bioavailable, synthetic organic molecule targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPK/ERK kinase or MEK) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, mirdametinib selectively binds to and inhibits MEK, which may result in the inhibition of the phosphorylation and activation of MAPK/ERK and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The dual specific threonine/tyrosine kinase MEK is a key component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway that is frequently activated in human tumors.
Mirena: (Other name for: levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system)
miridesap: A small molecule compound that depletes serum amyloid P component (SAP), with potential anti-amyloid activity. Upon injection, miridesap binds to circulating SAP, forming complexes that are rapidly cleared in the liver. SAP bound to amyloid deposits is in equilibrium with plasma SAP, and depletion of the latter should lead to the eventual removal of SAP from amyloid deposits as well. SAP is a universal component of amyloid deposits and contributes to the pathogenesis of amyloidosis.
mirivadelgat: An orally bioavailable selective activator of the mitochondrial isoform of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), with potential protective activity. Upon oral administration, mirivadelgat increases ALDH2 activity. This increases the metabolism of toxic reactive aldehydes and lowers the level of the toxic aldehydes. This may protect cells from the toxic aldehydes and prevent mitochondria diseases and disorders. ALDH2, a mitochondrial regulator of toxic aldehyde metabolism, plays an important role in the metabolism of toxic aldehydes. Toxic aldehydes are produced by oxidative stress.
miRNA 193a-3p mimic INT-1B3: A synthetic microRNA (miRNA) mimic of the endogenous tumor suppressor miR-193a-3p formulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), with potential antineoplastic and immune-activating activities. Upon administration, miRNA-193a-3p mimic INT-1B3 targets tumor cells, binds to its target sequence in mRNA transcripts, which leads to translational repression or mRNA degradation. This inhibits protein expression encoded by that particular mRNA sequence. INT-1B3 is able to downregulate many oncogenic signaling pathways, such as the oncogenic PI3K/Akt and Ras/MAPK pathways, and upregulate the tumor suppressive PTEN pathway. INT-1B3 also modulates the expression of cyclin D1, Mcl-1, K-Ras, c-Kit and TIM-3. In addition, INT-1B3 is able to modulate the tumor microenvironment (TME) through inhibition of CD39/CD73 and by downregulating the adenosine-A2A receptor pathway. This leads to a decrease in immunosuppressive FoxP3/Lag3 regulatory T cells and monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mMDSCs), increases the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and induces a T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune response. Altogether, this may induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, increase cell senescence, and decrease tumor cell proliferation, survival, migration and metastasis.
mirtazapine: A synthetic tetracyclic derivative of the piperazino-azepines with antidepressant activity. Although its mechanism of action is unknown, mirtazapine enhances central adrenergic and serotonergic transmission, possibly by acting as an antagonist at central presynaptic alpha 2 adrenergic inhibitory autoreceptors and heteroreceptors. This agent is a potent antagonist of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 2 (5-HT2), 5-HT3, and histamine 1 (H1) receptors, and a moderate anatgonist of peripheral alpha 1 adrenergic and muscarinic receptors.
mirvetuximab soravtansine: An immunoconjugate consisting of the humanized monoclonal antibody M9346A against folate receptor 1 (FOLR1) conjugated, via the disulfide-containing cleavable linker sulfo-SPDB, to the cytotoxic maytansinoid DM4, with potential antineoplastic activity. The anti-FOLR1 monoclonal antibody moiety of mirvetuximab soravtansine targets and binds to the cell surface antigen FOLR1. After antibody-antigen interaction and internalization, the immunoconjugate releases DM4, which binds to tubulin and disrupts microtubule assembly/disassembly dynamics, thereby inhibiting cell division and cell growth of FOLR1-expressing tumor cells. FOLR1, a member of the folate receptor family is overexpressed on a variety of epithelial-derived cancer cells. The sulfo-SPDB linker prevents cleavage in the bloodstream and may improve this agent's efficacy in multidrug resistant tumor cells.
mirzotamab clezutoclax: An antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) composed of a monoclonal antibody against the immunoregulatory protein B7-homologue 3 (B7-H3, CD276) conjugated, via a solubilizing linker, to a B-cell lymphoma extra long (Bcl-XL) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of mirzotamab clezutoclax, the anti-B7-H3 monoclonal antibody moiety targets and binds to B7-H3 expressed on tumor cells. Upon binding, internalization and linker cleavage, the Bcl-XL inhibitor targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of the pro-survival protein Bcl-XL. This restores apoptotic processes and inhibits the proliferation of B7-H3-expressing tumor cells. B7-H3, a type I transmembrane protein and a member of the B7 co-stimulatory protein superfamily, is overexpressed on certain tumor cell types and on various immune cells. It plays a key role in tumor growth and immune responses.
misonidazole: A nitroimidazole with radiosensitizing and antineoplastic properties. Exhibiting high electron affinity, misonidazole induces the formation of free radicals and depletes radioprotective thiols, thereby sensitizing hypoxic cells to the cytotoxic effects of ionizing radiation. This single-strand breaks in DNA induced by this agent result in the inhibition of DNA synthesis.
mistletoe extract: An extract of the whole plant Viscum album (mistletoe) with potential biological response modifier (BRM) activity. Mistletoe extract may both stimulate the antitumoral functions of the immune system and have a direct toxic effect on tumor cells.
mitazalimab: A human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the cell surface receptor CD40 with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, mitazalimab binds to CD40 on antigen-presenting dendritic cells, which leads to the activation and proliferation of effector and memory T cells, and enhances the immune response against tumor cells. In addition, this agent binds to the CD40 antigen present on the surfaces of tumor cells, which induces antibody-dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC). This eventually inhibits the proliferation of CD40-expressing tumor cells. CD40, a stimulatory receptor and a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is expressed on various immune cells, such as macrophages, dendritic cells and various tumor cell types; it plays a key role in the activation of the immune system.
Mithracin: (Other name for: plicamycin)
mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MIT-001: An indole-derived, cell-permeable, mitochondrial-targeted molecule, with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Upon administration, mitochondria-targeted antioxidant MIT-001 scavenges increased level of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular damage. This removes excessive mitochondrial ROS and may prevent oxidative damage and inflammation.
MitoGel: (Other name for: sustained-release mitomycin C hydrogel formulation UGN-101)
mitoguazone: A guanylhydrazone with potential antineoplastic activity. Mitoguazone competitively inhibits S-adenosyl-L-methionine decarboxylase (SAMD), an enzyme involved in the synthesis of polyamines, resulting in decreased proliferation of tumor cells, antimitochondrial effects, and p53-independent apoptosis. Polyamines, specifically spermine and spermidine, are essential for thymidine kinase production, DNA synthesis, and cell proliferation.
mitolactol: A synthetic derivative of hexitol with antineoplastic and radiosensitizing properties. Mitolactol alkylates DNA via actual or derived epoxide groups, resulting in inhibition of DNA and RNA synthesis.
mitomycin: A methylazirinopyrroloindoledione antineoplastic antibiotic isolated from the bacterium Streptomyces caespitosus and other Streptomyces bacterial species. Bioreduced mitomycin generates oxygen radicals, alkylates DNA, and produces interstrand DNA cross-links, thereby inhibiting DNA synthesis. Preferentially toxic to hypoxic cells, mitomycin also inhibits RNA and protein synthesis at high concentrations.
Mitopure: (Other name for: urolithin A supplement)
mitosis-angiogenesis inhibitor R1530: A pyrazolobenzodiazepine small molecule with potential antiangiogenesis and antineoplastic activities. Mitosis-angiogenesis inhibitor (MAI) R1530 inhibits multiple receptor tyrosine kinases involved in angiogenesis, such as vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-1, -2, -3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) beta‚ FMS-like tyrosine kinase (Flt)-3, and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) -1, -2. In addition, this agents exhibits anti-proliferative activity by initiating mitotic arrest and inducing apoptosis.
Mitosol: (Other name for: mitomycin)
mitotane: A synthetic derivative of the insecticide dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) with anti-adrenocorticoid properties. Following its metabolism in the adrenal cortex to a reactive acyl chloride intermediate, mitotane covalently binds to adrenal proteins, specifically inhibiting adrenal cortical hormone production.
mitoxantrone hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of an anthracenedione antibiotic with antineoplastic activity. Mitoxantrone intercalates into and crosslinks DNA, thereby disrupting DNA and RNA replication. This agent also binds to topoisomerase II, resulting in DNA strand breaks and inhibition of DNA repair. Mitoxantrone is less cardiotoxic compared to doxorubicin.
mivavotinib: An inhibitor of spleen tyrosine kinase (syk), with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating, and antineoplastic activities. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor mivavotinib may inhibit the activity of syk, which abrogates downstream B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and leads to an inhibition of B-cell activation, chemotaxis, adhesion and proliferation. Syk, a BCR-associated non-receptor tyrosine kinase that mediates diverse cellular responses, including proliferation, differentiation, and phagocytosis, is expressed in hematopoietic tissues and is often overexpressed in hematopoietic malignancies.
mivebresib: An inhibitor of one or more as of yet undisclosed bromodomain (BRD)-containing protein(s), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, mivebresib binds to the acetyl-lysine binding site in the BRD of certain BRD-containing protein(s), thereby preventing the interaction between those proteins and acetylated histones. This disrupts chromatin remodeling, prevents the expression of certain growth-promoting genes, and leads to an inhibition of cell growth in susceptible tumors.
mivobulin isethionate: The isethionate salt of mivobulin, a synthetic colchicine analogue with potential antineoplastic activity. Mivobulin isethionate binds to tubulin, thereby inhibiting microtubule polymerization and mitosis.
mixed bacteria vaccine: A cancer vaccine containing a mixture of killed bacteria with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Mixed bacteria vaccine (MBV or Coley’s toxins) consists of a pyrogenic bacterial lysate derived from Serratia marcescens and Streptococcus pyogenes; the active components in the lysate may be lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall of Serratia, and streptokinase, an enzyme produced by Streptococcus pyogenes. LPS has been shown to stimulate the host humoral immune response and induce the release of various antitumor cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-12 (IL-12).
MK0731: A synthetic small molecule with potential antineoplastic activity. MK0731 selectively inhibits kinesin spindle protein (KSP), which may result in the inhibition of mitotic spindle assembly, induction of cell cycle arrest during the mitotic phase, and apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress KSP.
MK2 inhibitor ATI-2231: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2; MK2), with potential antineoplastic and chemosensitization activities. Upon oral administration, MK2 inhibitor ATI-2231 targets and binds to the p38MAPK-MK2 complex, thereby inhibiting the p38MAPK phosphorylation and activation of MK2. This inhibits p38MAPK/MK2-mediated signaling pathway, and abrogates the repair of damaged DNA. This may lead to an accumulation of damaged DNA, inhibition of cell cycle arrest, and induction of apoptosis, and may potentiate the cytotoxicity of DNA-damaging agents. MK2, a cell cycle checkpoint kinase, plays an important role in DNA repair.
MKC-1: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, bisindolylmaleimide cell cycle inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. MKC-1 and its metabolites inhibit tubulin polymerization, blocking the formation of the mitotic spindle, which may result in cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptosis. In addition, this agent has been shown to inhibit the activities of the oncogenic kinase Akt, the mTOR pathway, and importin-beta, a protein essential to the transport of other proteins from the cytosol into the nucleus.
MKNK1 inhibitor BAY 1143269: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (MKNK1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MKNK1 inhibitor BAY 1143269 binds to MKNK1, thereby preventing its activation and the downstream MKNK1-mediated phosphorylation and activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). As eIF4E enhances the synthesis of oncogenic proteins, preventing eIF4E activity inhibits the synthesis of tumor angiogenic factors and leads to both the inhibition of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. eIF4E, overexpressed in a variety of cancer cells, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival.
MLL/MLLT1 fusion protein: A fusion protein encoded by the MLL/MLLT1 fusion gene. This protein is comprised of the N-terminal half of the histone-lysine N-methyltransferase MLL protein, including the AT hook DNA binding domain and the DNA methyltransferase domain, fused to almost the entire protein ENL.
MnSOD mimetic BMX-001: A third generation, cationic, lipophilic, manganese (Mn) and porphyrin-based mimetic of the human mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), with antioxidant and potential chemoprotective activities. Upon administration, MnSOD mimetic BMX-001 is internalized by cells and mimics the activity of MnSOD by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. This prevents oxidative damage to macromolecules such as DNA and minimizes oxygen free radical-related chemotoxicity in normal tissues. This agent was designed to be more lipophilic and less toxic than first and second generation Mn-porphyrin mimetics.
MnSOD-plasmid liposomes: A plasmid DNA encoding human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and liposomally encapsulated with potential chemoprotective activity. When administered orally and localizing in the esophagus, MnSOD-plasmid liposomes express MnSOD, which scavenges reactive oxygen species (ROS); MnSOD scavenging of ROS may result in a reduction in ROS-mediated lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and micro-ulceration in the epithelial lining of the esophagus.
Mobec: (Other name for: meloxicam)
Mobic: (Other name for: meloxicam)
Mobicox: (Other name for: meloxicam)
Mobilan: (Other name for: adenovirus-expressing TLR5/TLR5 agonist nanoformulation M-VM3)
Mobista: (Other name for: recombinant flt3 ligand)
mobocertinib succinate: The succinate salt form of mobocertinib, an orally available inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations, with antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mobocertinib, and its active metabolites, specifically and irreversibly binds to and inhibits exon 20 insertion mutations of EGFR. This prevents EGFR-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in tumor cells expressing exon 20 insertion mutations. In addition, mobocertinib may inhibit the activity of other EGFR family members, such as human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; ERBB2) and HER4. EGFR, HER-2 and -4 are receptor tyrosine kinases often mutated in numerous tumor cell types. They play key roles in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
mocetinostat: A rationally designed, orally available, Class 1-selective, small molecule, 2-aminobenzamide HDAC inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Mocetinostat binds to and inhibits Class 1 isoforms of HDAC, specifically HDAC 1, 2 and 3, which may result in epigenetic changes in tumor cells and so tumor cell death; although the exact mechanism has yet to be defined, tumor cell death may occur through the induction of apoptosis, differentiation, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of DNA repair, upregulation of tumor suppressors, down regulation of growth factors, oxidative stress, and autophagy, among others. Overexpression of Class I HDACs 1, 2 and 3 has been found in many tumors and has been correlated with a poor prognosis.
mocravimod hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt form of mocravimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, with potential immunosuppressive activity. Upon administration of mocravimod, this agent binds to S1P receptors on lymphocytes, which prevents binding of serum S1P to S1P receptors and leads to S1P receptor internalization. This reduces the number of circulating blood leukocytes and accelerates lymphocyte homing into peripheral lymph nodes, thereby preventing their infiltration into peripheral inflammatory sites. This agent also decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines by lymphocytes, such as interferon gamma (IFN-g), interleukin-12 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
modafinil: A synthetic central nervous system stimulant with wakefulness-promoting activity. Modafinil appears to inhibit dopamine reuptake, resulting in an increase in extracellular dopamine. This agent exhibits pronounced wakefulness-promoting activity (without sympathomimetic activity) and may improve cognitive function in certain clinical settings.
modakafusp alfa: A proprietary preparation composed of an immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) directed against the cell surface glycoprotein CD-38 (CD38) that is fused to an attenuated form of human interferon alpha (IFN alpha; IFNa), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, modakafusp alfa specifically targets and binds to CD38 on CD38-positive tumor cells. In turn, the IFNa moiety binds to cell-surface IFN receptors, and activates IFN-mediated signal transduction pathways, which results in the transcription and translation of genes whose products may cause antiproliferative effects in CD38-positive tumor cells. CD38, a type II transmembrane glycoprotein, is present on various immune cells and hematologic malignancies, and its expression has been correlated with poor prognosis.
Modicon: (Other name for: ethinyl estradiol/norethindrone)
modified Banxia Xiexin decoction: A traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formulation, Banxia Xiexin decoction, composed of seven traditional Chinese herbs including Rhizoma Pinelliae (Ban Xia), Radix Scutellariae (Huang Qin), Rhizome Coptidis (Huang Lian), Rhizoma Zingibers (Gan Jiang), Radix Glycyrrhizae (Gan Cao), Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae (Da Zao), and Radix Ginseng (Ren Shen), modified by various Chinese herbal additions, with potential anti-inflammatory, immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of modified Banxia Xiexin decoction, the active ingredients may promote apoptosis and inhibit tumor cell proliferation through a not yet fully elucidated mechanism. Modified Banxia Xiexin decoction may also inhibit Helicobacter pylori and H. pylori-related inflammation, and protect the gastric mucosa, which may decrease glandular atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia of the gastric mucosa.
modified citrus pectin supplement: A dietary supplement containing the modified citrus pectin (MCP) derived from the soluble fiber of citrus fruit peels and a galectin-3 inhibitor with potential antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic, immunostimulatory, metal chelating, and anti-metastatic activities. MCP is a low molecular weight version of pectin composed of short, slightly-branched carbohydrate chains and is modified for enhanced absorbability. The bioactive fragments, most likely the galactan-containing portion, of pectin binds to galectin-3, a carbohydrate-binding protein involved in imflammation, heart disease and is upregulated on the surface of certain types of tumor cells. Binding of MCP may result in the suppression of cancer cell aggregation, adhesion, proliferation and metastasis. In addition, MCP decreases prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels and may remove heavy metals. Also, unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids in MCP may stimulate the immune system through the activation of natural killer cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells.
modified influenza virus expressing HPV16 E6/E7 FluBHPVE6E7: A cancer vaccine comprised of a modified influenza viral vector that lacks the C-terminal part of the non-structural gene NS1 (delNS) encoding the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) E6 and E7, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, modified influenza virus expressing HPV16 E6/E7 FluBHPVE6E7 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HPV16 E6 and E7 are oncoproteins that play a key role in the tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers.
modified interleukin-2 DF6215: A modified and recombinant form of the human endogenous cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, modified IL-2 DF6215 targets and binds to IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expressed on CD8+ T effector cells and activates IL-2R-mediated signaling. This enhances cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)-mediated cytotoxic immune responses against tumor cells.
modified interleukin-2 LTC004: A modified form of the recombinant form of human endogenous cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2), with potential immunoregulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon injection of modified IL-2 LTC004, IL-2 binds to the IL-2 receptor beta (CD122) and gamma (CD132) subunits (IL2Rb/g) that are expressed on CD8+ T effector cells and natural killer (NK) cells, thereby activating IL2R-mediated signaling within these immune cells. The activation of T- and NK cells mediates cytolytic immune responses against tumor cells causing tumor cell destruction and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The additional disulfide bonds in LTC004 reduces binding of IL-2 to IL-2 receptor alpha (IL2Ralpha; IL-2Ra) and thereby reduces IL-2Ra-mediated toxicities.
modified vaccinia Ankara (Bavarian Nordic)-HER2 vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a proprietary, recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding an epitope of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, modified vaccinia Ankara (Bavarian Nordic)-HER2 vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount humoral and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against HER2-expressing tumor cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. HER2, also known as ErbB-2, is a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor and a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family; it plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of some breast cancers.
modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing Flt3L/OX40L MQ710: A recombinant, non-replicative, modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) engineered with the deletion of the vaccinia E5R gene and the expression of two membrane-anchored transgenes, fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) and OX40 ligand (OX40L), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intratumoral administration, MVA expressing Flt3L/OX40L MQ710 is transduced into tumor cells and Flt3L and OX40L are expressed. The recombinant MVA, with the deletion of the E5R gene, activates the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and increases type I interferon (IFN) production. Flt3L binds to the Flt3 tyrosine kinase receptor and promotes Flt3 signaling, thereby expanding the population of antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). OX40L binds to and activates signaling pathways downstream of its cognate receptor, tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 4 (TNFRSF4; OX40), which is expressed on activated T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs). This causes depletion of OX40-expressing Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) via OX40L-OX40 interaction and is facilitated by the rMVA-induced type I IFN and IFN-I receptor (IFNAR)-mediated signaling. This inhibits Treg-mediated suppression of effector T-cells, induces the proliferation of memory and effector T lymphocytes and increases cytokine production. Altogether, MQ710 promotes immune activation and anti-tumor immune responses.
modified vaccinia virus ankara vaccine expressing p53: A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the wild-type form of the tumor protein p53 (wt p53), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous vaccination with MVA vaccine expressing p53, the expressed p53 may stimulate the host immune system to mount a p53-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing p53, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The MVA viral vector, derived from the replication-competent strain Ankara, is a highly attentuated, replication-defective vaccinia strain and is incapable of virion assembly. The p53 gene, a tumor suppressor gene, is mutated in many cancer cell types.
modified vitamin D binding protein macrophage activator EF-022: A modified version of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP; Gc protein) macrophage activator, with potential antineoplastic and anti-angiogenic activities. Upon administration, modified VDBP-macrophage activator EF-022, acting in a similar manner as VDBP-macrophage activating factor (GcMAF), is able to activate tumoricidal macrophages, thereby enhancing the killing and eradication of cancer cells. In addition, EF-022 may inhibit tumor cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. VDBP is a glycoprotein and precursor for macrophage activating factor (MAF), which promotes macrophage activation; however VDBP can be deglycosylated by serum alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminidase, which is secreted from cancerous cells, and cannot be converted to MAF. Thus, the macrophage activation cascade is often impaired in tumor cells and plays a key role in tumor immunosuppression. Modification of VDBP stabilizes MAF.
modified-release calcifediol capsule: An orally available, modified-release formulation containing the calcitriol prohormone, calcifediol (25-hydroxyvitamin D), which can potentially be used for vitamin D supplementation. Upon oral administration of the modified-release calcifediol capsule, calcifediol is slowly and gradually released in the gastrointestinal tract. Then it is taken up by the body and converted, in the kidneys, to the active form calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1,25 D). This form increases and normalizes vitamin D plasma levels, which, in turn, regulates calcium plasma levels, and normalizes elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels by suppressing both PTH synthesis, and secretion. This formulation appears to have fewer side effects than supplementation with formulations containing active 1,25 D and does not stimulate the upregulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase (CYP24), a cytochrome P-450 family enzyme that inactivates vitamin D.
modotuximab: A recombinant immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, modotuximab targets and binds to an epitope located in the extracellular domain (ECD) of EGFR, which causes internalization and degradation of EGFR, including the mutated EGFR variant III (EGFRvIII). This prevents EGFR-mediated signaling, thereby inhibition EGFR-dependent tumor cell proliferation. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase, often is overexpressed on the cell surfaces of various solid tumor cell types.
Modrastane: (Other name for: trilostane)
Modufolin: (Other name for: arfolitixorin)
MOF compound RiMO-301: A nanoparticle-based metal-organic framework (MOF) compound composed of proprietary X-ray-absorbing metals, with potential radiosensitizing properties. Upon intratumoral administration and subsequent irradiation of the tumor site, RiMO-301 absorbs the X-ray photons and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydroxyl radicals and singlet oxygen, which induces ROS-mediated DNA damage in the irradiated cancer cells leading to tumor cell lysis. In addition, RiMO-301 may also contain an as of yet unidentified immunomodulating agent loaded into the channels/pores of the construct that may induce an immune response against the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) released by the lysed tumor cells, thereby locally killing additional tumor and non-tumor cells. MOFs, porous crystalline materials composed of metal clusters and organic linkers, generate ROS at much lower X-ray dosages than used in standard radiotherapy, which results in reduced radiation exposure and X-ray damage to normal, healthy cells.
mogamulizumab-kpkc: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) with potential anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities. Mogamulizumab selectively binds to and blocks the activity of CCR4, which may inhibit CCR4-mediated signal transduction pathways and, so, chemokine-mediated cellular migration and proliferation of T cells, and chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. In addition, this agent may induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against CCR4-positive T cells. CCR4, a G-coupled-protein receptor for C-C chemokines such MIP-1, RANTES, TARC and MCP-1, is expressed on the surfaces of some types of T cells, endothelial cells, and some types of neurons. CCR4, also known as CD194, may be overexpressed on adult T-cell lymphoma (ATL) and peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) cells.
moisturizing cream WO2085: A vaginal moisturizing cream that may be used to relieve vulvovaginal dryness. Upon intravaginal administration of the moisturizing cream WO2085, the as of yet not specified ingredients in the cream may help moisturize vaginal tissue and relieve the discomfort that is associated with vaginal dryness.
Molgradex: (Other name for: molgramostim)
molgramostim: A recombinant form of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration as inhalation solution via nebulizer, molgramostim binds to specific cell surface receptors and promotes or restores GM-CSF signaling, thereby modulating the proliferation and differentiation of a variety of hematopoietic progenitor cells with some specificity towards stimulation of leukocyte production. This agent also activates neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells and promotes antigen presentation, upregulates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and increases interleukin (IL)-2-mediated, lymphokine-activated killer cell function. In addition, the restoration of GM-CSF signaling promotes surfactant clearing by pulmonary alveolar macrophages.
molibresib besylate: The besylate salt of molibresib, a small molecule inhibitor of the BET (Bromodomain and Extra-Terminal) family of bromodomain-containing proteins with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, molibresib binds to the acetylated lysine recognition motifs on the bromodomain of BET proteins, thereby preventing the interaction between the BET proteins and acetylated histone peptides. This disrupts chromatin remodeling and gene expression. Prevention of the expression of certain growth-promoting genes may lead to an inhibition of tumor cell growth. Characterized by a tandem repeat of bromodomain at the N-terminus, BET proteins, comprising of BRD2, BRD3, BRD4 and BRDT, are transcriptional regulators that play an important role during development and cellular growth.
molybdenum: An element with atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.94.
momelotinib dihydrochloride monohydrate: The monohydrate dihydrochloride salt form of momelotinib, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of wild-type (WT) Janus kinases 1 and 2 (JAK1/2), the JAK2 mutant form JAK2V617F, and activin A receptor type 1 (ACVR1; activin receptor like kinase 2; ALK2), with antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, momelotinib competes with JAK1/2 for ATP binding, which results in inhibition of JAK1/2 activation, inhibition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, and leads to the induction of apoptosis and a reduction of tumor cell proliferation in JAK1/2-expressing tumor cells. In addition, the inhibition of ALK2 prevents liver hepcidin formation, increases iron availability and increases red blood cell (RBC) production. JAK2 is the most common mutated gene in bcr-abl-negative myeloproliferative disorders; the JAK2V617F gain-of-function mutation involves a valine-to-phenylalanine modification at position 617. The JAK-STAT signaling pathway is a major mediator of cytokine activity and is often dysregulated in a variety of tumor cell types.
mometasone furoate: The furoate salt form of mometasone, a synthetic topical glucocorticosteroid receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory, anti-pruritic and vasoconstrictive properties. Mometasone furoate exerts its effect by binding to cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors and subsequently activates glucocorticoid receptor mediated gene expression. This results in synthesis of certain anti-inflammatory proteins, while inhibiting the synthesis of certain inflammatory mediators.. Specifically, mometasone furoate appears to induce phospholipase A2 inhibitory proteins, thereby controlling the release of the inflammatory precursor arachidonic acid from phospholipid membrane by phospholipase A2.
monalizumab: A humanized immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) monoclonal antibody against the human natural killer (NK) and T-lymphocyte cell checkpoint inhibitor killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily C member 1 (NKG2A), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monalizumab binds to NKG2A and prevents the binding of NKG2A to its ligand human leukocyte antigen-E (HLA-E), which is overexpressed on tumor cells. This blocks the HLA-E-mediated inhibition of NKG2A-positive infiltrating NK and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and induces a NK and CTL-mediated immune response against the cancer cells leading to their destruction. Human NKG2A, an inhibitory cell surface receptor covalently bound to CD94, is expressed by NK cells and CTLs. Stimulation of the CD94/NKG2A complex inhibits the cytotoxic activity of these cells. HLA-E, a nonclassical HLA class Ib molecule, is often overexpressed on tumor cells and is associated with poor prognosis.
Monjuvi: (Other name for: tafasitamab-cxix)
Mono-Gesic: (Other name for: salsalate)
monobenzone: A monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone with topical depigmentation activity. Although the exact mechanism of action of depigmentation is unknown, the metabolites of monobenzone appear to have a cytotoxic effect on melanocytes. Furthermore, the depigmentation effect might be mediated through the inhibition of tyrosinase, which is essential in the synthesis of melanin pigments, thereby causing permanent depigmentation of the skin.
monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitor AZD3965: An orally available inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MCT1 inhibitor AZD3965 binds to MCT1 and prevents the transport of lactate into and out of the cell. This leads to an accumulation of lactate, intracellular acidification, and eventually cancer cell death. MCT1, a protein overexpressed on tumor cells, is responsible for the transport of monocarboxylates across the cell membrane and plays a key role in cell metabolism.
monoclonal antibody 105AD7 anti-idiotype vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a humanized monoclonal antibody that mimics a tumor-associated antigen 791Tgp72 (also known as CD55). Vaccination with this agent may stimulate a host cytotoxic T-cell response against tumor cells expressing CD55, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
monoclonal antibody 11D10: A murine monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody (anti-Id). Anti-Id 11D10 mimics a specific epitope of the high molecular weight human milk fat globule (HMFG) glycoprotein primarily expressed by human breast and some other tumor cells at high density. This specific HMFG epitope is identified by mAb BrE1, which was used as the immunizing antibody, or Ab1 to generate the anti-Id (Ab2) 11D10. Anti-ID 11D10 reacts specifically with breast tumor cells and with minimal reactivity with normal tissues. Vaccination with anti-Id 11D10 induces anti-anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab3) that may react with breast cancer cell lines expressing the HMFG membrane epitope.
monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine: A vaccine consisting of a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) directed against an idiotype that mimics a human milk fat globule (HMFG) membrane epitope. Vaccination with monoclonal antibody 11D10 anti-idiotype vaccine induces anti-anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab3) that may react with breast cancer cell lines expressing the HMFG membrane epitope.
monoclonal antibody 14G2A: A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody 14G2A binds to the ganglioside GD2 and induces antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against GD2-expressing tumor cells. GD2 is overexpressed in malignant melanoma, neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.
monoclonal antibody 3F8: A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the cell-surface, tumor-associated antigen ganglioside GD2. Vaccination with monoclonal antibody 3F8 may stimulate a host cytotoxic immune response against tumors that express ganglioside GD2.
monoclonal antibody 3H1 anti-idiotype vaccine: A recombinant monoclonal antibody in which the heavy and light chain variable domains mimic a specific epitope of the tumor-associated protein carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). This agent is used as a cancer vaccine against tumors that express CEA.
monoclonal antibody 4B5 anti-idiotype vaccine: A humanized anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) that mimics the disialoganglioside GD2 with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody 4B5 anti-idiotype vaccine may elicit both cellular and humoral immune responses against GD2- expressing tumor cells. GD2 is a glycosphingolipid (ceramide and oligosaccharide) that may be highly expressed by melanomas and other neuroectodermal tumors, while only minimally expressed by normal tissues.
monoclonal antibody A27.15: A murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human transferrin (Tf) receptor. Monoclonal antibody A27.15 binds to the Tf receptor, blocking the binding of transferrin to the receptor and resulting in decreased tumor cell growth.
monoclonal antibody A33: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the human A33 antigen. Monoclonal antibody A33 recognizes the human A33 antigen, a 43 KDa transmembrane glycoprotein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, which is highly and homogenously expressed in 95% of colorectal cancer metastases with only restricted expression in normal colonic mucosa.
monoclonal antibody AbGn-7: A chimeric monoclonal antibody against a Lewis-A-like glycotope (AbGn-7 antigen) with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Monoclonal antibody AbGn-7 targets and binds to the carbohydrate AbGn-7 antigen on the cell surface of tumor cells and may induce complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), thereby killing AbGn-7-epitope positive tumor cells. AbGn-7 antigen is expressed on a variety of tumor cell types, including human colorectal, pancreatic and gastric tumor cells.
monoclonal antibody AK002: A therapeutic monoclonal antibody against an as-of-yet unidentified target expressed on mast cells and eosinophils. Upon administration, AK002 targets and binds to a receptor expressed on the surface of mast cells and eosinophils. This may induce antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against cells overexpressing the undisclosed receptor. This may reduce abnormal proliferation of mast cells and eosinophils, which play a key role in allergic and inflammatory responses.
monoclonal antibody B013: A monoclonal antibody targeting an as of yet undisclosed tumor-associated antigen (TAA), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration of B013, the monoclonal antibody targets and binds to the TAA expressed on tumor cells. This may result in the death of tumor cells expressing the TAA through an as of yet not elucidated mechanism of action.
monoclonal antibody CAL: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). As a poly-hormone with diverse biological roles, PTH-rP is expressed by normal tissues, acting in local tissue environments in a variety of ways; it is commonly overexpressed by breast, prostate, and other cancers, acting systemically by promoting bone resorption, inhibiting calcium excretion from the kidney, inducing hypercalcemia, and possibly playing a role in the formation of bony metastases. By blocking the effects of PTH-rP on calcium metabolism, monoclonal antibody CAL may inhibit cancer-related hypercalcemia.
monoclonal antibody CC49: A second-generation murine monoclonal antibody based on the antibody B72.3 that is directed against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72). TAG72 is expressed by gastric, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian carcinoma cells.
monoclonal antibody CC49-delta CH2: A humanized CH2 domain-deleted second-generation monoclonal antibody based on the antibody B72.3 that is directed against tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG72). TAG72 is expressed by gastric, breast, pancreatic, colorectal, and ovarian carcinoma cells.
monoclonal antibody CEP-37250/KHK2804: A humanized monoclonal antibody targeting glycolipids, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody CEP-37250/KHK2804 targets and binds to a specific tumor antigen, thereby stimulating the immune system to exert an antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against the tumor associated antigen (TAA)-expressing cancer cells. This agent has shown to be active in both wild-type and mutant K-RAS-expressing colorectal cancer cells.
monoclonal antibody DR-01: A human non-fucosylated immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody directed against an as of yet undisclosed cell surface receptor expressed on cytotoxic cells, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody DR-01 binds to the as of yet undisclosed cell surface receptor expressed on cytotoxic cells and induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against these cytotoxic cells. This may reduce tumor cell proliferation of certain leukemias and lymphomas, and modulate immune responses in certain autoimmune conditions.
monoclonal antibody E2.3: A murine IgG1 monoclonal antibody directed against the human transferrin (Tf) receptor. Monoclonal antibody E2.3 binds to the Tf receptor, blocking the binding of transferrin to the receptor and resulting in decreased tumor cell growth.
monoclonal antibody GD2 anti-idiotype vaccine: A class of vaccines that consist of anti-idiotype monoclonal antibodies against the tumor-associated antigen disialoganglioside GD2 with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with a monoclonal antibody GD2 anti-idiotype vaccine produces an immunoglobulin response against GD2 with subsequent destruction of GD2 positive tumor cells via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). GD2 is overexpressed in melanoma, neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcoma, and small cell carcinoma of the lung.
monoclonal antibody GIM-122: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 kappa (IgG1K) dual-functioning monoclonal antibody, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody GIM-122 targets and binds to as of yet unidentified molecules on target cells and may modulate the immune system and reduce tumor cell proliferation.
monoclonal antibody HeFi-1: A murine monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody HeFi-1 binds to CD30, a cell surface antigen found on mitogen-activated B-cells and T-cells, and Reed-Sternberg cells. Monoclonal antibody HeFi-1 has been shown to arrest tumor growth and prevent metastasis in animal models.
monoclonal antibody Hu3S193: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the Lewis Y antigen, a tumor-associated epithelial antigen, with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, monoclonal antibody Hu3S193 triggers an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cells expressing Lewis Y antigen.
monoclonal antibody HuAFP31: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against alpha fetoprotein with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, monoclonal antibody HuAFP31 (mAb HuAFP31) binds to and stimulates a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells that express alpha fetoprotein.
monoclonal antibody HuPAM4: A humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the pancreatic cancer antigen MUC1 with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody HuPAM4 (mAb HuPAM4) binds to cells expressing MUC1 antigen; mAb HuPAM4 may be useful as a carrier for radioisotopes and other antineoplastic therapeutic agents.
monoclonal antibody L6: A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody L6 binds to the L6 antigen, a cell surface glycoprotein overexpressed in many carcinomas, and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity against L6-expressing tumor cells. This agent may be conjugated with various toxins in order to target their cytotoxic activity to tumor cells expressing the L6 antigen.
monoclonal antibody Lym-1: A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody directed against the HLA-Dr10 protein, a cell surface marker present on over eighty percent of lymphoma cells. When conjugated with a radioactive isotope, Lym-1 monoclonal antibody selectively transports the cytotoxic radioisotope to HLA-Dr10-expressing tumor cells, thereby sparing healthy B-cells and normal tissues. This agent also mediates antibody-dependent cytotoxicity thereby promoting Raji B-lymphoid cell lysis by human neutrophils.
monoclonal antibody m170: A panadenocarcinoma murine monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Monoclonal antibody m170 may be conjugated with a radioactive element and used in radioimmunotherapy (RIT), a procedure that uses a tumor-specific monoclonal antibody to target radiation to cancer cells.
monoclonal antibody Me1-14 F(ab')2: The F(ab)2 fragment of Me1-14, a murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody directed against proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate-associated protein expressed by gliomas and melanomas. By binding to proteoglycan chondroitin sulfate-associated protein, monoclonal antibody Me1-14 F(ab')2 conjugated to a radioisotope may localize gliomas and melanomas when used as a tracer in radioimaging applications; in radioimmunotherapeutic applications, this agent conjugated to a radioisotope may be used to deliver targeted radiotoxicity to these tumors.
monoclonal antibody Mik-beta-1: A murine monoclonal antibody directed against the beta subunit of the interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R), expressed on resting T-lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and some leukemic cell types. Monoclonal antibody Mik-beta-1 prevents the binding of IL-2 to IL-2R beta, thereby inhibiting the IL-2-mediated proliferation and activation of T-cells.
monoclonal antibody Mono-dgA-RFB4: An immunotoxin of monoclonal antibody (MoAb) RFB4 covalently linked to a single deglycosylated ricin toxin A-chain (dgA), originated from castor beans. MoAb RFB4 recognizes CD22 antigen, a B-cell adhesion protein expressed on malignant cells in about 70 percent of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Ricin toxin A-chain, a potent protein synthesis inhibitor, was deglycosylated and was used in this immunoconjugate to avoid hepatic entrapment. This agent limits specific cytotoxicity of ricin toxin to CD22-positive malignant cells.
monoclonal antibody NEO-201: A humanized immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody derived from an immunogenic preparation of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) from pooled allogeneic colon cancer tissue extracts, with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulatory activities. Upon intravenous administration, monoclonal antibody NEO-201 targets and binds to malignant tissues with tumor-specific mutations in the membrane-anchored proteins, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules 5 and 6 (CEACAM5 and CEACAM6). This prevents the interaction between tumor cell CEACAM 5 and natural killer (NK) cell CEACAM1, and reverses CEACAM1-dependent inhibition of NK cytotoxicity. This may result in the activation of NKs and results in NK-mediated tumor cell killing. Additionally, monoclonal antibody NEO-201 may activate innate immune responses against tumor cells such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). CEACAM 5, and 6 are members of the CEA family of proteins. These membrane proteins are over expressed in a variety of cancer cell types and play a key role in cell migration, invasion, and adhesion.
monoclonal antibody R24: An IgG murine monoclonal antibody directed against the ganglioside GD3 glycolipid, located in the cell membranes of some tumor cells. Monoclonal antibody R24 binds to GD3-positive cells, thereby initiating antibody-dependent cytotoxicity against GD3-positive cells.
monoclonal antibody RAV12: A chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against a primate-restricted N-linked carbohydrate epitope (glycotope) expressed on various human carcinomas with potential antineoplastic activity. Following binding, monoclonal antibody RAV12 disrupts sodium channels of tumor cells expressing this glycotope, resulting in cell and organelle swelling, loss of membrane integrity, and cell death.
monoclonal microbial EDP1503: An orally available preparation derived from a single clone of Bifidobacterium spp. with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon oral administration, monoclonal microbial EDP1503 colonizes the gut and may, through a not yet fully elucidated mechanism, promote the activation of dendritic cells (DCs), and enhance the induction and infiltration of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Bifidobacterium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria, with some species being a commensal part of the human gastrointestinal tract and vaginal flora.
Monofer: (Other name for: iron isomaltoside 1000)
Monoferric: (Other name for: ferric derisomaltose)
monophosphoryl lipid A: A modified form of lipid A, the biologically active part of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin, and a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist, with potential immunostimulatory activity. As a vaccine adjuvant, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) stimulates both cellular and humoral responses to the vaccine antigen. Compared to LPS, MPLA exerts a similar immunostimulatory activity but with reduced toxicity.
monosialotetrahexosylganglioside: A glycosphingolipid containing a sialic acid residue found in neuronal cell membranes, with potential neuroprotective and neuroregenerative activities. Upon administration, monosialotetrahexosylganglioside, also called GM-1, is able to both prevent neurologic damage and induce regeneration of damaged neurons through neurotrophic repair mechanisms, enhancement of the production of neutrophins, and augmenting neurite outgrowth. In addition, GM-1 exerts anti-excitotoxic activity, prevents necrosis, and improves neuronal recovery and function.
Montanide ISA 51 VG: An water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion with immunomoadjuvant activity. Montanide ISA 51 VG appears to act by enhancing the immune system’s cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against antigen(s) in vaccines. The surfactant mannide monooleate in Montanide ISA 51 VG contains vegetable-grade (VG) oleic acid derived from olive oil.
Montanide ISA 720: A proprietary adjuvant, applicable for water-in-oil (W/O; 30/70 v/v) vaccine emulsion, with potential immunoadjuvant activity. Montanide ISA 720 is made of natural metabolizable non-mineral oil and a highly refined emulsifier from the mannide mono-oleate family; it is rapidly metabolized and eliminated, and may be used in various vaccines, including cancer vaccines. Upon administration, Montanide ISA 720 forms a depot at the injection site and is therefore capable of slowly releasing the antigen(s) from the injection site. This may result in enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses to the antigen vaccine.
montelukast sodium: The orally bioavailable monosodium salt of montelukast, a selective cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist with anti-inflammatory and bronchodilating activities. Montelukast selectively and competitively blocks the cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1) receptor, preventing binding of the inflammatory mediator leukotriene D4 (LTD4). Inhibition of LTD4 activity results in inhibition of leukotriene-mediated inflammatory events including: migration of eosinophils and neutrophils; adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium, monocyte and neutrophil aggregation; increased airway edema; increased capillary permeability; and bronchoconstriction. The CysLT1 receptor is found in a number of tissues including spleen, lung, placenta, small intestine, and nasal mucosa, and in a variety of cell types including monocyte/macrophages, mast cells, eosinophils, CD34-positive hemopoietic progenitor cells, neutrophils and endothelial cells.
montmorillonite: A subclass of smectite and a natural aluminomagnesium silicate clay, with potential protective effect for the digestive tract mucosa, and anti-inflammatory and anti-diarrheal activities. Although the exact mechanism of action has yet to be fully elucidated, upon administration, montmorillonite may adsorb bacteria, bacterial enterotoxins, viruses and other potentially diarrheagenic substances. It may also bind to mucin and modify mucus properties, thereby enhancing the mucus barrier function.
Monurol: (Other name for: fosfomycin tromethamine)
mopidamol: A derivative of dipyridamole that is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, with potential antiplatelet activity. Mopidamol inhibits the hydrolysis of cyclic nucleotides, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; thus, cAMP- and cGMP-dependent processes are potentiated. This leads to the induction of prostacyclin synthesis, the inhibition of thromboxane B2 synthesis and prevention of platelet activation and aggregation.
MOPP regimen: A chemotherapy regimen consisting of mechlorethamine, vincristine (Oncovin), procarbazine and prednisone, used alone or in combination with radiation therapy for the treatment of stage I-IV Hodgkin lymphoma. Due to the increased risk of gonadal toxicity, this regimen has been widely replaced by the ABVD regimen.
Morinda citrifolia fruit extract: An extract prepared from the fruit of Morinda citrifolia, a plant that yields various herbal preparations. Morinda citrifolia fruit juice has antioxidant properties and may prevent tumorigenesis via inhibition of DNA-carcinogen adduct formation.
morphine sulfate: The sulfate salt of morphine, an opiate alkaloid isolated from the plant Papaver somniferum and produced synthetically. Morphine binds to and activates specific opiate receptors (delta, mu and kappa), each of which are involved in controlling different brain functions. In the central nervous and gastrointestinal systems, this agent has widespread effects including analgesia, anxiolysis, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression, and gastrointestinal system smooth muscle contraction.
morphine sulfate sustained-release tablet: A sustained-release tablet formulation containing the sulfate salt of the opiate alkaloid morphine with analgesic activity. Morphine binds to and activates the mu-opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS), thereby mimicking the effects of the endogenous opioids. Binding of morphine to opioid receptors stimulates exchange of GTP for GDP, inhibits adenylate cyclase, and decreases intracellular cAMP. This inhibits the release of various nociceptive neurotransmitters, such as substance P, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline, vasopressin, and somatostatin. In addition, morphine closes N-type voltage-gated calcium channels and opens calcium-dependent inwardly rectifying potassium channels, which results in hyperpolarization of neuronal membranes and a reduction in neuronal excitability, and subsequently, analgesia and sedation.
mosedipimod: A synthetic version of a monoacetyldiacylglyceride naturally occurring in various seed oils, bovine udder and milk fat, antlers of sika deer, with potential antineoplastic activity. Although the exact mechanism of action through which mosedipimod exerts its pharmacological effect has yet to be fully identified, upon administration, mosedipimod stimulates calcium influx into T lymphocytes and increases the production of various cytokines, including interleukin (IL) -2, IL-4, IL-12, interferon-gamma (IFN-g), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This stimulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells, bone marrow stromal cells and immune cells, including T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Therefore, mosedipimod may stimulate the immune system to target cancer cells. In addition, mosedipimod enhances the cytolytic activity of natural killer (NK) cells and suppresses the expression of the transmembrane protein tumor cell toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) on cancer cells. As activation of TLR-4 enhances immunosuppression and stimulates cancer cell growth, blocking TLR-4 expression suppresses tumor cell proliferation.
mosunetuzumab-axgb: A bispecific, humanized monoclonal antibody with potential antineoplastic activity. Mosunetuzumab contains two antigen-recognition sites: one for human CD3, a T-cell surface antigen, and one for human CD20, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) that is exclusively expressed on B cells during most stages of B-cell development and is often overexpressed in B-cell malignancies. Upon administration, mosunetuzumab binds to both T cells and CD20-expressing tumor B cells; this cross-links T cells to tumor cells, and may result in a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against CD20-expressing tumor B cells.
motacabtagene lurevgedleucel: A preparation of human allogeneic T lymphocytes gene-edited with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease complex to disrupt expression of endogenous TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) specific for the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 17; TNFRSF17), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon introduction into the patient, motacabtagene lurevgedleucel recognize and bind to BCMA-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated killing of BCMA-positive tumor cells. BCMA, a receptor for proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF), is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and plays a key role in plasma cell survival. BCMA is found on the surfaces of plasma cells and overexpressed on malignant plasma cells. The disruption of endogenous TCR prevents graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). The disruption of MHC class I molecules increases the persistence of the CAR T cells.
Motegrity: (Other name for: prucalopride succinate)
motesanib diphosphate: The orally bioavailable diphosphate salt of a multiple-receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Motesanib selectively targets and inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR), kit, and Ret receptors, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis and cellular proliferation.
motexafin gadolinium: A synthetic metallotexaphyrin with radiosensitizing and chemosensitizing properties. Motexafin gadolinium accumulates in tumor cells preferentially due to their increased rates of metabolism, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) intracellularly and lowering the tumor cell apoptotic threshold to ionizing radiation and chemotherapy.
motexafin lutetium: A pentadentate aromatic metallotexaphyrin with photosensitizing properties. Motexafin lutetium preferentially accumulates in tumor cells due to their increased rates of metabolism and absorbs light, forming an extended high energy conformational state that produces high quantum yields of singlet oxygen, resulting in local cytotoxic effects.
motolimod: A small-molecule Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR8) agonist with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Motolimod binds to TLR8, present in cutaneous dendritic cells, monocytes/macrophages, and mast cells, which may result in the activation of the central transcription factor nuclear factor-B, the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators, and a Th1-weighted antitumoral cellular immune response. Primarily localized to endosomal membranes intracellularly, TLR8, like other TLRs, recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and plays a key role in the innate immune system.
Motrin: (Other name for: ibuprofen)
mouse gp100 plasmid DNA vaccine: A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the murine melanoma-associated antigen gp100. Upon administration, expressed gp100 antigen may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell HLA-A2.1-restricted immune response against tumor cells that express the gp100 antigen, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
mouse prostate-specific membrane antigen plasmid DNA vaccine: A vaccine consisting of a plasmid DNA encoding the murine prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). Upon administration, expressed PSMA may stimulate a cytotoxic T cell response against tumor cells that express PSMA, resulting in tumor cell lysis.
mouse renal adenocarcinoma cell-encapsulated agarose-agarose macrobeads: An agarose matrix containing mouse renal adenocarcinoma (RENCA) cells, with potential antineoplastic activity. The agarose-agarose macrobeads consist of two spherical agarose layers; the mouse RENCA cells are contained within the inner agarose layer. Upon placement into the abdominal cavity, the restricted mouse renal adenocarcinoma cells in the agarose macrobeads produce and release certain growth-retarding factors that inhibit the proliferation of the RENCA cells. Upon diffusion of these growth-slowing factors out of the agarose layers, these substances may inhibit cancer cell proliferation of proliferating tumors.
MOv-gamma chimeric receptor gene: A recombinant engineered chimeric gene derived from the murine gene encoding the variable region of monoclonal antibody MOv18 against folate-binding protein, which is often overexpressed in human ovarian cancer cells, and the gene encoding the Fc receptor for the gamma subunit of human IgG and IgE. Peripheral blood lymphocytes expressing the MOv-gamma gene may be used in the immunotherapeutic treatment of ovarian cancer.
MOv19 CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T lymphocytes: A preparation of allogeneic CD4-positive and CD8-positive T lymphocytes that have been transduced with a lentiviral vector expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) comprised of an anti-folate receptor alpha (FR-alpha; ovarian tumor-associated antigen MOv18) single chain variable fragment (scFv) (MOv19) and the zeta chain of the T-cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 complex (CD3-zeta), coupled to the signaling domain of 4-1BB (CD137), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MOv19-CAR-CD3zeta-4-1BB-expressing allogeneic T lymphocytes target, bind to and induce selective toxicity in folate receptor alpha-expressing tumor cells. The costimulatory signaling domain enhances both proliferation of T cells and antitumor activity. Folate receptor alpha is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked cell-surface glycoprotein that is widely expressed in certain cancers including serous and epithelial ovarian cancer, endometrial adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer and triple negative breast cancer. In contrast, folate receptor alpha expression is limited in normal tissues.
Movalis: (Other name for: meloxicam)
Movantik: (Other name for: naloxegol)
Movatec: (Other name for: meloxicam)
Moviprep: (Other name for: PEG-3350/sodium sulfate/sodium chloride/potassium chloride/sodium ascorbate/ascorbic acid-based laxative)
moxalactam: A semisynthetic oxa-beta-lactam antibiotic, with antibacterial activity used mainly against gram-negative aerobic bacteria. Replacing the beta-lactam sulfur atom for an oxygen atom and the presence of the methyltetrazolethio moiety and the para-hydroxyphenylmalonyl group, increases the antibacterial activity of moxalactam. The 7-alpha-methoxy group and the para-hydroxyphenylmalonyl group increases the stability of this agent against beta-lactamases. The use of this agent has been associated with fatal bleeding events.
Moxam: (Other name for: moxalactam)
moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk: A recombinant immunotoxin consisting of the Fv portion of the anti-CD22 antibody covalently fused to a 38 KDa fragment of Pseudomonas exotoxin-A (PE38) with potential antineoplastic activity. The Fv portion of anti-CD22 immunotoxin CAT-8015 binds to CD22, a cell surface receptor expressed on a variety of malignant B cells, thereby delivering the toxin moiety PE38 directly to tumor cells. Once internalized, PE38 induces caspase-mediated apoptosis via a mechanism involving mitochondrial damage and blocks translational elongation by binding to elongation factor 2 (EF-2). Moxetumomab pasudotox-tdfk exhibits a greater affinity for CD22 than its predecessor, anti-CD22 immunotoxin CAT-3888 (BL22 immunotoxin), and hence may be more effective against tumor cells expressing lower levels of CD22.
moxidectin: A macrocyclic lactone derived from Streptomyces cyanogriseus with antiparasitic activity. Upon administration, moxidectin may bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and/or ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters expressed on nematode neurons and pharyngeal muscle cells. As a result, neurons or muscle cells remain at either hyperpolarization or depolarization state, thereby resulting in muscle paralysis. Moxidectin reduces the motility and fertility of the parasite and its excretion of immunomodulatory proteins, and inhibits the release of microfilariae.
moxifloxacin hydrochloride: The hydrochloride salt of a fluoroquinolone antibacterial antibiotic. Moxifloxacin binds to and inhibits the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase (topoisomerase II) and topoisomerase IV, resulting in inhibition of DNA replication and repair and cell death in sensitive bacterial species.
Mozobil: (Other name for: plerixafor)
MP-3549.1: A formulation containing pegylated liposomal nanoparticles encapsulating a prodrug of the poorly water-soluble, second-generation taxane analog docetaxel, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of the liposomal docetaxel prodrug MNK-010, docetaxel is slowly released into the systemic circulation and accumulates at the tumor site due to the unique characteristics of the tumor's vasculature. In turn, docetaxel is taken up by tumor cells, and subsequently binds to and stabilizes the beta-subunit of tubulin, thereby stabilizing microtubules and inhibiting microtubule disassembly. This results in cell cycle arrest and induces cell death. Compared to the administration of docetaxel alone, this formulation is able to increase the delivery of docetaxel into tumors, thereby increasing docetaxel's efficacy while minimizing its toxicity. In addition, this formulation solubilizes docetaxel without the use of toxic solvents, thereby permitting the administration of larger doses of docetaxel while avoiding solvent-associated toxicity.
Mps1 inhibitor BAY 1217389: An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1, TTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 inhibitor BAY 1217389 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1. This inactivates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), accelerates mitosis, causes chromosomal misalignment and missegregation, and mitotic checkpoint complex destabilization. This induces cell death in Mps1-overexpressing cancer cells. Mps1, a kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors, is activated during mitosis and is essential for proper SAC functioning and chromosome alignment.
Mps1 inhibitor BOS172722: An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine-protein kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1; TTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 inhibitor BOS172722 binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1, a core component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Inhibition of Mps1 activity compromises spindle assembly checkpoint, increases chromosome missegregation errors and decreases cancer cell viability. Mps1, a dual-specificity protein kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in certain tumor types, is activated during mitosis and is essential in proper SAC function and chromosomal alignment.
Mps1 kinase inhibitor BAY1161909: An orally bioavailable, selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) kinase, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the Mps1 kinase inhibitor BAY1161909 binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1. This causes inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), accelerated mitosis, chromosomal misalignment, chromosomal missegregation, mitotic checkpoint complex destabilization, and increased aneuploidy. This leads to the induction of cell death in cancer cells overexpressing Mps1. Mps1, a kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in a wide range of human tumors, is activated during mitosis and is essential for SAC functioning and controls chromosome alignment.
MPS1 kinase inhibitor NMS-01940153E: A selective inhibitor of the serine/threonine-protein kinase monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1; TTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MPS1 kinase inhibitor NMS-01940153E targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of Mps1, a core component of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). Inhibition of Mps1 activity compromises the functioning of SAC, increases chromosome missegregation errors and decreases cancer cell viability. This inhibits tumor cell proliferation. Mps1, a dual-specificity protein kinase expressed in proliferating normal tissues and aberrantly overexpressed in certain tumor types, is activated during mitosis and is essential in proper SAC function, chromosomal alignment and segregation during cellular division.
mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: Any mRNA-based vaccine that may prevent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
mRNA neoantigen cancer vaccine XH001: A therapeutic personalized cancer vaccine consisting of mRNA encoding a patient's tumor-specific neoantigens, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the mRNA neoantigen cancer vaccine XH001, the mRNA is taken up by and translated into the desired neoantigens in the patient's antigen-presenting cells (APCs), primarily dendritic cells (DCs), and presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This may activate tumor antigen-specific T cells to kill cancer cells expressing these neoantigens.
mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine mRNA-4157: An mRNA-based individualized, therapeutic personalized cancer vaccine (PCV) targeting twenty tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically expressed by the patient's cancer cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The cells from the patient's tumor are analyzed, and genetic sequencing is used to identify twenty neoantigen epitopes that may elicit the strongest immune response in the patient. The sequences encoding the twenty patient-specific epitopes are transcribed and loaded onto a single mRNA molecule. Upon administration, the mRNA-based PCV mRNA-4157 is taken up and translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Then, the expressed epitopes are presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This leads to an induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)- and memory T-cell-dependent immune responses that specifically target and destroy the patient's cancer cells that express these neoantigens.
mRNA-based personalized cancer vaccine NCI-4650: An mRNA-based therapeutic personalized cancer vaccine (PCV) targeting up to fifteen tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) that are specifically expressed by a patient's cancer cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. The cells from the patient's tumor are analyzed and subjected to RNA sequencing to identify mutant and immunogenic epitopes. The neoantigen epitopes are screened to select those that induce a strong immune response in tumor- infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) isolated from the patient. The selected mRNA sequences encoding up to fifteen neoantigen epitopes are incorporated in a proprietary formulation designed to maximize mRNA delivery and minimize mRNA-triggered immune responses. Upon administration, the mRNA-based PCV NCI-4650 is taken up and the mRNAs are translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Then, the expressed epitopes are presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This induces both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)- and memory T-cell-dependent immune responses that specifically target and destroy the patient's cancer cells that express these neoantigens.
mRNA-based TriMixMelanoma vaccine ECI-006: A melanoma vaccine consisting of mRNAs encoding five different melanoma tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and a TriMix platform comprised of three mRNAs encoding for constitutively activated toll-like receptor 4 (caTLR4), CD40 ligand (CD40L), and CD70, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intranodal injection, mRNA based TriMix vaccine ECI-006 may stimulate the immune system to mount both humoral and cellular responses against tumor cells expressing the five TAAs specific to the vaccine, potentially decreasing cellular proliferation of cells expressing these antigens. The TriMix adjuvants CD40L and caTLR4 promote the generation of mature and active dendritic cells (DCs), and CD70 provides a costimulatory signal to CD27+ naive T cells, thereby supporting T-cell proliferation and inhibiting T-cell apoptosis.
mRNA-based tumor-specific neoantigen boosting vaccine GRT-R902: An mRNA-based, personalized cancer vaccine consisting of a self-amplifying mRNA (SAM), formulated in a lipid nanoparticle (LNP), targeting twenty tumor-specific neoantigens (TSNAs) that have been identified through genetic sequencing of a patient’s tumor cells, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration of the mRNA-based tumor-specific neoantigen boosting vaccine GRT-R902, the mRNA is taken up and translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Then, the expressed epitopes are presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of APCs. This leads to an induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and memory T-cell dependent immune responses that specifically target and destroy the patient’s cancer cells that express these neoantigens. mRNA-based TSNA boosting vaccine is administered after a single dose of the adenoviral tumor-specific neoantigen priming vaccine GRT-C901. The combined immunotherapy product, consisting of priming and boosting vaccines, is referred to as GRANITE-001.
mRNA-derived IDO/PD-L1-targeted vaccine mRNA-4359: A mRNA-based cancer vaccine that targets the immunomodulatory enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; IDO1) and the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) and immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intramuscular administration, the mRNA-derived IDO/PD-L1-targeted vaccine mRNA-4359 is taken up and translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Following translation, the epitopes are presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This leads to an induction of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response that specifically targets and destroys tumor cells and immunosuppressive cells expressing IDO and PD-L1. This may restore the proliferation and activation of various immune cells, and may eradicate tumor cells expressing IDO and PD-L1. IDO, a cytosolic enzyme responsible for tryptophan catabolism and conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine, is overexpressed on multiple tumor cell types as well as on APCs. Tryptophan depletion inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation and activation, and subsequently suppresses the immune system. PD-L1 is overexpressed on many tumor cell types as well as on APCs and immunosuppressive cells in the tumor micro-environment (TME), such as regulatory T-cells (Tregs). PD-L1 binding to its cognate receptor programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; PDCD1; CD279) on T cells suppresses the immune system and results in increased immune evasion and decreased CTL activation.
mRNA-derived KRAS-targeted vaccine V941: A lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA-based cancer vaccine that targets four of the most commonly occurring KRAS mutations (G12D, G12V, G13D, and G12C), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, the mRNA-derived KRAS-targeted vaccine V941 (mRNA-5671) is taken up and translated by antigen presenting cells (APCs). Following translation, the epitopes are presented via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of the APCs. This leads to an induction of both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)- and memory T-cell-dependent immune responses that specifically target and destroy tumor cells harboring these specific KRAS mutations. KRAS, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA), is mutated in a variety of tumor cell types. It plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and survival and is associated with tumor initiation, metastasis and poor prognosis.
mRNA-derived lung cancer vaccine BI 1361849: A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) vaccine containing six modified mRNAs, which encode six different NSCLC associated antigens, with potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities. Upon intradermal administration, mRNA-derived lung cancer vaccine BI 1361849 may stimulate the immune system to mount both humoral and cellular responses against NSCLC cells. The six tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) encoded by these mRNAs are frequently expressed by NSCLC cells and are minimally expressed or absent in normal, healthy cells.
mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9103: A prostate cancer vaccine containing mRNAs encoding prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP), with potential antitumor activity. Upon administration, mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9103 may stimulate the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) against PSA-, PSMA-, PSCA- and STEAP-expressing prostate tumor cells. The mRNA used in this vaccine is modified and formulated to have enhanced translational potency and adjuvant activities. .PSA, PSMA, PSCA and STEAP may be upregulated in prostate cancer cells; their expression in prostate cancer has been correlated with disease progression.
mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9104: A prostate cancer vaccine containing six messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding for antigens upregulated in prostate cancer, including mRNAs for prostate specific antigen (PSA), prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and mucin 1 (MUC1), with potential antineoplastic and immunomodulating activities. Upon intradermal administration of mRNA-derived prostate cancer vaccine CV9104, this agent enters cells, the mRNAs are translated into the respective prostate specific antigens and may cause the immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte response (CTL) against PSA-, PSMA-, PAP- and MUC1-expressing prostate tumor cells. The mRNAs used in this vaccine are modified to have enhanced translational potency and adjuvant activities. PSA, PSMA, PAP and MUC1 are frequently upregulated in prostate cancer cells; their expression in prostate cancer has been correlated with disease progression.
mRNA-encoded anti-CD3/anti-CLDN6 bispecific antibody BNT142: A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating nucleoside-modified messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding for bispecific antibody directed against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) Claudin 6 (CLDN6; CLDN-6) and the human T-cell surface antigen CD3, with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mRNA-encoded anti-CD3/anti-CLDN6 bispecific antibody BNT142 binds to the plasma membrane of cells and releases the mRNA into the cells. The mRNA is translated and the anti-CD3/anti-CLDN6 bispecific antibody binds to both CD3-expressing T cells and CLDN6-expressing cancer cells, thereby crosslinking CLDN6-expressing tumor cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). This results in the activation and proliferation of T cells and causes CTL-mediated cell lysis of CLDN6-expressing tumor cells. CLDN6, a transmembrane tight-junction protein and embryonic antigen, is overexpressed on a variety of tumor cells but is not expressed on normal, healthy adult cells.
mRNA-encoded anti-Claudin18.2 monoclonal antibody BNT141: A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) encapsulating a messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding for a monoclonal antibody directed against the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) Claudin18.2 (CLDN18.2; A2 isoform of claudin-18), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, mRNA-encoded anti-claudin18.2 monoclonal antibody BNT141 binds to the plasma membrane of cells and releases the mRNA into the cells. The mRNA is then translated by ribosomes to produce the anti-CLDN18.2 monoclonal antibody. The antibody specifically targets, binds to and inhibits CLDN18.2 expressed on tumor cells. This may kill CLDN18.2-expressing tumor cells. CLDN18.2, a tight junction protein and stomach-specific isoform of claudin-18, is overexpressed on a variety of tumor cells, but its expression in healthy tissues is strictly confined to short-lived differentiated epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa.
MS Contin: (Other name for: morphine sulfate)
MSir: (Other name for: morphine sulfate)
MTF-1 inhibitor APTO-253 HCl: The hydrochloride salt of a small molecule inhibitor of human metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 (MTF-1) with potential antitumor activity. MTF-1 inhibitor APTO-253 inhibits MTF-1 activity and thereby induces the expression of MTF-1 dependent tumor suppressor factor Kruppel like factor 4 (KLF4). This subsequently leads to the downregulation of cyclin D1, blocking cell cycle progression and proliferation. This agent also causes decreased expression of genes involved in tumor hypoxia and angiogenesis.
mTOR inhibitor GDC-0349: An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive, tetrahydroquinazoline (THQ)-based inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, GDC-0349 selectively binds to and inhibits the activity of mTOR, which may result in both the induction of tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR, a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI3K) kinase-related kinase (PIKK) family, plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway that regulates cell growth and proliferation, and its expression or activity is frequently dysregulated in human cancers.
mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055: An inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) with potential antineoplastic activity. mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 inhibits the serine/threonine kinase activity of mTOR, resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression, which may induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. mTOR phosphorylates transcription factors, such as S6K1 and 4E-BP1, which stimulate protein synthesis and regulate cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival.
mTOR kinase inhibitor OSI-027: An orally bioavailable mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. mTOR kinase inhibitor OSI-027 binds to and inhibits both the raptor-mTOR (TOR complex 1 or TORC1) and the rictor-mTOR (TOR complex 2 or TORC2) complexes of mTOR, which may result in tumor cell apoptosis and a decrease in tumor cell proliferation. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors and plays an important role downstream in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
mTOR1/2 kinase inhibitor ME-344: An active metabolite of NV-128, a novel flavonoid small molecule inhibitor of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, mTOR1/2 Kinase inhibitor ME-344 downregulates the PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway and results in chromatin condensation in the absence of caspase activation. Consequently, this agent induces caspase-independent cell death in tumor cells with a de-regulated PIK3/AKT/mTOR pathway or chemotherapeutic resistant cells.
mTORC 1/2 inhibitor LXI-15029: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) and rictor-mTOR complex 2 (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/2 inhibitor LXI-15029 binds to the kinase domain of mTOR and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, in an ATP-competitive manner. This inhibits mTOR-mediated signaling and leads to both an induction of apoptosis and a decrease in the proliferation of mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in certain tumor cell types. It plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is often deregulated in cancer cells and promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
mTORC1 kinase inhibitor RMC-5552: A bi-steric inhibitor of the raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, mTORC1 kinase inhibitor RMC-5552 selectively targets, binds to and inhibits the serine/threonine kinase activity of mTORC1, resulting in decreased expression of mRNAs necessary for cell cycle progression, which may induce cell cycle arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. mTORC1 phosphorylates transcription factors, such as ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), which stimulate protein synthesis and regulate cell growth, proliferation, motility, and survival. RMC-5552 is able to suppress the phosphorylation of the tumor suppressor activity of 4EBP1, induces apoptosis and decreases proliferation of mTORC1-expressing tumor cells. mTORC1 is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in certain tumor cell types. It plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is often deregulated in cancer cells and promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Selective mTORC1 inhibition improves the poor clinical tolerability as compared to agents that also cause inhibition of the mTORC2 complex.
mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor BI 860585: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) and rictor-mTOR complex 2 (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/2 kinase inhibitor BI 860585 binds to the kinase domain of mTOR and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, in an ATP-competitive manner. This inhibits mTOR-mediated signaling and leads to both an induction of apoptosis and a decrease in the proliferation of mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in certain tumor cell types. It plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, which is often deregulated in cancer cells and promotes cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor Palomid 529: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1; TOR complex 1; TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2; TOR complex 2; TORC2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor palomid 529 targets, selectively binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which may result in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation in mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors; it plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is often deregulated in cancer cells.
mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor XL388: An orally bioavailable, ATP-competitive inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1; TOR complex 1; TORC1) and rictor-mTOR (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2; TOR complex 2; TORC2), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor XL388 targets, selectively binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which may result in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation in mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors; it plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is often deregulated in cancer cells.
mTORC1/mTORC2/DHFR inhibitor ABTL0812: An orally bioavailable, lipid analogue and inhibitor of raptor-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1), rictor-mTOR (mTOR complex 2; mTORC2) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mTORC1/mTORC2/DHFR inhibitor ABTL0812 binds to and inhibits both mTORC1 and mTORC2, which may result in apoptosis and a decrease in proliferation in mTORC1/2-expressing tumor cells. mTOR is a serine/threonine kinase that is upregulated in some tumors; it plays an important role in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway which is often deregulated in cancer cells. In addition, ABTL0812 inhibits DHFR, an enzyme that reduces dihydrofolic acid to tetrahydrofolic acid, thereby blocking tetrahydrofolate synthesis, and resulting in both the depletion of nucleotide precursors and the inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. This leads to autophagy-induced cell death and further inhibition of cell proliferation.
mtRTK inhibitor WM-S1-030: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of mutant receptor tyrosine kinase (mtRTK; pTyr-mtRTK), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mtRTK inhibitor WM-S1-030 targets and binds to mtRTK, thereby inhibiting mtRTK-mediated signaling pathways. This inhibits proliferation of tumor cells expressing mtRTK.
MUC-1 antigen: MUC-1 antigen is a mammary-type apomucin, a high molecular weight transmembrane glycoprotein, of which the extracellular domain is formed by a repeating 20 amino acid sequence (in tandem) with a high content of serine and threonine on which are O-linked carbohydrate chains. MUC-1 synthesis and secretion are features of glandular epithelial tissues; MUC-1 is overexpressed in lactating breast and in breast, ovary, lung, and prostate malignancies.
MUC-1/WT1 peptide-primed autologous dendritic cells: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with the human tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) mucin-1 (MUC1) and Wilms tumor protein 1 (WT1), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon vaccination, the MUC-1/WT1 peptide-primed autologous DCs expose the immune system to MUC1 and WT1 peptides and may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against MUC1 and WT1-expressing cancer cells, which could result in cancer cell lysis. MUC1 and WT1, are overexpressed in a variety of tumor types and play an important role in tumor cell proliferation.
MUC1 peptide vaccine: A cancer vaccine comprised of a synthetic peptide derived from the mucin 1 (MUC1) antigen with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, MUC1 peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for the MUC1 antigen, resulting in decreased tumor growth. Overexpressed on many tumor cells, MUC1 antigen, a mammary-type apomucin, is a high-molecular-weight transmembrane glycoprotein.
MUC1 peptide-poly-ICLC vaccine: A vaccine preparation containing mucus 1 (MUC1) peptide and the adjuvant poly-ICLC with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MUC1 peptide-poly-ICLC adjuvant vaccine may induce the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T cell response against MUC1-expressing tumor cells. MUC1, a tumor associated antigen normally present on the lining of the human colon, may be overexpressed and/or mutated in a variety of cancer cell types. The adjuvant poly-ICLC, a ligand for toll-like receptor-3, induces the release of cytokines which may help boost the immune response against MUC1.
MUC1-KLH Conjugate Vaccine: A peptide vaccine, containing human tumor-associated epithelial mucin (MUC1) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MUC1-KLH conjugate vaccine may stimulate humoral and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses against tumor cells expressing the MUC1 antigen. In this vaccine, MUC1 antigen is conjugated with KLH, an immunostimulant and a hapten carrier, to enhance immune recognition. MUC1 antigen, a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is overexpressed in an aberrant or deglycosylated form in various cancers such as those of the breast, prostate, and ovary.
MUC1-KLH vaccine/QS21: A peptide vaccine containing the human tumor-associated antigen epithelial mucin (MUC1 antigen) conjugated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and combined with the nonspecific immunoadjuvant QS21 with potential antineoplastic activity. MUC1 antigen is linked with KLH, an immunostimulant and a hapten carrier, in order to enhance immune recognition; the co-administration of saponin-derived QS21 potentially amplifies the total immune response to the MUC1 antigen. Administration of MUC1-KLH vaccine/QS21 may result in both the production of antitumor antibodies and the stimulation of a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the MUC1 antigen. MUC1 antigen, a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is overexpressed as an aberrant or deglycosylated form in various cancers such as breast, prostate and ovarian cancers.
MUC1-targeted peptide GO-2-03-2C: An optimized small peptide drug candidate targeting epithelial mucin (MUC1) with antineoplastic activity. MUC1-targeted peptide GO-203-2C interacts with oncoprotein MUC1 C-terminal subunit on the cell surface, thereby impeding cell-cell interactions, signaling, and metastasis. MUC1 antigen, a membrane bound glycoprotein expressed by most glandular and ductal epithelial cells, is over-expressed in many diverse human carcinomas including those of the breast, prostate, lung, colon, pancreas, and ovary, and has been associated with poor prognosis.
MUC16-targeted antibody-drug conjugate DMUC5754A: An antibody drug conjugate (ADC) consisting of a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody targeting the MUC16 protein (CA-125) conjugated to, via a cleavable linker, the antimicrotubulin agent monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), with potential antineoplastic activity. The monoclonal antibody moiety of DMUC5754A selectively binds to MUC16. After internalization of the drug conjugate and proteolytic cleavage of the linker, MMAE binds to tubulin and inhibits its polymerization, which results in G2/M-phase growth arrest and tumor cell apoptosis. MUC16, a transmembrane protein, is overexpressed on the cell surface of more than 80 percent of ovarian cancer cells but not on healthy cells.
mucoadhesive hydrogel gargle: An oral rinse composed of a viscous, mucoadhesive hydrogel, with potential protective and antimucositis activities. Upon gargling with the oral viscous mucoadhesive hydrogel formulation in the oral cavity, the hydrogel forms a protective barrier over the oral mucosa, which prevents inflammation of the mucosal membranes and may decrease chemotherapy- and/or radiation-induced oral mucositis.
mucoadhesive oral wound rinse: A viscous, oral hydrogel rinse intended for the management of oral mucositis/stomatitis. Mucoadhesive oral wound rinse consists of purified water, glycerin, benzyl alcohol, sodium saccharin, carbomer homopolymer A, potassium hydroxide, citric acid, polysorbate 60 and phosphoric acid. Upon gargling and rinsing with this solution, it forms a soothing protective hydrogel coating over the oral mucosa, thereby potentially preventing or reducing chemotherapy-induced mucositis.
mucoadhesive paclitaxel formulation: An orally available, mucoadhesive lipid preparation consisting of paclitaxel, a compound extracted from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia, in a formulation that is comprised of a mixture of monoolein, tricarprylin, and Tween 80, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, DHP107 forms droplets and micelles in the intestine; these adhere to mucoepithelial cells in the gastrointestinal tract and are absorbed through lipid-based uptake mechanisms. Upon absorption, paclitaxel binds to and stabilizes tubulin molecules, which results in the inhibition of both microtubule depolymerization and cell division. This agent also induces apoptosis by both binding to and blocking the function of the apoptosis inhibitor protein B-cell Leukemia 2 (Bcl-2).The mucoadhesive paclitaxel formulation does not contain P-glycoprotein inhibitors, the solvent cremophor or any other toxic solvent.
Mucomyst: (Other name for: acetylcysteine)
MuGard: (Other name for: mucoadhesive oral wound rinse)
Multaq: (Other name for: dronedarone hydrochloride)
multi-AGC kinase inhibitor AT13148: An orally available, small molecule inhibitor of AGC group kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. AT13148 inhibits, in an ATP-competitive manner, the enzymatic activity of two AGC kinases, protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) and p70S6K which play key roles in the PI3K/PKB/mTOR signaling pathway. Blockade of this pathway leads to an inhibition of cell growth and the induction of apoptosis in susceptible tumor cells. PI3K/PKB/mTOR pathway is dysregulated in greater than 50% of tumors, and is often correlated with resistance and increased tumor survival. AGC group kinases are serine/threonine kinases that are regulated by secondary messengers such as cyclic AMP and lipids.
multi-antigen-directed autologous T cells NEXI-002: A preparation of autologous T cells targeting several multiple myeloma (MM)-associated antigens, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from the patient are collected and ex vivo exposed to nanoparticles that mimic antigen-presenting cells (APCs) loaded with multiple MM-associated antigens, including Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1), CD138 (syndecan-1; SDC1), cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1 and CS1 (CD319; CRACC; SLAMF7), and are further enriched and expanded ex-vivo before being re-introduced into the patient. Upon administration, the multi-antigen-directed autologous T cells NEXI-002 are re-introduced into the patient, where they target and kill tumor cells expressing these antigens.
multi-epitope anti-folate receptor peptide vaccine TPIV 200: A peptide vaccine containing five immunogenic peptide epitopes of the human folate receptor 1 (FOLR1; FR-alpha), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, multi-epitope anti-folate receptor peptide vaccine TPIV 200 may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FR-alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR-alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in various cancer cell types.
multi-epitope folate receptor alpha peptide vaccine: A peptide vaccine containing five immunogenic peptide epitopes of the human folate receptor alpha (FR alpha or FOLR1), including FR30, FR56, FR76, FR113, and FR238, with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, the multi-epitope FR alpha peptide vaccine may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against FR alpha-overexpressing tumor cells. FR alpha is a high-affinity folate-binding protein and a member of the folate receptor family; this receptor is overexpressed in a majority of ovarian cancers and in about 50% of breast cancers.
multi-epitope HER2 peptide vaccine H2NVAC: A peptide vaccine containing four immunogenic epitopes derived from the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2; HER-2; ErbB2; Neu), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, multi-epitope HER2 peptide vaccine H2NVAC may induce a helper T-cell mediated immune response against HER2-overexpressing tumor cells. This may result in long-term immunopotentiation against HER2-expressing tumor cells by increasing the helper T-cell response. HER2, a tyrosine kinase receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF), is overexpressed in various cancer cell types.
multi-epitope HER2 peptide vaccine TPIV100: A cancer peptide vaccine comprised of four peptides derived from the tumor-associated antigen (TAA) HER-2/neu (ErbB-2), with potential immunomodulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration of the multi-epitope HER2 peptide vaccine TPIV100, the four peptides may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against tumor cells expressing the HER-2/neu antigen, which may result in the inhibition of proliferation in Her-2/neu-expressing tumor cells. Her-2/neu, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in various tumor cell types. To enhance immunity, the peptides are admixed with the adjuvant granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).
multi-epitope melanoma peptide vaccine: A peptide cancer vaccine consisting of a combination of peptides derived form several melanoma epitopes. Vaccination with multi-epitope melanoma peptide vaccine stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing the corresponding antigens, resulting in tumor cell lysis. This vaccine may stimulate a broader CTL response compared to single-antigen vaccines.
multi-glioblastoma-peptide-targeting autologous dendritic cell vaccine ICT-107: A cell-based cancer vaccine composed of autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed with six synthetic glioblastoma (GBM) peptides: absent in melanoma 2 (AIM-2), melanoma-associated antigen 1 (MAGE-1), tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2), glycoprotein 100 (gp100), epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2), interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Ra2), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Mononuclear cells obtained via leukapheresis are differentiated into DCs, and pulsed with the GBM-associated peptides. Upon administration, multi-glioblastoma-peptide-targeting autologous DC vaccine ICT-107 exposes the immune system to GBM-associated antigens, which activates a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against GBM cells. This leads to GBM cell lysis. The six peptides are derived from tumor associated antigens (TAA) expressed on GBM cells and cancer stem cells (CSCs). GBM stem-like cells contain a specific range of antigens that are essential for the neoplastic growth and survival of GBM cells.
multi-kinase inhibitor AIV001: A prolonged-release multi-kinase inhibitor, with potential anti-angiogenic, anti-fibrotic and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal or intratumoral administration, AIV001 targets and binds to several kinases, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and inhibits multiple pathways involved in neovascularization, fibrosis, abnormal cell proliferation and inflammation. This may reduce dermal neovascularization and fibroplasia during wound healing and scarring, reduce inflammation and fibrosis associated with certain skin conditions, and may reduce neovascularization and cell proliferation associated with certain types of cancers.
multi-kinase inhibitor LNK01002: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of three as of yet undisclosed kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, multi-kinase inhibitor LNK01002 inhibits the activity of the three as of yet undisclosed kinases. This may result in antitumor activity in tumor cells in which these kinases are upregulated or dysregulated.
multi-kinase inhibitor ST-1898: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, multi-kinase inhibitor ST-1898 inhibits the activity of multiple RTKs, which may include vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2; VEGFR2), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR; c-Met), AXL (UFO), platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRa), rearranged during transfection (RET) and mast/stem cell factor receptor c-Kit (SCFR; CD117). This may result in antitumor activity in tumor cells in which these RTKs are upregulated or dysregulated.
multi-kinase inhibitor T-1301: An orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of multiple as of yet undisclosed kinases, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, multi-kinase inhibitor T-1301 inhibits the activity of multiple as of yet undisclosed kinases. This may result in antitumor activity in tumor cells in which these kinases are upregulated or dysregulated.
multi-mode kinase inhibitor EOC317: An orally available, small molecule, multi-mode kinase inhibitor (MMKI), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, MMKI EOC317 targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of a variety of kinases, such as phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K), and the receptor tyrosine kinases, fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR), angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE 2), and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). This inhibition may result in an induction of apoptosis of susceptible tumors cells in which these kinases are overexpressed.
multi-peptide CMV-modified vaccinia Ankara vaccine: A vaccine consisting of an inactivated, Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding three herpes virus cytomegalovirus (CMV) tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including UL83 (pp65), UL123 (IE1) and UL122 (IE2), with potential immunostimulating activity. The viral peptides expressed after administration of the multi-peptide CMV-MVA vaccine, may stimulate the immune system to mount both cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and helper T-cell responses against CMV-infected cells. This results in cell lysis and prevents viral replication and the development of CMV disease. This vaccine also provides active immunization and protective immunity against CMV infection in CMV-negative patients. CMV infection can cause serious complications in patients receiving either allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplants (HCT) or solid organ transplants.
multicarotenoid supplement MCS-8: A supplement containing multiple, as of yet undisclosed, carotenoids, with potential chemopreventive activity. Upon oral administration of the multicarotenoid supplement MCS-8, the carotenoids may be able to exert their chemopreventive activity through multiple mechanisms of action.
multiepitope TARP-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine: A cell-based cancer vaccine comprised of autologous dendritic cells pulsed with multiple antigenic peptides derived from T-cell receptor gamma-chain alternate reading frame protein (TARP), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intradermal administration, multi-epitope (ME) TARP-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine may stimulate anti-tumor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and antibody responses against TARP-expressing cancer cells, resulting in tumor cell lysis. The highly immunogenic nuclear protein TARP is expressed in a variety of cancer cell types.
Multiferon: (Other name for: multisubtype natural human leukocyte interferon alpha)
multifunctional/multitargeted anticancer agent OMN54: An orally available, multivalent herbal formulation containing a novel mixture of whole extracts from three commonly used Chinese medicinal herbs Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi mushroom), Salvia miltiorrhiza (Chinese sage, or danshen) and Scutellaria barbata (ban zhi lian), with potential immunomodulating, antiangiogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative and antiviral activities. Although the exact mechanism of action remains to be fully elucidated due to the complexity of the multiple phytochemicals, multifunctional/multitargeted anticancer agent OMN54 appears to work in an additive and synergistic manner by acting on a variety of signaling pathways and on multiple targets, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, nuclear factor kappa B, interleukin-1beta, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor.
MultiHance: (Other name for: gadobenate dimeglumine)
multikinase inhibitor 4SC-203: A multikinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Multikinase inhibitor 4SC-203 selectively inhibits FMS-related tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3/STK1), FLT3 mutated forms, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs). This may result in the inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation in tumor cells in which these kinases are upregulated. FLT3 (FLK2), a class III tyrosine kinase receptor, is overexpressed or mutated in most B lineage and acute myeloid leukemias (AML). VEGFRs, tyrosine kinase receptors, are overexpressed in a variety of tumor cell types and play key roles in angiogenesis.
multikinase inhibitor AT9283: A small-molecule inhibitor of several kinases with potential antineoplastic activity. Multikinase inhibitor AT9283 binds to and inhibits Aurora kinases A and B, JAK2 (Janus kinase 2) and the kinase BCR-ABL, which may result in the inhibition of cellular division and proliferation and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells that overexpress these kinases. Aurora kinases are serine-threonine kinases that play essential roles in mitotic checkpoint control during mitosis; JAK2 is a kinase that transduces signals from the single chain and IL-3 cytokine receptor families, and from the IFN-gamma receptors; BCR-ABL is a fusion protein with tyrosine kinase activity that is commonly found in CML.
multikinase inhibitor SAR103168: A multikinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous infusion, multikinase inhibitor SAR103168 may, through the inhibition of multiple kinases, inhibit the phosphorylation and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5). STAT5, a protein often upregulated in cancer cells, plays a key role in signal transduction pathways and the suppression of apoptosis.
Multikine: (Other name for: recombinant leukocyte interleukin)
multipeptide vaccine S-588210: A cancer vaccine composed of a combination of the injectable formulations S-488210, which contains the three HLA-A*02:01-restricted peptides up-regulated lung cancer 10 (lymphocyte antigen 6K; LY6K; URLC10), cell division cycle-associated protein 1 (kinetochore protein Nuf2; NUF2; CDCA1) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3; KOC1) and S-488211, which contains the two HLA-A*02:01-restricted peptides DEP domain-containing protein 1A (DEPDC1) and M-phase phosphoprotein 1 (kinesin-like protein KIF20B; MPHOSPH1), with potential immunostimulatory and antitumor activities. Upon administration, multipeptide vaccine S-588210 may stimulate a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing KOC1, CDCA1, URLC10, DEPDC1 or MPHOSPH1 peptides, resulting in tumor cell lysis and decreased tumor growth.
multiple TAA-loaded dendritic cell vaccine: A dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in which autologous DCs are loaded with multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon re-infusion into the patient, the antigen-pulsed DCs stimulate the immune system to mount a specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against the TAA-expressing tumor cells.
MultiStem: (Other name for: allogeneic multipotent adult progenitor cells)
multisubtype natural human leukocyte interferon alpha: A preparation containing a mixture of multiple naturally occurring, active subtypes 1, 2, 8, 10, 14 and 21 of interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) with immunomodulating, anti-viral and anti-cancer activities. Multi-subtype natural human leukocyte IFN-alpha is purified from the leukocyte fraction of human blood challenged with Sendai virus. Upon administration, IFN-alpha subtypes bind to cell surface IFN-alpha receptors (IFNARs), resulting in an upregulation of interferon stimulated genes and related protein products. This ultimately leads to the proliferation of human B cells, activation of natural killer (NK) cells and dendritic cells (DCs), an increase in HLA-I and HLA-II expression and activation of CD8-lymphocytes. Compared to single-subtype IFN, multi-subtypes act synergistically.
multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-26483327: An orally bioavailable, small-molecule, multitargeted reversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor with potential antineoplastic activity. Multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor JNJ-26483327 binds to and inhibits several members of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, including EGFR, HER2 and HER4; Src family kinases (Lyn, Yes, Fyn, Lck and Src); and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor type 3 (VEGFR3). By inhibiting several different signaling molecules that play crucial roles at various stages in tumorigenesis, this agent may inhibit tumor growth, invasion, migration and metastasis. In addition, JNJ-26483327 crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
multivitamin: A dietary supplement containing all or most of the vitamins that may not be readily available in the diet. Vitamins may be classified according to their solubility either in lipids (vitamins A, D, E, K, F) or in water (vitamins C, B-complex). Present in minute amounts in various foods, vitamins are essential to maintaining normal metabolism and biochemical functions.
mureletecan: A water-soluble prodrug, consisting of camptothecin covalently linked to polymeric backbone methacryloylglycynamide, with potential antineoplastic activity. After entering tumor cells, the active moiety camptothecin is slowly released from mureletecan via hydrolysis of the ester linkage. Camptothecin, an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminata, binds to and stabilizes the topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complex. This inhibits the religation of topoisomerase I-mediated single-stranded DNA breaks and produces potentially lethal double-stranded DNA breaks when encountered by the DNA replication machinery, resulting in the inhibition of DNA replication and apoptosis. Compared to camtpothecin, this prodrug formulation increases camptothecin drug delivery to the tumor site while reducing systemic toxicity.
murine TYRP2 plasmid DNA vaccine: A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the mouse tumor associated antigen tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TYRP2) with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, murine TYRP2 plasmid DNA vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing TYRP2; this vaccine may also induce an immune response against tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TYRP1). TYRP2 and TYRP1, melanosomal membrane glycoproteins upregulated in melanoma cells, are involved in melanin synthesis.
muromonab-CD3: A murine IgG2a monoclonal antibody with immunosuppressive activity. Muromonab-CD3 binds to and inhibits CD3 on the surface of circulating T-lymphocytes; binding of muromonab-CD3 to CD3-positive T cells results in an early activation of this T cell subset, followed by cytokine release, and subsequently inhibition of T cell functions. This agent may cause the opsonization and elimination of CD3-positive T cells from the circulation by mononuclear phagocytes in the liver and spleen. CD3 is part of the functional T cell receptor (TCR) complex, which is necessary for antigen recognition by T cells, and is required for signal transduction.
Muscadine grape extract: An extract derived from the Muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), with potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-lipidemic and chemopreventive activities. The muscadine grape extract (MGE) contains numerous phytochemicals including hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids, such as resveratrol, anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides, quercetin, ellagic acid, myricetin, and kaempferol glycosides. Upon administration, the active components in the MGE scavenge free radicals, protect against oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and inhibit cell damage due to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This inhibits oxidative stress and protects against DNA damage. MGE also inhibits enzymes involved in inflammation, cell replication and DNA synthesis, and induces the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes. The active ingredients may also inhibit certain signaling pathways upregulated in some tumor cell types, eventually leading to apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation. MGE may also boost energy and prevent fatigue.
muscadine grape skin extract: A nutritional supplement containing an extract of the skin of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia), with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and potential chemopreventive activities. The skin extract of the muscadine grape contains numerous phytochemicals including hydrolyzable tannins and flavonoids, such as anthocyanin 3,5-diglucosides, quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol glycosides. Upon administration, muscadine grape skin extract (MSKE) appears to inhibit PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling, eventually leading to apoptosis and a reduction in tumor cell proliferation.
Muscadine Plus: (Other name for: muscadine grape skin extract)
muscarinic agonist APD515: A liquid, oromucosal formulation containing a muscarinic agonist with potential anti-xerostomia activity. Upon application to the inside lining of the mouth, muscarinic agonist APD515 may locally act on muscarinic receptors on the salivary glands and may stimulate the production of saliva thereby relieving dryness of the mouth.
MUSE: (Other name for: alprostadil)
mutant p53 activator COTI-2: An orally available third generation thiosemicarbazone and activator of mutant forms of the p53 protein, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant p53 activator COTI-2 targets and binds to the misfolded mutant forms of the p53 protein, which induces a conformational change that normalizes p53 and restores its activity. This induces apoptosis in tumor cells in which the p53 protein is mutated. In addition, COTI-2 inhibits the activation of Akt2 and prevents the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, thereby inducing apoptosis in cancer cells in which this pathway is overexpressed. p53, a tumor suppressor protein, plays a key role in controlling cellular proliferation and survival. High levels of mutant p53 are seen in many cancers and are associated with uncontrolled cellular growth.
mutant p53 peptide pulsed dendritic cell vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of autologous dendritic cells which have been pulsed with a mutant p53 peptide. Vaccination with mutant p53 peptide pulsed dendritic cells may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing mutant p53, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Many tumor cells overexpress mutant p53 proteins, resulting in the loss of apoptosis regulation and abnormal cell proliferation.
mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor PF-06459988: An orally available, small molecule, third-generation, irreversible inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutant (EGFRm) forms with potential antineoplastic activity. EGFR inhibitor PF-06459988 specifically binds to and inhibits mutant forms of EGFR, including the secondary acquired resistance mutation T790M, which prevents EGFR-mediated signaling and leads to cell death in EGFRm-expressing tumor cells. Compared to some other EGFR inhibitors, PF-06459988 may have therapeutic benefits in tumors with T790M-mediated drug resistance. This agent shows minimal activity against wild-type EGFR (WT EGFR), and does not cause dose-limiting toxicities that are seen with the use of non-selective EGFR inhibitors, which also inhibit WT EGFR. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization.
mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor TAS3351: A fourth-generation, orally bioavailable, mutant-selective, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant-selective EGFR inhibitor TAS3351 targets, binds to, and inhibits the activity of various EGFR common mutant forms, such as the exon 19 deletion (ex19del) or the L858R point mutation, with or without the resistance mutations T790M and/or C797S, while sparing wild type EGFR activity. This prevents EGFR-mediated signaling, induces cell death and inhibits tumor growth in EGFR-overexpressing tumor cells. EGFR, a receptor tyrosine kinase mutated in many tumor cell types, plays a key role in tumor cell proliferation and tumor vascularization. Compared to other EGFR inhibitors, TAS3351 inhibits EGFR with T790M and C797S resistance mutations.
mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047R inhibitor LOXO-783: An orally bioavailable, brain penetrative, selective irriversible inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit alpha (phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha; PIK3CA; PI3K p110alpha) mutant H1047R, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047R inhibitor LOXO-783 selectively targets and allosterically binds to the PIK3CA mutated form PI3Ka H1047R, thereby preventing the activity of the H1047R mutant. This prevents PIK3CA H1047R-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This results in both apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA H1047R-mutant expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting the PIK3CA H1047R mutation, LOXO-783 may be more efficacious and less toxic than other PI3K-alpha inhibitors that are not mutant specific. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is often found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. PIK3CA, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. LOXO-783 is able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB).
mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047R inhibitor OKI-219: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit alpha (phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha; PIK3CA; PI3K p110alpha) mutant H1047R, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047R inhibitor OKI-219 selectively targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of the PIK3CA mutant PI3Ka H1047R. This prevents PIK3CA H1047R-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which results in both apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA H1047R-mutant expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting the PIK3CA H1047R mutation, OKI-219 may be more efficacious and less toxic than other PI3K-alpha inhibitors that are not mutant specific. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is often found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. PIK3CA, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. OKI-219 is able to penetrate the blood-brain-barrier (BBB).
mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047X inhibitor SNV4818: An orally bioavailable and selective inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit alpha (phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha; PIK3CA; PI3K p110alpha) mutant H1047X, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, mutant-selective PI3K-alpha H1047X inhibitor SNV4818 selectively targets and binds to the PIK3CA mutated form PIK3CA H1047X, thereby preventing the activity of the H1047X mutant. This prevents PIK3CA H1047X-mediated activation of the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This results in apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA H1047X mutant-expressing tumor cells. By specifically targeting the PIK3CA H1047X mutation, SNV4818 may be more efficacious and less toxic than other PI3K-alpha inhibitors that are not mutant specific. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is often found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. PIK3CA, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K. SNV4818 may also have selectivity over PIK3CA E542K, E545K and 542X mutant forms.
mutant-selective PI3K-alpha inhibitor BPI-21668: An orally bioavailable, small molecule inhibitor of the class I phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA; PI3K p110alpha) mutant(s), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, PI3K-alpha inhibitor BPI-21668 selectively targets, binds to and inhibits the activity of PIK3CA mutant(s), in the PI3K/Akt (protein kinase B)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. This results in both apoptosis and growth inhibition in PIK3CA mutant-expressing tumor cells. Dysregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is often found in solid tumors and results in the promotion of tumor cell growth, survival, and resistance to chemo- and radio-therapy. PIK3CA, one of the most frequently mutated oncogenes, encodes the p110-alpha catalytic subunit of the class I PI3K.
mutated human nerve growth factor CHF6467: A topical preparation containing the R100E mutated form of the human recombinant nerve growth factor (NGF), with potential neuroprotective, neurotrophic and wound healing activities and with reduced pain induction activity. Upon topical administration, mutated rhNGF CHF6467, by mimicking the natural-occuring neurotrophin, binds with high affinity to the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) NGF receptor located on peripheral and central neurons and activates protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway signaling. This induces NGFs pleiotropic effects and may prevent prevent loss of nerve-endings and visual damage, and may promote sensory skin innervation, neoangiogenesis and skin wound healing. The R100 mutation abolishes the hyperalgesic effect that is usually associated with NGF without affecting most neurological functions.
muzastotug: A human monoclonal antibody with a masked antibody binding site directed against the human T-cell-expressed receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4; CTLA-4), with potential immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon intravenous administration and the activation of the antibody binding site in the tumor microenvironment (TME), muzastotug targets and binds to CTLA-4 expressed on T cells and inhibits the CTLA-4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells, thereby killing cancer cells. CTLA-4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF), plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system.
MVA tumor-specific neoantigen boosting vaccine MVA-209-FSP: An off-the-shelf neoantigen boosting vaccine comprised of a modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) encoding tumor-specific neoantigens (TSNAs) derived from the same as of yet undisclosed frameshift peptides (FSPs) targeted by the priming vaccine, great ape adenoviral tumor-specific neoantigen priming vaccine GAd-209-FSP, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Following intramuscular administration of the priming vaccine GAd-209-FSP, the booster MVA tumor-specific neoantigen boosting vaccine MVA-209-FSP may serve to further expand and improve the phenotyping of antigen-specific T-cells targeted to the tumor cells expressing the TSNAs.
MVA-BN smallpox vaccine: A vaccine consisting of modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN), a live, attenuated, non-replicating, proprietary version of the MVA virus, used for the prevention of smallpox and monkeypox, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intratumoral administration, MVA-BN smallpox vaccine may induce both cellular and humoral immune responses, which may lead to tumor cell lysis.
MVA-BN-brachyury-TRICOM vaccine: A cancer priming vaccine consisting of a proprietary version of the recombinant vaccinia viral vector, modified vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN), encoding the human transcription factor and tumor-associated antigen (TAA) brachyury, and a triad of T-cell co-stimulatory molecules (TRICOM), which is comprised of the three human immune-enhancing co-stimulatory molecules B7-1, ICAM-1 and LFA-3, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon subcutaneous administration of MVA-BN-brachyury vaccine, the vector expresses the brachyury protein. The expressed brachyury protein may induce a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against tumor cells expressing brachyury. The MVA-BN-brachyury vaccine, which is a priming vaccine, is followed by multiple boosting doses of the fowlpox virus (FPV)-brachyury vaccine. The expression of brachyury, a member of the T-box family of transcription factors that is overexpressed in numerous cancer cell types, is correlated with increased epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer resistance, cancer progression and metastasis. TRICOM enhances antigen-specific T-cell activation.
MVA-EBNA1/LMP2 vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the gene for the CD4 epitope-rich C-terminal domain of the Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) antigen EBNA1 and fused to the full-length of the EBV-associated antigen latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2), with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MVA EBNA1/LMP2 vaccine may elicit a cytotoxic T-cell immune response against cancer cells expressing EBNA1 and LMP2. Multi-antigen vaccine therapy may be more efficacious than single-antigen therapy vaccine therapy. EBNA1, a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, plays an important role in EBV episomal genome maintenance and gene transactivation.
MVA-FCU1 TG4023: A cancer vaccine comprised of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding the suicide gene FCU1with potential antineoplastic activity. FCU1 is a bifunctional yeast cytosine deaminase (CD) / uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) fusion gene. Upon intratumoral administration, MVA-FCU1 TG4023 enters tumor cells where FCU1 is expressed. Subsequently, the noncytotoxic prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) is administered systemically and is deaminated by CD in FCU1- transduced tumor cells into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), which is then directly metabolized to 5-fluoro-uridine monophosphate (5-FUMP) by UPRT; 5-FUMP may then be further transformed to 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine monophosphate (5-FdUMP), an irreversible inhibitor of thymidylate synthase and, so, DNA synthesis through deprivation of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). 5-FU and its active metabolites may then selectively kill tumor cells, avoiding toxicity in nonmalignant cells. The MVA viral vector, derived from the replication-competent strain Ankara, is a highly attenuated, replication-defective vaccinia strain incapable of virion assembly.
MVA-HPV16E6/E7-IL2 vaccine TG4001: A cancer vaccine comprised of a modified, replication-defective, vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) strain encoding the tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) subtypes E6 and E7, and human interleukin-2 (IL-2), with potential immunostimulating and antineoplastic activities. Vaccination with MVA-HPV16E6/E7-IL2 vaccine TG4001 stimulates the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells expressing HPV16 E6 and E7, resulting in tumor cell lysis. Expression of IL-2 augments the specific CTL response against HPV16 E6- and E7-expressing tumor cells.
MVA-PSA-PAP prostate cancer vaccine: A cancer vaccine consisting of a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding genes for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and prostate acid phosphatase (PAP) with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MVA-PSA-PAP prostate cancer vaccine expresses PSA and PAP peptides, which may elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against prostate cancer cells expressing PSA and PAP. Multi-antigen vaccine therapy may be more efficacious than single-antigen therapy vaccine therapy.
MVA-PSA/PAP/STEAP1/5T4 prostate cancer vaccine MVA-PCAQ: A cancer vaccine consisting of recombinant replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) viral vector encoding genes for the prostate cancer-associated antigens prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate 1 (STEAP1), and 5T4 oncofetal antigen, with potential immunostimulatory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, MVA-PSA/PAP/STEAP1/5T4 prostate cancer vaccine MVA-PCAQ expresses PSA, PAP, STEAP1 and 5T4 peptides, which may elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against prostate cancer cells expressing these antigens.
MVAC regimen: A regimen consisting of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin used for the treatment of advanced-stage urothelial carcinoma, including bladder cancer.
Mvasi: (Other name for: bevacizumab)
MVF-HER-2(597-626)-MVF-HER-2 (266-296) peptide vaccine: A combination peptide vaccine of 2 chimeric peptides of the promiscuous T cell epitope derived from measles virus fusion protein (MVF; amino acid residues 288-302) co-synthesized with B-cell epitopes derived from the HER-2/neu a.a. 597-626 and HER-2/neu a.a. 266-296, with potential antineoplastic activity. Vaccination with MVF-HER-2(597-626)/MVF-HER-2(266-296) peptide vaccine may induce an active specific immune response, mounting a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response and an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against tumor cells that overexpress the HER-2 protein. The oncogenic protein HER-2, a member of the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases, is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is correlated with increased tumor growth, progression and a poor prognosis. HER-2(597-626) corresponds to the binding site of trastuzumab on the extracellular domain IV of HER-2; HER-2 (266-296) corresponds to the binding site of pertuzumab on the dimerization loop of domain II of HER-2.
MVX-1-loaded macrocapsule/autologous tumor cell vaccine MVX-ONCO-1: A two-component, anti-cancer vaccine containing irradiated tumor cells from a patient, and a capsule implanted with a genetically modified allogeneic cell line that continuously releases granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with potential immune-protective and -boosting activities. Upon subcutaneous injection of MVX-1-loaded macrocapsule/autologous tumor cell vaccine MVX-ONCO-1, the GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic cell capsules and the autologous irradiated cells isolated from the patient's tumor are co-localized in the patient's tissue. This permits the production of GM-CSF and exposes the immune system to the tumor-associated antigens (TAA) expressed by the autologous tumor cells at the injection site. Local expression of GM-CSF recruits and activates antigen-presenting cells (APC), which induces both antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses at the site of the injection and systemically. This may lead to tumor regression. By using the patient’s own irradiated cancer cells as vaccine antigens, the patient's immune system is exposed to the entire repertoire of this individual's TAAs. The encapsulated cell technology (ECT) of GM-CSF-secreting allogeneic cell capsules ensures the continuous release of GM-CSF. GM-CSF, a monomeric glycoprotein that functions as a cytokine, is a strong immune booster and plays an important role in the activation of immune system.
Myalept: (Other name for: metreleptin)
Myc inhibitor OMO-103: A peptide inhibitor of the proto-oncogene Myc, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Myc inhibitor OMO-103 enters cells, reaches the nucleus and inhibits Myc. This may inhibit tumor cell growth and proliferation. Myc, a proto-oncogene dysregulated in a variety of cancers, plays a role in the regulation of transcription and cell proliferation.
Myc inhibitor WBC100: An inhibitor of the proto-oncogene Myc (c-Myc), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon administration, Myc inhibitor WBC100 targets and and inhibits Myc. This may inhibit proliferation in susceptible tumor cells. Myc, a proto-oncogene dysregulated in a variety of cancers, plays a role in the regulation of transcription and cell proliferation.
MYC-targeting siRNA DCR-MYC: A lipid nanoparticle-based formulation consisting of small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs) directed against the oncogene c-Myc encapsulated in lipids with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon intravenous administration of MYC-targeting siRNA DCR-MYC, the lipid formulation promotes the uptake by tumor cells where the siRNAs moieties are subsequently released. The siRNAs bind to c-Myc mRNAs, which may result in the inhibition of translation and expression of the c-Myc protein and leads to growth inhibition for tumor cells that are overexpressing c-Myc. c-Myc, a proto-oncogene overexpressed in a variety of cancers, is involved in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.
Mycelex: (Other name for: clotrimazole)
Mycelex Troche: (Other name for: clotrimazole)
mycobacterial cell wall-DNA complex: A proprietary preparation of mycobacterial DNA oligonucleotides embedded in mycobacterial cell wall fragments derived from cultures of Mycobacterium phlei, with potential immunomodulatory and antineoplastic activities. DNA oligonucleotides in the mycobacterial cell wall-DNA complex (MCC) induce apoptosis by increasing BAX protein levels, releasing cytochrome C from mitochondria, and activating caspase-3 and -7, which results in the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and the release of nuclear matrix proteins. In addition to its pro-apoptotic effect, MCC activates monocytes and macrophages to produce various cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a). This results in the activation of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) synthesis.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis arabinomannan Z-100: An extract from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) containing the polysaccharide arabinomannan, with potential immunostimulating activity. Upon administration of M. tuberculosis arabinomannan Z-100, this agent may activate the immune system by increasing the expression of various cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFNg) and interleukin-12. This inhibits the activity of suppressor T-cells, increases T helper 1 cell (Th1) activity and may restore the balance between Th1/Th2 cells. Additionally, Z-100 may inhibit metastasis and tumor cell proliferation.
Mycobacterium w: An attenuated strain of Mycobacterium w, a non-pathogenic, rapidly growing, atypical mycobacterium, with non-specific immunopotentiating properties. In addition to sharing a number of common B and T cell determinants with Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium w (Mw) also shares an immunogenic determinant with prostate specific antigen (PSA). In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that heat-killed Mw can induce significant T-cell responses. This agent may induce host T-cell responses against tumor cells expressing PSA. PSA is a glycoprotein secreted by prostatic epithelial and ductal cells and may be overexpressed in prostate cancer cells.
Mycobutin: (Other name for: rifabutin)
mycophenolate mofetil: The morpholinoethyl ester of mycophenolic acid (MPA) with potent immunosuppressive properties. Mycophenolate stops T-cell and B-cell proliferation through selective inhibition of the de novo pathway of purine biosynthesis. In vivo, the active metabolite, MPA, reversibly inhibits inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase, an enzyme involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. MPA displays high lymphocyte specificity and cytotoxicity due to the higher dependence of activated lymphocytes on both salvage and de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides relative to other cell types.
mycophenolic acid: An antineoplastic antibiotic derived from various Penicillium fungal species. Mycophenolic acid is an active metabolite of the prodrug mycophenolate mofetil. Mycophenolic acid inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), preventing the formation of guanosine monophosphate and synthesis of lymphocyte DNA that results in inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production, cellular adhesion, and migration of T and B lymphocytes. Mycophenolic acid also has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activities.
Mycoquin: (Other name for: Clioquinol)
myelin-binding imaging agent: A small molecule, myelin binding agent conjugated to a fluorophore, that can potentially be used for the intraoperative fluorescence detection and localization of nerve structures. Upon administration of the myelin-binding imaging agent, the myelin-binding moiety targets and specifically binds to myelin. Upon fluorescence imaging, nerve tissues are illuminated and can be visualized. The localization of myelin may decrease myelinated nerve injuries during surgery.
myeloid cell leukemia 1 inhibitor PRT1419: An orally bioavailable inhibitor of the anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1; induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein; myeloid cell leukemia-1; Mcl-1; Bcl2-L-3), with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, the MCL1 inhibitor PRT1419 targets and binds to MCL1. This prevents the binding of MCL1 to and inactivation of certain pro-apoptotic proteins. This promotes apoptosis of cells overexpressing MCL1. MCL1, an anti-apoptotic protein belonging to the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is upregulated in cancer cells and promotes tumor cell survival.
Myfortic: (Other name for: mycophenolic acid)
Mylanta: (Other name for: aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide)
Myleran: (Other name for: busulfan)
Mylotarg: (Other name for: gemtuzumab ozogamicin)
Mylovenge: (Other name for: idiotype-pulsed autologous dendritic cell vaccine APC8020)
myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol supplement: An oral supplement composed of two inositol isomers, myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol, that may potentially be used to increase insulin sensitivity and improve reproductive function. Upon oral administration, myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol supplement may increase insulin sensitivity, improve glucose tolerance and improve reproductive function. Inositol is involved in various signal transduction pathways, including the pathways of insulin and gonadotropins.
Myochrysine: (Other name for: gold sodium thiomalate)
Myrbetriq: (Other name for: mirabegron)